The Clipper Ship Era/Appendices

by Arthur Hamilton Clark

Appendix I

CALIFORNIA CLIPPER SHIPS BUILT IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1850 TO 1857 INCLUSIVE

1850
SHIP	TONS	CAPTAIN	BUILDER	OWNER & PORT
Celestial	860	Gardiner	William H. Webb, New York	Bucklin & Crane, New York
Eclipse	1223	Hamilton	J. Williams & Son, Williamsburg, N. Y.	T. Wardle & Co., New York
Game-Cock	1392	Hollis	Samuel Hall, East Boston	Daniel C. Bacon, East Boston
Governor-Morton	1318	Burgess	James M. Hood, Somerset	Handy & Everett, New York
John Bertram	1080	Landholm	R.E. Jackson, East Boston	Glidden & Williams, Boston
Mandarin	776	Stoddard	Smith & Dimon, New York	Goodhue & Co., New York
Race Horse	512	King	Samuel Hall, East Boston	Seaman	546	Myrick	Bell & Co., Baltimore	Funch & Meincke, Baltimore
Sea Serpent	1337	Howland	George Raynes, Portsmouth, N. H.	Grinnell, Minturn & Co., New York
Stag-Hound	1535	Richardson	Donald McKay, East Boston	George B. Upton and Samson & Tappan, Boston
Surprise	1361	Dumaresq	Samuel Hall, East Boston	A. A. Low & Brother, New York
White Squall	1118	Lockwood	Jacob Bell, New York	W. Platt & Son, Philadelphia.
Witchcraft	1310	Rogers	Paul Curtiss, Chelsea, Mass.	S. Rogers & W. D. Pickman, Salem.
1851
Alert	764	Bursley	Damariscotta, Me.	Crocker & Warren, New York
Challenge	2006	Waterman	William H. Webb, New York.	N. L. & G. Griswold, New York.
Comet	1836	Gardner	William H. Webb, New York.	Buckin & Crane, New York.
Courser	1026	Berry	Paul Curtiss, East Boston	Richardson & Co. Boston.
Eagle	1340	Farran	Perrin, Patterson & Stack, Williamsburg, N. Y.	Harbeck & Co., New York.
Eureka	1050	Canefield	Jacob A. Westervelt & Son., New York
Flying Cloud	1793	Creesy	Donald McKay, East Boston	Grinnell, Minturn & Co., New York
Flying Fish	1505	Nickels	Donald McKay, East Boston	Samson & Tappan, Boston
Gazelle	1244	Henderson	William H. Webb, New York	Chamberlain & Heyser, New York
Golden Gate	1347	Barstow	New York	Taylor & Merrill, New York
Hornet	1426	Lawrence	Jacob A. Westervelt & Son, New York	Chamberlain & Co., New York
Hurricane	1607	Very	Smith & Co., Hoboken, N.J.	C. W. & H. Thomas, New York.
Invincible	1767	Johnson	William H. Webb, New York.	J.W. Phillips, New York.
Ino	895	Plummer	Perrin, Patterson & Stack, Williamsburg, N.Y.	Sifkin & Ironside, New York.
John Wade	639	Willis	Medford, Mass.	Augustine Heard & Sons, Boston.
Monsoon	773	Winsor	Trufant & Drummond, Bath, Me.	G. Hussey, New Bedford.
Northern Light	1021	Hatch	Briggs Brothers, South Boston	James Huckins & Sons, Boston
N. B. Palmer	1050	Low	Jacob A. Westervelt, New York	A.A. Low & Brother, New York.
