View source for 西

{{also|四|𠁤|酉|襾|覀}}
{{character info}}
{{character info|⻄}}
==Translingual==
{{stroke order|strokes=6}}
{{stroke order|type=animate}}

===Han character===
{{Han char|rn=146|rad=襾|as=00|sn=6|four=10600|canj=MCW|ids=⿱一𠁤}}

====Derived characters====
* {{l|mul|[[哂]], [[㛉]], [[𡶼]], [[廼]], [[徆]], [[恓]], [[拪]], [[洒]], [[𤞏]], [[迺]], [[䧈]], [[𢬣]], [[晒]], [[栖]], [[毢]], [[𤈇]], [[牺]], [[𤥒]], [[𦚵]], [[𠒓]], [[𥙘]], [[硒]], [[䄽]], [[𬭄]], [[粞]], [[絤]]([[𬘟]]), [[𦕩]], [[舾]], [[𬠂]], [[𧧍]], [[跴]], [[𨠴]], [[𫘊]], [[𫙘]]}}
* {{l|mul|[[𪠧]], [[𨚹]], [[𤿢]], [[𪀹]], [[酉]], [[𡧳]], [[茜]], [[䇴]], [[𤶈]], [[𪎢]], [[氥]], [[𰀾]], [[閪]]}}

====References====
{{Han ref|kx=1128.100|dkj=34763|dj=1595.190|hdz=42805.020|uh=897F}}

==Chinese==

===Glyph origin===
{{Han etym}}
{{liushu|p}} – a [[bag]] or [[basket]], borrowed for phonetic value. Compare {{och-l|東|bundle > east}}, [[束]] and [[鹵]]. Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed ({{zh-ref|Sears}}), but {{zh-ref|Sagart (2004)}} stands by it.

See also the top component of [[票]], originally two hands holding an object vaguely similar to a bag, basket or nest.

===Etymology 1===
{{zh-forms|alt=㢴,卤}}
The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a {{IPAchar|/*s/}}-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. {{IPAchar|/*sɯːl/}} in {{zh-ref|Zhengzhang (2003)}}. However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤ/}}, one of the reasons being {{zh-l|*西}} appears to be the phonetic in {{zh-l|迺|nǎi}}, the archaic graphic variant of {{och-l|乃}}. The new reconstruction, {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤər/}} in {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}}, also accounts for how {{zh-l|*西}} can be the phonetic in {{zh-l|哂|to smile}}. For more information, see {{zh-ref|Sagart (2004)}}, {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}} and {{zh-ref|Nohara (2018)}}.

In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤ/}}, the possibilities of the etymology of {{lang|zh|西}}, aside from being cognate with {{zh-l|棲|to roost; to rest}} (B-S OC {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤər/}}), include:

* Related to {{cog|bo|ནེར་བ||to sink; to fall gradually}} ({{zh-ref|Unger, 1990}}).
* Related to {{cog|cdm|नेलःसा|tr=nelʔ‑||to go down; to sink}}, which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}}).
* Related to the root {{zh-l|尼|nǐ|to stop}} (OC {{IPAchar|/*nˤərʔ/}} for intransitive form, {{IPAchar|/*nˤərʔ-s/}} for transitive form in {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}}).
* Related to {{cog|bo|མནལ||sleep}} and {{cog|my|နား||to rest; to stop for a while}} ({{zh-ref|Hill, 2019}}).
* An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in {{cog|omx|cnis||ghat}} < {{cog|omx|cis||to go down}} , with Proto-Austroasiatic {{IPAfont|*tsn-}} > Proto-Sinitic {{IPAfont|*sn-}}. Therefore, this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west". The base form is {{och-l|濟|id=2}} via Austroasiatic ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}}).

