View source for gular

==English==
{{was wotd|2020|September|3}}

===Etymology 1===
[[File:AB047 Scales on a snakes head.jpg|thumb|The gular ''(etymology 1, noun sense)'' is marked in this photograph of the [[underside]] of a {{vern|buff striped keelback}} ({{taxlink|Amphiesma stolatum|species}}).]]

{{root|en|ine-pro|*gʷel-}}
From {{suffix|en|gula|t1=upper throat|ar|pos2=suffix forming {{glossary|adjective}}s}}. ''Gula'' is derived from {{der|en|la|gula|t=gullet, throat; palate}},<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=''adj.'' (and ''n.'')|noformat=1|id=82416|date=1900|nodot=1}}; {{R:Lexico|pos=adj}}</ref> ultimately from {{der|en|ine-pro|*gʷel-|t=throat}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɡjuːlə/|a=RP}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɡ(j)ulɚ/|a=GA}}
* {{audio|en|En-us-gular.mp3|a=GA}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gular.wav|a=RP}}
* {{rhymes|en|uːlə(ɹ)|s=2}}
* {{hyphenation|en|gul|ar}}

====Adjective====
{{en-adj|-}}

# {{lb|en|chiefly|zoology}} Particularly of an [[animal]]: of, pertaining to, or [[locate#Verb|located]] at the {{l|en|gula|t=the upper front of the [[neck#Noun|neck]] next to the [[chin#Noun|chin]]}} or the [[throat#Noun|throat]].
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Charles Linnè [''i.e.'', {{w|Carl Linnaeus}}]|chapter=Order VII. Aptera.|translator=w:William Turton|title=[[w:Systema Naturae|A General System of Nature, through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals,{{nb...|Systematically Divided into Their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties, with Their Habitations, Manners, Economy, Structure, and Peculiarities. By Sir Charles Linnè: Translated from Gmelin, Fabricus, Willdenow, &c. Together with Various Modern Arrangements and Corrections, Derived from the Transactions of the Linnean and Other Societies, as well as from the Classical Works of Shaw, Thornton, Abbot, Donovan, Sowerby, Latham, Dillwyn, Lewin, Martyn, Andrews, Lambert, &c. &c. with a Life of Linnè, Appropriate Copper-plates, and a Dictionary Explanatory of the Terms which Occur in the Several Departments of Natural History, [...] In Seven Volumes.}}]]|location=London|publisher={{...|Printed for}} Lackington, Allen, and Co.{{nb...|Temple of the Muses, Finsbury-Square.}}|year=1806|volume=III (Animal Kingdom), part II (Insects)|page=702|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XQZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA702|oclc=1045600294|passage=''Iguanæ.'' [...] Inhabits ''America'', on the '''gular''' pouch of the Iguana.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:George Gregory (British writer)|G[eorge] Gregory]]|entry=LACERTA, ''lizard''|entryurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsRAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP548|title=[[w:A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.{{nb...|[...] In Three Volumes. [...] First American, from the Second London Edition. Considerably Improved and Augmented.}}]]|edition=1st American|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|publisher={{...|Published by}} Isaac Peirce,{{nb...|No. 316 Market Street. Sold also by Coale and Maxwell, Baltimore, and James F. Shores, Portsmouth, N.H. Dennis Heartt, Printer.}}|year=1816|volume=II|oclc=925381229|passage=The back of the guana is very strongly serrated; and this, together with the '''gular''' pouch, which it has the power of extending or inflating occasionally to a great degree, gives a formidable appearance to an animal otherwise harmless.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:Georges Cuvier|[Georges] Cuvier]]; [[w:Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Edward Griffith]]|chapter=The Third Order of Birds, Scansores, or Climbers|title=The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with Its Organization,{{nb...|[...] with Additional Descriptions of All the Species hitherto Named, and of Many Not before Noticed, by Edward Griffith, [...]}}|location=London|publisher={{...|Printed for}} Whittaker, Treacher, and Co.{{nb...|Ave-Maria-Lane.}}|year=1829|volume=VII|page=449|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EQAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA449|oclc=222250495|passage=''The Field Woodpecker. P. Campestris.'' [...] Head, chin, and throat, black; front of neck, yellowish; '''gular''' streak black; body beneath, white. America.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:James Ellsworth De Kay|James E[llsworth] De Kay]]|chapter=Class III. Reptiles.|title=Zoology of New-York; or The New-York Fauna;{{nb...|Comprising Detailed Descriptions of All the Animals hitherto Observed within the State of New-York, with Brief Notices of Those Occasionally Found near Its Borders, and Accompanied by Appropriate Illustrations.}}|series=Natural History of New York|seriesvolume=I|location=Albany, N.Y.|publisher={{...|Printed by}} W. & A. White & J. Visscher|year=1842|volume_plain=part III (Reptiles and Amphibia)|page=6|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8x9XYlLiWsC&pg=PA6|oclc=7887652|passage=THE SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE. {{smallcaps|Trionyx ferox.}} [...] Neck long, smooth, with a '''gular''' fold.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:John Edward Gray|chapter=Cyclanosteus|title=Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises).{{nb...|With Figures of the Skulls of 36 Genera.}}|location=London|publisher={{...|Printed by order of the}} Trustees [of the {{w|British Museum}}]|year=1870|page=112|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=WegXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112|column=2|oclc=17994785|passage=Cyclanosteus senegalensis. [...] The five '''gular''' callosities are very similar in disposition; but they vary greatly in form and size, compared with each other, in the different speciments of this species.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Gordon Lindsay Maclean|chapter=Thermoregulation|title=Ecophysiology of Desert Birds|series=Adaptation of Desert Organisms|location=Berlin; Heidelberg|publisher=[[w:Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=1995|section=section 6.2.1 (Evaporative Heat Loss (EHL))|page=91|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvmC2sU-LqgC&pg=PA91|isbn=978-3-540-59269-3|passage=Evaporative cooling via the respiratory tract in birds is enhanced by increased movement of the air by panting or by '''gular''' flutter.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=John D. McEachran; Janice D. Fechhelm|chapter=Elopiformes|title=Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico|volume=1 (Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes)|location=Austin, Tex.|publisher=w:University of Texas Press|year=1998|page=204|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SV7tMdvdC0EC&pg=PA204|isbn=978-0-292-75206-1|passage=Ladyfishes are elongate, slender, and robust, with a terminal mouth and a deeply forked caudal fin. [...] '''Gular''' plate, located between limbs of lower jaw, is well developed.}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|gular pumping}}
* {{l|en|intergular}}
* {{l|en|subgular}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|en|gule}} {{qualifier|obsolete}}
* {{l|en|gullet}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|of, pertaining to, or located at the gula or the throat}}
* Serbo-Croatian: {{t|sh|gularni|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|zoology}} A [[plate#Noun|plate]] or [[scale#Noun|scale]] in the [[throat#Noun|throat]] [[region]] of the [[body]] of a [[fish#Noun|fish]] or [[reptile]] (especially a [[snake#Noun|snake]]).
#* {{quote-journal|en|author=[[w:Edward Drinker Cope|E[dward] D[rinker] Cope]]|title=Descriptions of New American SQUAMATA, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington|journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|publisher={{...|Printed for the}} [[w:Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University|Academy [of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]]]|year=1863|year_published=1864|page=104|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hdAAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA104|issn=0097-3157|oclc=263597067|passage=Cnemidophorus maximus [...] Plates of the collar graduating in the posterior '''gular''', the marginal largest, the series concave anteriorly in the middle. Anterior '''gulars''' abruptly larger, their median largest.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Richard C. Boycott|chapter=''Homopus boulengeri'' [...]|editors=[[w:Ian Swingland|Ian R[ichard] Swingland]]; Michael W. Klemens|title=The Conservation Biology of Tortoises{{nb...|The Results of “Operation Tortoise,” a Worldwide Project Conducted by the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group}}|series=Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC)|seriesvolume=no. 5|location=Gland, Vaud, Switzerland|publisher=w:International Union for Conservation of Nature|year=1989|page=78|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=pL2vyHjC4akC&pg=PA78|isbn=978-2-88032-986-0|passage=A small tortoise, females larger than males, with a maximum carapace length of 110 mm and mass of 150 g. [...] The plastron is composed of paired '''gulars''', which together are more than twice as wide than long; [...]}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Igor G. Danilov; Vladimir B. Sukhanov; Elena V. Syromyatnikova|chapter=Redescription of ''Zangerlia dzamynchondi'' (Testudines: Nanhsiungchelyidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia, with a Reassessment of the Phylogenetic Position and Relationships of ''Zangerlia''|editors=Donald B. Brinkman; Patricia A. Holroyd; James D. Gardner|title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles{{nb...|Proceedings of the Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009) in Honor of Eugene S. Gaffney}}|series=Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series|location=Dordrecht|publisher=[[w:Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=2013|page=412|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pVjXbso0swC&pg=PA412|column=1|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0|isbn=978-94-007-4308-3|issn=1877-9077|passage=The plastral scutes are represented by a complete set including the '''gulars''', extragulars, humerals, pectorals, abdominals, femorals, and four pairs of inframarginals. The '''gulars''' are very short medially and do not reach the entoplastron.}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|plate or scale in the throat region of the body of a fish or reptile}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 2===
{{multiple images
|direction = vertical
|image1 = Ficus racemosa at Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden - Chiang Mai 2013 2704.jpg
|caption1 = A [[cluster fig]] [[tree]] (''[[Ficus racemosa]]''), known as a gular in [[India]].
|image2 = Ficus racemosa fruits at Makutta (5).jpg
|caption2 = The [[fruit#Noun|fruit]] of the gular.
}}