Queen of the East	1275	Bartlett	Metcalf & Co., Damariscotta, Me.	Crooker & Warren, New York
Raven	715	Henry	Hood & Co., Somerset	Crooker & Warren, New York.
Shooting Star	903	Baker	J. O. Curtiss, Medford, Mass.	S. G. Reed & Co., Boston.
Snow Squall	742	Bursley	Portland, Me.	Charles R. Green & Co., Boston.
Southern Cross	950	Stevens	Briggs Brothers, Boston	Baker & Morrell, Boston.
Staffordshire	1817	Richardson	Donald McKay, East Boston	Enoch Train & Co., Boston.
Sword-Fish	1036	Babcock	William H. Webb, New York	Barclay & Livingston, New York.
Syren	1064	Silsbee	Isaac Taylor, Medford, Mass.	G. Z. Silsbee & Co., Boston.
Tornado	1801	Mumford	J. Williams, Williamsburg, N.Y.	W. T. Frost & Co., New York.
Trade-Wind	2030	Osgood	Jacob Bell, New York	W. Platts & Son, Philadelphia.
Typhoon	1610	Salter	Fernald & Pettigrew, Portsmouth, N.H.	D. & A. Kingsland, New York.
Wild Pigeon	996	Putnam	George Raynes, Portsmouth, N .H.	Harbeck & Co., New York
Witch of the Wave	1500	Millett	George Raynes, Portsmouth, N .H.	Gidden & Williams, Boston.
1852
Antelope	1187	Cole	J. Williams & Son, Williamsburg, N. Y.	Harbeck & Co., New York.
Ariel	1340	Delano	Patten & Co., Bath, Me.	Patten & Co., Bath, Me.
Bald Eagle	1790	Dumaresq	Donald McKay, East Boston	George B. Upton, Boston.
Celestial Empire	1399	Pierce	J. Stetson, East Boston	C. H. Parsons & Co., New York.
Cleopatra	1562	Thayer	Paul Curtiss, East Boston.
Climax	1501	Howes		Howes & Crowell, New York.
Contest	1150	Brewster	Jacob A. Westervelt, New York	A. A. Low & Brother, New York.
Dauntless	791	Miller
Fleetwood	666	Dale	George Raynes, Portsmouth, N. H.	Captain and others, Boston.
Flying Childers	1125	Cunningham	Samuel Hall, East Boston	Cunningham & Sons, Boston.
Flying Dutchman	1257	Hubbard	William H. Webb, New York
Golden City	810	Canefield	Jacob A. Westervelt, New York.	H. A. Pierce & Co., Boston
Golden Eagle	1120	Fabens	Hayden & Co., Medford, Mass.	William Lincoln & Co., Boston.
Golden Light	1141	Winsor	Briggs Brothers, South Boston	James Huckins & Sons. Boston.
Golden State	1363	Barstow	Jacob A. Westervelt, New York	A. A. Low & Brother, New York.
Golden West	1443	Kerwin	Paul Curtiss, Boston	GGlidden & Williams, Boston.
Highflyer	1092	Waterman	Currier & Townsend, Newburyport	David Ogden, New York.
Jacob Bell	1382	Kilham	Jacob Bell, New York	A. A. Low & Brother, New York.
John Gilpin	1089	Doane	Samuel Hall, East Boston	Pierce & Hunnewell, Boston.
Messenger	1350	Corning	Jacob Bell, New York	Slade & Co., New York.
Meteor	1063	Pike	Briggs Brothers, South Boston	Curtiss & Peabody, Boston.
Phantom	1177	Patterson	J. O. Curtiss, Medford, Mass.	Henry P. Sturgis, Boston
Polynesia	1068	Watson	Samuel Hall, Boston	Hunnewell, Pierce & Co., Boston.