====Pronunciation====
{{zh-pron
|m=xī
|ma=y
|m-s=xi1
|dg=щи1
|c=sai1
|c-t=lhai1
|g=xi1
|h=pfs=sî;hrs=h:siˋ;gd=xi1
|j=xi1
|mb=sái/sí
|md=să̤
|mn=sai/se/si
|mn_note=sai - vernacular; se - literary; si - vernacular (limited, e.g. {{l|zh|西瓜|tr=si-koe}})
|mn-t=sai1/si1
|mn-t_note=sai - literary; si1 - vernacular (for 西瓜)
|px=pt,xy:sai1/pt,xy:se1
|px_note=sai1 - vernacular; se1 - literary
|w=sh:1shi
|x=xi1
|mc=y
|oc=y
|cat=n,a
}}

====Definitions====
{{head|zh|hanzi}}

# [[west]]; [[western]]
# {{lb|zh|Cantonese|minced oath}} {{euph form|zh|閪|tr=hai<sup>1</sup>}}
#: {{zh-co|西 人|cunt; jerk|C}}
#: {{zh-co|西客|'''bad''' customer|C}}
#: {{zh-co|西 口 西 面|'''bitch'''-face|C}}

=====Coordinate terms=====
* {{list:compass points/zh}}

====Compounds====
{{col3|zh|西安|西班牙|西半球|西北|西邊|西邊兒|西部|西餐|西點|西方|西非|西風|西鳳酒|西服|西瓜|西紅柿|西葫蘆|西化|西經|西曆|西米|西面|西南|西歐|西人|西薩摩亞|西曬|西施|西式|西天|西頭|西文|西西里|西西里島|西學|西洋|西洋畫|西洋景|西洋參|西藥|西醫|西遊記|西語|西域|西樂|西元|西裝|檳榔西施|巴西|病老歸西|不中不西|沉西|臭東西|東西|抱痛西河|北大西洋|賓西法尼亞|玻利尼西亞|拆穿西洋鏡|拆東牆補西牆|拆西補東|法西斯|新西蘭|三比西河|三西|上西天|不是東西|中西|中西合璧|你東我西|佩西芬|偷東摸西|公西華|公西赤|剪燭西窗|南西廂|各奔東西|各自東西|唐突西施|問東問西|喝西北風|嗑西北風|回西流|壞東西|大西北|大西洋|好東西|安達西德|密西根州|密西根湖|小東西|尤里西斯|山西|山西梆子|山西|山西票號|山西高原|巴西高原|布西縣|平西|廣西|待月西廂|德布西|忽東忽西|扶東倒西|投東摸西|拆東補西|指東打西|指東畫西|指東話西|指東說西|捧心西子|掇東掇西|推東主西|摩西|摩西律法|撒西米|撩東劄西|撩東撾西|文東武西|新澤西州|日東月西|日落西山|日薄西山|晚西|普西尼|朝東暮西|朝西暮東|未辨東西|東三西四|東來西去|東倒西歪|東偷西摸|東兔西烏|東塗西抹|東央西告|東奔西向|東奔西撞|東奔西竄|東奔西走|東奔西跑|東奔西跳|東尋西覓|東差西誤|東張西望|東征西怨|東征西討|東徙西遷|東想西想|東扭西捏|東扯西拽|東扶西倒|東抄西襲|東折西繞|東拉西扯|東拼西湊|東挨西撞|東挪西借|東挪西湊|東掩西遮|東揚西蕩|東搖西擺|東