Queen of the Seas	1400	Knight	Paul Curtis, East Boston	Glidden & Williams, Boston.
Radiant	1300	Hallet	Paul Curtiss, East Boston	Baker & Morrell, Boston.
Red Rover	1021	Putnam	Fernald & Pettigrew, Portsmouth, N. H.	R. C. Taylor, New York.
Simon	1436	Smith	Jabez Williams, New York	B. A. Mumford & Co., New York.
Sovereign of the Seas	2421	McKay	Donald McKay, East Boston	Grinnell, Minturn & Co., New York.
Storm (barque)	545	Roberts	Sag Harbor	Chamberlain & Heyser, New York.
Westward Ho	1600	Hussey	Donald Mckay, East Boston	Sampson & Tappan, Boston.
Whirlwind	962	Burgess	J. O. Curtis, Medford, Mass.	W. & F. H. Withmore, Boston.
Winged Racer	1760	Esterbrook	R. E. Jackson, East Boston	R. L. Taylor, New York.
Wizzard	1600	Woodside	Samuel Hall, Boston	Slade & Co., New York.
1853
Amphitrite	1867		Samuel Hall, East Boston
Archer	1098	Bursley	Hood & Co., Somerset	Crocker & Warren, New York.
Belle of the West	936	Howes	Dennis	Glidden & Williams, Boston.
Black Warrior	1878	Murphy	Austin & Co., Damariscotta, Me.	W. Wilson & Sons, Baltimore
Bonita	1127	Windsor	Boston	Hallet & Co., Boston
Boston Light	1164	Crowell	Briggs Brothers, Boston	James Hucking & Sons, Boston.
Challenger	1334	Hill	R.E. Jackson, East Boston	Whitmore & Son, Boston
Cyclone	1109	Osgood	Briggs Brothers, Boston	Curtis & Peabody, Boston
Dashing Wave	1239	Young	Fernald & Pettigrew, Portsmouth, N.H.	S. Tilton, Boston
David Brown	1715	Brewster	Roosevelt & Joyce, New York	A.A. Low & Brother, New York.
David Crocket	1769	Spicer	Greenman & Co. Mystic, Conn.	Handy & Everett, New York.
Don Quixote	1470	Nott	Medford, Mass.	John E. Lodge, Boston.
Eagle Wing	1174	Linnell	J.O Curtis, Medford, Mass.	Chase & Tappan, Boston.
Edwin Forrest	1200		D.D. Kelly, East Boston
Empress of the Seas	2200	Putnam	Donald McKay, East Boston	W. Wilson & Son. Baltimore
Fearless	1183	Manson	A & G.T. Sampson, East Boston	W.F Weld & Co., Boston
Flora Temple	1915	Myers	J. Abraham, Baltimore	Abraham & Oshcroft, Baltimore
Flying Dragon	1140	Baker	Trufant & Drummond, Bath, Me.	S.G. Reed & Co., Boston.
Gauntlet	1860	Borland	T.J. Southard, Richmond, Me.	Stephenson & Thurston, New York.
Great Republic	3357	Limeburner	Donald McKay, East Boston	A.A. Low & Brother, New York.
Guiding Star	899	Hale	J. Currier, Newburyport, Mass	C. Hill & Co., Mass.
John Land	1061	Howes	Briggs Brothers, South Boston	Baker & Morrell, Boston
Kate Hooper	1507	Johnson	Hunt & Wagner, Baltimore	J. Hooper, Baltimore
Kathay	1460	Stoddard	Jacob A. Westervet, New York
Kingfisher	1300	Crosby	Medford, Mass.	William Lincoln & Co., Boston.
Lightfoot	1996		Jackson & Ewell, East Boston
Live Yankee	1637	Thorndike	Rockland, Me.	Foster & Nickerson, New York.
Matchless	1033	Potter	Chelsea, Mass.	N. S. Goddard, Boston.
Morning Light	1713	Knight	Toby & Littlefield, Portsmouth, N. H.	Glidden & Williams, Boston.
Mystery	1200		Samuel Hall, East Boston
Neptune’s Car	1616	Patten	Portsmouth, Va.	Foster & Nickerson, New York.
North Wind	1041	Gore	Jacob Bell, New York	Grinnell, Minturn & Co., New York.
Oriental	1654	Fletcher	Samuel Hall, East Boston	D. G. & W. B. Bacon, Boston.
Pamparo	1376	Coggins	Charles Mallory, Mystic, Conn.	J. Bishop & Co., New York.
Panama	1349	Cave	Thomas Collyer, New York	N. L. & G. Griswold, New York.
Queen of Clippers	2360	Zerega	Jackson Ewell, East Boston	Zerega & Co., New York.
Red Gauntlet	1038	Andrews	J. W. Cox, Robbinston, Me.	F. Boyd & Co., Boston.
Reporter	1474	Howes	Paul Curtis, East Boston	E. Snow, Boston.
Ringleader	1156	Matthews	Medford, Mass.	Howes & Crowell, Boston.
Romance of the Seas	1782	Dumaresq	Donald McKay, East Boston	George B. Upton, Boston.
Skylark	1209	Henry	Hood & Co., Somerset	Crocker & Warren, New York.
Snapdragon (barque)	619	Brown	William H. Webb, New York
Spirit of the Times	1206	Klein	Cooper & Slicer, Baltimore	Aymer & Co., New York.
Spitfire	1550	Arey	Frankfort, Me.	Manning & Stanwood, Boston.
Storm King	1408	Callahan	Isaac Taylor, Chelsea, Mass.	John E. Lodge, Boston.
Sweepstakes	1735	Lane	Jacob A. Westervelt, New York	Grinnell, Minturn & Co., New York.
Undaunted	1371	Freeman	Snow & Hall, Bath, Me.	W. H. Foster & Co., Boston.
Viking	1449	Windsor	Trufant & Drummond, Bath, Me.	G. Hussey, New Bedford.
Whistler	820	Brown	George W. Jackman, Newburyport, Mass.	Bush & Wildes, Boston.
Wild Wave	1547	Knowles	G. H. Ferrin, Richmond, Me.	Benjamin Bangs, Boston.
Young America	1961	Babcock	William H. Webb, New York	George Daniels, New York.
1854
Adelaide	1831	Wakeman	Jacob Bell, New York	Williams & Guion, New York.
Canvas Back	735	Clarke	Baltimore	S. Lurman, Baltimore.
Black Prince	1050	Brown	George W. Jackman, Newburyport, Mass.	Bush & Wildes, Boston.
Electric	1271	Gates	Mystic, Conn.	C. Adams, New York.
Fleetwing	912	Howes	Hayden & Cudworth, Medford, Mass.	Crowell, Brooks, Boston.
Grace Darling	1240	Doane	Briggs Brothers, South Boston	C. B. Fessenden, Boston.
Harvey Birch	1488	Nelson	Irons & Grinnell, Mystic, Conn.	J. H. Bower & Co., New York
Midnight	1000	Hatch	Fernald & Pettigrew, Portsmouth, N. H.	Henry Hastings, Boston.
Nabob	1254	Baxter	J. Taylor, Chelsea, Mass.	William Appleton, Boston.
Nonpareil	1431		Dunham & Co., Frankfort, Me.	T. Richardson & Co., New York.
Nor’wester	1267	Gregory	S. Lapham, Medford, Mass.	Coolidge & Co., Boston.
Ocean Telegraph	1492	Willis	J. O. Curtis, Medford, Mass.	S. G. Reed & Co., Boston.