摸西摸|東撈西摸|東撙西節|東支西吾|東歪西倒|東漸西被|東碰西撞|東穿西撞|東翻西倒|東蕩西除|東藏西躲|東衝西突|東西南北|東觀西望|東討西伐|東討西征|東誆西騙|東走西撞|東走西移|東跑西顛|東躲西藏|東躲西跑|東躲西逃|東轉西晃|東逃西竄|東遮西掩|東遷西徙|東鄰西舍|東量西折|東閃西挪|東零西散|東零西落|東飄西蕩|東食西宿|東鱗西爪|東鳴西應|模里西斯|歸西|江西派|江西|江西臘|江西詩派|河西|河西走廊|泰西|淮西|混帳東西|玉東西|甚麼東西|病西施|痛抱西河|瘦西湖|盤尼西林|矬西|科西嘉|移東就西|移東換西|移東補西|突尼西亞|納西族|納西語|紐西蘭|羅德西亞|羅西里尼|老東西|老西兒|聖西門|聖露西亞|聲東擊西|華西|董西廂|蠢東西|裴高累西|西亞|西京|西京賦|西京雜記|西伯|西伯利亞|西冥|西利西亞|西北季風|西北雨|西北風|西北颱|西南夷|西南季風|西印度|西原借款|西后|西周|西哲|西土|西垂|西域記|西堤|西塔琴|西塞羅|西夏|西夕年|西天取經|西太后|西奈半島|西奈協定|西套|西姆孫線|西子|西子捧心|西子顰|西安事變|西安市|西宮|西家|西寧市|西寧毛|西山日薄|西山日迫|西山餓夫|西崑|西崑體|西崽|西嶽|西州之痛|西席|西康省|西廂|西廂記|西廠|西德|西患|西戎|西打|西拉山地|西拉島|西敏宮|西敏寺|西方三聖|西方淨土|西施捧心|西施舌|西施顰眉|西晉|西曆紀元|西曲|西東|西柏林|西楚霸王|西極|西歐聯盟|西歐集團|西歪東倒|西歸|西江|西沙群島|西河|西河之痛|西河大鼓|西河柳|西法|西泠八家|西泠十子|西泠橋|西洋人|西洋劍|西洋史|西洋棋|西洋象棋|西洋鏡|西洛可風|西海|西涼|西湖|西湖佳話|西漢|西潮|西澗|西濱大橋|西燕|西片|西狹頌|西王母|西班|西班牙港|西班牙語|西瓜子兒|西瓜帽|西番果|西番蓮|西畫|西皇|西皮|西皮流水|西眉南臉|西秦|西秦戲|西窗翦燭|西羌|西臺|西臺人|西臺古堡|西臺帝國|西苑|西蒙遜|西藏佛教|西藏地方|西蘭島|西螺鎮|西西|西西佛斯|西調|西諺|西谷椰子|西谷米|西貝流士|西貢|西賓|西迦爾|西遊補|西遼|西那畫派|西郊|西部地方|西部片|西都|西都賦|西鄉隆盛|西鄰|西銘|西門|西門子|西門町|西門豹|西除東蕩|西陵|西陵峽|西陵歌舞|西陸|西階|西雅圖|西頹|西風帶|西風東漸|西風波|西風的話|西魏|西點軍校|說東談西|說東道西|豆腐西施|豫西山地|迷路東西|道東說西|道西說東|達文西|遼西|遼西走廊|那卡西|關西|陝西梆子|陝西|陶西|隴西行|馬來西亞|駕鶴西歸|麥西|墨西哥|墨西哥城|墨西哥灣|可可西里|河西堡|西城|城西|東西湖|西朱範|西遞|西十|西山|西李灣|西字頭|西趙湖|蘇拉威西|甲西|西流河|華農西|花西|鄖西|西溝|海西蒙古族藏族自治州|海西|西藏路|西藏|露西爾|西塘|西寧|西楚|西午|官西|西峽|楠西|湖西|西嶼|西卅店|臺西|西螺|線西|西湯河|西屯|西新|西林|八西|暖西|西垣|西港|皮西那|西高|宮西|艾力西湖|西福|西雙版納|艾西曼|西昌|隴西|西合休|比西巴格|露西亞|阿加西|阿扎西|阿澤西|斯巴拉西}}

====Descendants====
{{CJKV||さい|j2=せい|서|tây}}
''Others'':
* {{desc|ja|-}} {{ja-r|西|シャー|west wind (mahjong tile)}}