Rattler	794	Forrest	Foster & Borze, Baltimore	D. Stewart, Baltimore.
Robin Hood	1185	Sears	Hayden & Cudworth, Medford, Mass.	Howe & Crowell, Boston.
Sancho Panza	850	Friend	Medford, Mass.	John E. Lodge, Boston.
Saracen	1266	Barry	Briggs Brothers, South Boston	Curtis & Peabody, Boston.
Sierra Nevada	1942	Penhallow	Toby & Littlefield, Portsmouth, N. H.	Glidden & Williams, Boston.
Starlight	1150	Matthews	Briggs Brothers, South Boston	Baker & Morrell, Boston.
Star King	1170	Turner	George W. Jackman, Newburyport, Mass.	Bates & Thaxter, Boston.
Swallow	1435	Tucker	Robert E. Jackson, East Boston.	W. T. Dungan, New York.
1855
Andrew Jackson	1676	Williams	Irons & Grinnell, Mystic, Conn.	J. H. Brower & Co., New York.
Beacon Light	1320	Barwell	Chelsea, Mass.	J. A. Stetson, Boston.
Carrier Dove	1694	Conner	J. Abraham, Baltimore.	Montell & Co., Baltimore.
Charmer	1060	Lucas	George W. Jackman, Newburyport, Mass.	Burt & Wildes, Boston.
Courier	1025	Smith	Newburyport, Mass.	Foster & Elliott, New York.
Daring	1097	Simonson	George W. Jackman, Newburyport, Mass.	Bush & Comstock, Boston.
Electric Spark	1215	Howes	Thacher & Magoun, Medford, Mass.	Magoun & Co., Boston.
Golden Fleece	1538	Manson	Paul Curtis, East Boston.	Weld & Baker, Boston.
Herald of the Morning	1300	Baker	Thacher & Magoun, Medford, Mass.	Magoun & Co., Boston.
Mary Whitridge	978	Cheesebrough	Hunt & Wagner, Baltimore.	T. Whitridge, Baltimore.
Noonday	1177	Gerry	Fernald & Pettigrew, Portsmouth, N. H.	Henry Hastings, Boston.
Ocean Empress	1699	Cunningham	J. O. Curtis, Medford, Mass.	Reed & Wade, Boston.
War Hawk	1067	Simmons	George W. Jackman, Newburyport, Mass.	Captain and others, Boston.
1856
Alarm	1184	Matthews	Briggs Brothers, South Boston.	Baker & Morrell, Boston.
Euterpe	1984	Avery	H. Merriman, Rockland, Me.	Foster & Nickerson, New York.
Florence	1310	Dumaresq	Samuel Hall, Jr., East Boston.	R. B. & John M. Forbes, Boston.
Flying Mist	1150	Fennell	J. O. Curtis, Medford, Mass.	T. Chase & Co., Boston.
Intrepid	1173	Gardner	William H. Webb, New York	Bucklin & Crane, New York.
Mary L. Sutton	1450	Rowland	Charles Mallory, Mystic, Conn.	Charles Mallory, Mystic, Conn.
Norseman	820	Haskell	R. E. Jackson, East Boston.	Cunningham Brothers, Boston.
Witch of the Wave	1200	Todd	Portsmouth, N. H.	Titcomb & Co., Newburyport, Mass.
1857
Black Hawk	1108	Bowers	William H. Webb, New York.	Bucklin & Crane, New York.
Black Hawk	970	Shoof	J. Courier, Newburyport, Mass.	M. Devenport & Co., Newburyport, Mass.
Hotspur	862	Porter	Roosevelt & Joyce, New York	Wisener, McCready & Co., New York.
Twilight	1482	Gates	Charles Mallory, Mystic, Conn.	G. Gates & Co., Mystic, Conn.