===Etymology 2===
{{zh-forms|alt=篩}}
{{rfe|zh|From English [[side]]?}}

====Pronunciation====
{{zh-pron
|c=sai1
|cat=a,n,v
|dial=n
}}

====Definitions====
{{head|zh|hanzi}} {{tlb|zh|Cantonese}}

# [[spin]] {{gl|noun}}
#: {{zh-co|腳趾尾{mei5-1} 拉{laai1}西|to do a side'''spin''' with one's little toe|C}}
# to [[spin]]; to cause to [[spin]]
# [[carry]]ing [[spin]]
# to [[deviate]] from a [[path]] due to some [[force]]
#* {{quote-web|zh|date=2019-12-18|title=zh:九巴車禍：乘客身體被劏開內臟溢出　車廂變煉獄|url=https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20191218/bkn-20191218172734890-1218_00822_001.html|work=zh:東網}}
#*: {{zh-q|坐 於 肇事 巴士{si6-2} 下層 第 二\2{ji6} 排 的 何 先生 稱{cing1}，當時 下層 乘客 全部 坐 在 座椅 上，突然 聽 到{dou3-2}「嘭」一聲 巨響，感覺{gok3} 到 車身「擺 一 擺」及{kap6}「西 埋 一 邊」。|Mr Ho, who sat at the second row of the lower deck of the bus, said that all lower deck passengers were sitting on their seats. He suddenly heard a loud banging noise and felt that the vehicle body swung and '''moved''' towards its side.|C-LIT}}
# {{rfdef|zh}}
#: {{zh-x|架 車 轉{zyun3}彎 嗰陣{zan6-2} 好 西。|There was strong centrifugal force when the vehicle turned.|C}}
# to [[hit]] {{rfclarify|zh}}
#: {{zh-co|一嘢 西 落 佢 度||C}}

====Compounds====
{{col3|zh|yue:拉西|yue:落西}}

{{cat|cmn|Beginning Mandarin}}
{{C|zh|Compass points}}

==Japanese==

===Kanji===
{{ja-kanji|grade=2|rs=襾00}}

# [[west]]
# [[Europe]], [[European]]
# ''kanji used to transliterate foreign languages''
# {{short for|ja|西班牙|tr=Supein|nodot=1|sort=すへいん}}: [[Spain]], [[Spanish]]
# [[autumn]]

====Readings====
{{ja-readings
|goon=さい
|kanon=せい
|toon=すい, す
|kun=にし-
|nanori=あき, いり, かわち<かはち, ひし, むら
}}

====Compounds====
{{der-top|Compounds}}
* {{ja-r|西%域|さい%いき}}
* {{ja-r|西%下|さい%か}}
* {{ja-r|西%国|さい%こく}}, {{ja-r|西%国|さい%ごく}}
* {{ja-r|西%方|さい%ほう}}
* {{ja-r|西%方|せい%ほう}}
* {{ja-r|西%域|せい%いき}}
* {{ja-r|西%欧|^せい%おう|[[Western Europe]]}}
* {{ja-r|西%紀|せい%き}}
* {{ja-r|西%経|せい%けい|[[west]] [[longitude]]}}
* {{ja-r|西%蔵|^セイ%ゾウ}}
* {{ja-r|西%哲|せい%てつ}}
* {{ja-r|西%部|せい%ぶ}}
* {{ja-r|西%風|せい%ふう}}
* {{ja-r|西%洋|せい%よう|the [[West]], [[western]] [[countries]]}}
* {{ja-r|西%暦|せい%れき|[[western]] [[calendar]]}}
* {{ja-r|西%瓜|スイ%カ|[[watermelon]]}}
* {{ja-r|西%海|さい%かい}}, {{ja-r|西%海|^さい%かい}}
* {{ja-r|以%西|い%せい}}
* {{ja-r|関%西|^かん%さい}}
* {{ja-r|泰%西|たい%せい}}
* {{ja-r|鎮%西|^ちん%ぜい}}
* {{ja-r|東%西|とう%ざい}}
* {{ja-r|日%西|^にっ%せい}}
* {{ja-r|米%西 戦%争|^べい%-^せい ^せん%そう}}
* {{ja-r|北%西|ほく%せい}}
* {{ja-r|西比利亜|^シベリア}}
* {{ja-r|西班牙|^スペイン}}
* {{ja-r|西蔵|^チベット}}
* {{ja-r|仏蘭西|^フランス}}
{{der-bottom}}