Appendix II

RECORD PASSAGES OF THE CALIFORNIA CLIPPER SHIPS MADE IN 110 DAYS OR LESS FROM 1850 TO 1860, INCLUSIVE

1850
SHIP	PORT OF DEPARTURE	ARRIVAL AT SAN FRANCISCO	DAYS
Celestial	New York	November 1	104
Race Horse	Boston	November 24	109
Samuel Russell	New York	May 1	109
Sea Witch	New York	July 24	97
1851
Challenge	New York	October 29	109
Flying Cloud	New York	August 31	89
N. B. Palmer	New York	August 21	106
Raven	Boston	November 19	105
Sea Witch	New York	November 20	110
Seaman	New York	March 11	107
Stag-Hound	New York	May 26	107
Surprise	New York	March 19	96
Typhoon	New York	November 18	106
Witchcraft	New York	August 11	103
1852
Celestial	New York	February 17	106
Comet	New York	January 13	103
Courser	Boston	April 28	108
Eclipse	New York	April 22	104
Northern Light	Boston	March 8	109
Sea Witch	New York	December 8	108
Staffordshire	Boston	August 13	101
Sword-Fish	New York	February 10	90
Flying Fish	Boston	February 17	98
John Bertram	Boston	March 26	105
Shooting Star	Boston	August 17	105
White Squall	New York	July 29	110
Wild Pigeon	New York	January 28	104
Sovereign of the Seas	New York	November 15	103
1853
Bald Eagle	New York	April 11	107
Contest	New York	February 24	108
Contest	New York	October 24	97
Flying Cloud	New York	August 12	105
Flying Dutchman	New York	January 27	104
Flying Dutchman	New York	October 7	106
Flying Fish	New York	February 1	92
Golden Age (barque)	Boston	May 31	103
Golden Gate	New York	March 20	102
Hornet	New York	August 12	105
Invincible	New York	September 9	110
John Gilpin	New York	February 2	93
Meteor	Boston	March 10	110
Oriental	New York	May 7	100
Phantom	Boston	April 21	104
Bebekah (barque)	Baltimore	May 10	106
Sea Serpent	New York	June 1	107
Sword-Fish	New York	May 30	105
Storm (barque)	New York	April 10	109
Tornado	New York	May 2	109
Trade-Wind	New York	February 24	102
Westward Ho	Boston	February 1	103
Witchcraft	New York	July 8	110
Winged Racer	New York	March 30	105
Young America	New York	August 29	110
1854
Archer	New York	April 29	106
Challenger	Boston	June 9	110
Courier	Boston	April 28	108
David Brown	New York	March 23	98
Eagle	New York	February 16	103
Eagle Wing	Boston	April 5	106
Flying Cloud	New York	April 20	89
Golden City	New York	February 8	105
Herald of the Morning	Boston	May 7	106
Hurricane	New York	September 4	99
Matchless	Boston	February 8	109
Pamparo	New York	January 25	105
Polynesia	New York	April 10	104
Ringleader	Boston	February 8	109
Romance of the Seas	Boston	March 23	96
Samuel Russell	New York	January 20	106
San Francisco	New York	February 8	105
Stag-Hound	New York	August 14	110
Westward Ho	New York	February 28	106
Witchcraft	New York	August 15	97
Young America	New York	October 20	110
1855
Boston Light	Boston	April 11	102
Cleopatra	New York	March 4	107
Don Quixote	Boston	March 29	108
Electric	New York	March 4	109
Flying Cloud	New York	June 6	108
Flying Fish	Boston	January 10	109
Flying Fish	Boston	December 27	105
Golden Eagle	New York	August 25	106
Governor Morton	New York	April 2	104
Greenfield (barque)	New York	May 6	110
Herald of the Morning	New York	May 16	99
Meteor	Boston	August 30	108
Neptune's Car	New York	April 25	100
Red Rover	New York	June 13	107
Telegraph	Boston	April 9	109
Westward Ho	Boston	April 24	100
1856
Antelope	New York	March 15	97
David Brown	New York	April 28	103
Don Quixote	Boston	May 31	108
Electric Spark	Boston	April 9	106
Flyaway	New York	April 8	106
Mary L. Sutton	New York	July 20	110
North Wind	Boston	July 21	110
Phantom	New York	April 29	101
Red Rover	New York	April 7	110
Reporter	New York	March 27	107
Ringleader	Boston	February 3	106
Sweepstakes	New York	May 25	94
Tornado	New York	March 27	110
Wild Hunter	Boston	April 29	108
Young America	New York	October 14	107
1857
Andrew Jackson	New York	February 28	100
Flying Dragon	New York	April 10	97
Flying Dutchman	New York	September 10	102
Flying Fish	Boston	October 2	100
John Land	New York	July 30	104
Reporter	New York	April 17	110
Westward Ho	New York	March 26	100
1858
Andrew Jackson	New York	April 27	103
Dashing Wave	New York	August 18	107
Don Quixote	New York	March 4	108
Esther May	Boston	May 19	103
John Land	New York	July 24	108
Twilight	New York	April 16	100
1859
Andrew Jackson	New York	April 5	102
Robin Hood	New York	March 25	107
Sierra Nevada	New York	December 17	97
Young America	New York	July 24	105
1860
Andrew Jackson	New York	March 23	89
Archer	New York	March 18	106
Lookout	New York	February 20	108
Mary L. Sutton	New York	May 12	103
Ocean Telegraph	New York	March 13	109
White Swallow	New York	August 7	110

During the forty-five years that have elapsed since the close of the Civil War a large number of sailing ships have been built for the California trade, and it is a notable fact that only two of these vessels made the passage from an Atlantic port to San Francisco in less than one hundred days. The Seminole, built by Maxon & Fish at Mystic, Connecticut, in 1865, arrived at San Francisco from New York, March 10, 1866, in 96 days, and the Glory of the Seas, already mentioned as the last ship built by Donald McKay, made the same voyage, arriving at San Francisco, January 18, 1874, in 94 days.

The two most successful ships in after years were the David Crocket and Young America. Both were built in 1853, and both continued in the San Francisco trade until 1883, during which time the David Crockett made her best twelve passages from New York to San Francisco in an average of 109 7/12 days each, her best being 102 days in 1872. The Young America, during this period also made twelve passages in an average of 110 7/12 days each, her best being 102 days in 1880.

As these ships were by many years the oldest survivors of the California clippers, there was a good deal of rivalry between them, and their records show that they were very evenly matched. It should, however, be remembered that about the year 1860 their spars and canvas were considerably reduced and that they were fitted with double topsail yards, all of which hampered their speed in moderate weather. Indeed, they resembled two faded beauties who in their youth had been rival belles.

Appendix III

CHINA TEA CLIPPERS, 1859–1869

SHIP	TONS	CONSTRUCTION	BUILDER	YEAR
Falcon	937	Wood	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1859
Isle of the South	821	"	Laing & Co., Sunderland	1859
Fiery Cross	888	"	Chalour & Co., Liverpool	1860
Min	629	"	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1861
Kelso	556	"	Pile & Co., Sunderland	1861
Belted Will	812	"	Feel & Co., Workington	1863
Serica	708	"	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1863
Taeping	767	Composite	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1863
Eliza Shaw	696	"	Alexander Stephen, Glasgow	1863
Yang-tze	688	"	Alexander Stephen, Aberdeen	1863
Black Prince	750	"	Alexander Stephen, Aberdeen	1863
Ariel	853	"	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1865
Ada	686	"	Alexander Hall, Aberdeen	1865
Sir Launcelot	886	"	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1865
Taitsing	815	"	Connell & Co., Glasgow	1865
Titania	879	"	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1866
Spindrift	899	"	Connell & Co., Glasgow	1867
Forward Ho	943	"	Alexander Stephen, Glasgow	1867
Leander	883	Composite	Lawrie & Sons, Greenock	1867
Lahloo	779	"	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1867
Thermopylæ	947	"	Walter Hood, Aberdeen	1868
Windhover	847	"	Connell & Co., Glasgow	1868
Cutty Sark	921	"	Scott & Co., Dumbarton	1868
Caliph	914	"	Alexander Hall, Aberdeen	1869
Wylo	799	"	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1869
Kaisow	795	"	Robert Steele & Sons, Greenock	1869
Lothair	794	"	Walker & Son, London	1869

Appendix IV

RULES FOR TONNAGE MEASUREMENTS

The English system of measuring the tonnage of vessels in the eighteenth century is given in Falconer's Marine Dictionary, 1780, as follows:

"To determine the burden, or, in other words, the tonage, of a ship, it is usual to multiply the length of keel into the extreme breadth of the ship within board, taken along the midship beam, and multiplying the product by the depth in the hold from the plank joining to the keelson upwards to the main-deck, and divide the last product by 94; then will the quotient be the burden required, in tons."