===Etymology 1===
{{ja-kanjitab|にし|yomi=k}}

Originally a compound of {{compound|ja|sort=にし|去に|tr1=ini|t1=[[going away]]|pos1=the {{ja-etym-renyokei|nodot=1|去ぬ|いぬ|to [[go away]]}}|し|tr2=shi|t2=[[wind]]; {{q|by extension}} [[direction]]|pos2=as seen in other ancient-derived words as {{m|ja|嵐|tr=arashi||[[storm]]|lit=wild + wind}}, {{m|ja|旋風|tr=tsumuji||[[whirlwind]]}}, {{m|ja|東|tr=higashi||[[east]]|pos=from older ''pi muka si'', literally “sun + facing + wind/direction”}}}}.<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref>

First cited in the ''{{w|Kojiki}}'' of 712, with the phonetic spelling {{m|ja||爾斯|tr=nisi}}.<ref name="KDJ2"/>

====Pronunciation====
{{ja-pron|にし|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,SMK5,NHK}}

====Noun====
{{ja-noun|にし}}

# {{defdate|from 770}} [[west]] {{gl|one of the four [[cardinal direction]]s}}
#: {{ant|ja|東|tr=higashi}}
# the [[West]]
# {{defdate|from 712}} the west wind, [[wind]] [[blow]]ing from the [[west]]
#: {{ant|ja|東|tr=higashi}}
# {{lb|ja|theater|sort=にし}} in ''[[kabuki]]'':
## {{defdate|from 1688}} the [[left]] side of the [[stage]] in the Edo-style
## {{defdate|from 1688}} the [[right]] side of the stage in Kyoto and Osaka styles
# {{defdate|date uncertain}} {{lb|ja|sumo|sort=にし}} [[lower]]-[[rank]]ed [[wrestler]]s listed on the left side of a ''[[banzuke]]''
#: {{ant|ja|東|tr=higashi}}
# {{defdate|from 1885}} the [[West]]; {{q|later, more specifically}} the [[capitalist]] [[state]]s of the West {{gl|originally western Europe, as opposed to [[Eastern Bloc]] [[countries]]}}
#: {{syn|ja|西側|tr=nishigawa}}
#: {{ant|ja|東|tr=higashi}}

=====Coordinate terms=====
* {{list:compass points/ja}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{der-top}}
* {{ja-r|西%風|にし%かぜ}}
* {{ja-r|西%方|にし%かた}}, {{ja-r|西%方|にし%がた}}
* {{ja-r|西%側|にし%がわ}}
* {{ja-r|西%方|にし%ざま}}
* {{ja-r|西の対|にし の たい}}
* {{ja-r|西%日|にし%び}}
* {{ja-r|真%西|ま%にし}}
{{der-bottom}}

=====Idioms=====
* {{ja-r|西 向く 侍|にし むく さむらい|rom=-}} → {{ja-r|二四 六九 士|にし むく さむらい|[[westward]]-facing [[samurai]] → mnemonic for months with less than 31 days, with {{m|ja|士}} standing for {{m|ja|十一}}}}

=====Proverbs=====
{{der-top|Idioms}}
* {{ja-r|西と言うたら東を悟れ|にし と いう たら ひがし を さとれ|what is called in the west is realized in the east → necessary to understand the back as well as the front}}
* {{ja-r|西と言えば東と言う|にし と いえば ひがし と いう|if they say West, say East → tell the opposite thing every time}}
* {{ja-r|西も東も分からない|にし も ひがし も わからない|cannot tell east from west → cannot be understood at all}}
* {{ja-r|犬 が 西 向きゃ 尾 は 東|いぬ が にし むきゃ お は ひがし|dog faces west while its tail points east → clearly obvious}}
{{der-bottom}}