This rule continued in force till 1819, when it was changed by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty as follows:

"Multiply the length of the keel by the breadth of beam, and that product by half the breadth of beam, and divide the last product by 94, and the quotient will be the tonnage" (Marine Dictionary, William Burney, LL.D., 1830). Dr. Burney remarks: "It appears from the general construction of merchant ships, that more attention is paid to evade the tax on tonnage than to their sailing well with the wind in different directions; and if the real tonnage of ships were taken, an alteration would soon be made in the construction for the better."

This form of the rule continued until 1842, when by Act of Parliament the following method was adopted:

"Divide the length of the upper deck between the after part of the stem and the fore part of the stern-post into six equal parts. Depths: at the foremost, the middle, and the aftermost of these points of division, measure in feet and decimal parts of a foot the depths from the under side of the upper deck to the ceiling at the limber strake. In the case of a break in the upper deck, the depths are to be measured from a line stretched in a continuation of the deck. Breadths: Divide each of those three depths into five equal parts, and measure the inside breadths at the following points—viz., at one fifth and at four fifths from the upper deck of the foremost and aftermost depths, and at two fifths and four fifths from the upper deck of the midship depth. Length: At half the midship depth, measure the length of the vessel from the after part of the stem to the fore part of the stern-post; then, to twice the midship depth add the foremost and the aftermost depths; add together the upper and lower breadths at the foremost division, three times the upper breadth, and the lower breadth, at the midship division and the upper and twice the lower breadth at the after division, for the sum of the breadths; then multiply the sum of the depths by the sum of the breadths, and this product by the length, and divide the final product by three thousand five hundred, which will give the number of tons for register" (Young's Marine Dictionary, 1846).

In 1854 this rule was changed by the Merchant Shipping Act, which provided that the actual cubic contents of a vessel's hull should be measured, a registered ton being reckoned as 100 cubic feet. This is known as the Moorsom system, and is still in use and likely to continue. It was adopted by the United States in 1865; Denmark, 1867; Austria, 1871; Germany, France, and Italy, 1873; Spain, 1874; and Sweden, 1875.

The old practice of calculating tonnage in the United States was adapted from the English, and the mode of measurement was as follows:

The length was measured on deck from the fore part of the stem to the after part of the stern-post; the breadth from outside to outside planking at the broadest part of the vessel; the depth of the hold from the plank on deck to the ceiling of the hold. This last measurement was not used, the depth of a vessel for tonnage purposes being assumed to be one half of her breadth. In order to find the tonnage, three fifths of the breadth were deducted from the length and the remainder multiplied by the breadth, and this product multiplied by one half the breadth, or the assumed depth, the last product was then divided by 95, giving the formula:

${\frac {\left(L-{\frac {3}{5}}B\right)\times B\times {\frac {1}{2}}B}{95}}$

Thus in a vessel measuring 100 ft. x 20 ft. x 18 ft.:

Length of vessel …	100
Subtract 3⁄5 breadth …	12
Length for measurement …	88
Multiply by the breadth …	20
	1760
Multiply by half breadth …	10
	17,600
Divide 17,600 by 95 …	and
the result is …	185+12⁄19
Total tonnage …	185+12⁄19

This mode of measurement continued from colonial times until the Moorsom system was adopted in 1865.

The dimensions of ten representative American and British clippers were as follows:

		Length	Breadth
	Nightingale (1851)	178 "	36 "
American	Oriental (1849)	183 ft.	36 "
	Celestial (1850)	158 "	34 " 6in.
	Stag-Hound (1850)	209 "	39 "
	Flying Dutchman (1852)	187 "	38 " 6in.
British	Falcon (1859)	191 " 4in.	32 " 2in.
	Taitsing (1865)	192 "	31 " 5in.
	Titania (1866)	200 "	35 "
	Spindrift (1867)	219 " 4in.	35 " 6in.
	Thermopylæ (1868)	210 "	36 "

Although these British ships show less breadth than the American, yet they have more breadth in proportion to length than the earlier British clippers, such as the Stornoway (1850), Lord of the Isles (1855), etc.