====Proper noun====
{{ja-pos|proper|にし}}

# {{lb|ja|Buddhism|sort=にし}} {{synonym of|ja|西方浄土|tr=Saihō Jōdo|nodot=1|sort=にし}}: the western [[paradise]] of [[Amitabha]] [[Buddha]]
# {{lb|ja|Buddhism|sort=にし}} {{short for|ja|西本願寺|tr=Nishi Hongan-ji|nodot=1|sort=にし}}: a [[Buddhist]] [[temple]] in {{w|Kyoto}}
#: {{synonyms|ja|お西|tr=o-Nishi}}
# {{lb|ja|historical|sort=にし}} a [[red-light district]] in {{w|Edo period|Edo-period}} {{w|Shinjuku}} {{gl|as it was located ''west'' of {{w|Edo Castle}}}}
# ''a [[place name]]'', especially the name of various [[ward]]s in major cities throughout Japan
# {{surname|ja|sort=にし}}

===Etymology 2===
{{ja-kanjitab|しゃー|yomi=irr|sort=しやあ}}
Possibly a corruption of {{bor|ja|cmn|sort=しやあ|西|tr=xī||[[west]]}}.

====Noun====
{{ja-noun|シャー}}

# {{lb|ja|mahjong|sort=しやあ}} [[west wind]] ([[mahjong]] [[tile]])
#: {{hyper|ja|風牌|tr=kazehai, fanpai}}
# {{lb|ja|mahjong|sort=しやあ}} a {{m|ja|役|tr=yaku||[[win]]ning [[hand]]}} with a [[triplet]] or [[quad]] of west wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 {{m|ja|翻|tr=han||[[double]]s}}
#: {{hyper|ja|役牌|tr=yakuhai, yaku-pai}}

=====See also=====
* {{ja-r|風%牌|かぜ%ハイ|[[wind]] [[tile]]s}}: {{ja-r|東|トン|[[east wind]]}}, {{ja-r|南|ナン|[[south wind]]}}, {{ja-r|西|シャー|west wind}}, {{ja-r|北|ペー|[[north wind]]}}

===References===
<references/>

{{c|ja|Compass points|sort=にし}}

==Korean==

===Etymology===
From {{der|ko|ltc|sort=서|-}} {{ltc-l|西}}.
{{hanja-ety
|dk={{okm-inline|솅|syèy}}
|m={{okm-inline|셔|syè}}
|mh={{okm-inline|셧[[녁]]|syè-s-nyèk}}
|ml=人類#중04A
}}

===Pronunciation===
{{ko-hanja-pron|서}}

===Hanja===
{{ko-hanja-search}}
{{ko-hanja|서녘|서}}

# {{hanja form of|서|[[west]]; [[western]]}}

====Compounds====
{{der-top3|Compounds}}
* {{ko-l|서방|西方}}
* {{ko-l|서양|西洋}}
* {{ko-l|서구|西歐}}
* {{ko-l|^불란서|佛蘭西}}
* {{ko-l|편서풍|[[westerlies]]|偏西風}}
* {{ko-l|대서양|大西洋}}
{{der-bottom}}

===References===
* {{R:hanjadoc|11541}}

==Okinawan==
{{attention|ryu}}

===Kanji===
{{ryu-kanji}}

====Readings====
{{ryu-readings
|kun=いり-
}}

===Noun===
{{ryu-head|noun|いり}}

# the [[West]]

====Compounds====
{{top2}}
* {{ryu-r|西%風|いり%かじ|west wind}}
{{bottom}}

{{C|ryu|Compass points|sort=いり}}

==Vietnamese==

===Han character===
{{vi-readings|rs=襾00|reading=|hanviet=tây, tê|nom=tây}}

# [[west]]
# [[West]] {{gloss|the Western world}}

====Compounds====
* {{vi-l|Sơn Tây|山西}}
* {{vi-l|Tây Sơn|西山}}
* {{vi-l|phía tây|費西}}

====References====
* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999

[[Category:CJKV radicals| ]]