Borrowed from {{bor|en|hi|गूलर}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɡuːlɑː/|a=RP}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɡulɑɹ/|a=GA}}
* {{hyphenation|en|gu|lar}}

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|India}} {{synonym of|en|cluster fig}} (“{{taxfmt|Ficus racemosa|species}}, a [[species]] of [[plant#Noun|plant]] in the [[family]] {{taxfmt|Moraceae|family}}; the [[edible]] [[fruit#Noun|fruit]] of this plant”).
#* {{quote-journal|en|title=Appendix No. II. List of Specimens of Wood from India, &c. Presented to the Society by Capt. H. C. Baker, of the Bengal Artillery.|journal=Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce:{{nb...|with the Premiums in Offered for the Years 1833–34 and 1834–35.}}|location=London|publisher={{...|Sold by the housekeeper, at the Society’s House, in the Adelphi; and by all booksellers. Printed by}} J. Moyes,{{nb...|Castle Street, Leicester Square.}}[for the [[w:Royal Society of Arts|Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce]]]|year=1836|volume=L|page=|pageurl=|oclc=1015453113|passage='''Goolar''', or Doomur. Ficus glomerata.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|author=Lieut. Tickell|title=Remarks on Pteropus Edulis, Geoffroy|editor=[[w:John McClelland (doctor)|John M‘Clelland]]|journal=The Calcutta Journal of Natural History:{{nb...|And Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India.}}|location=Calcutta, West Bengal|publisher=W. Risdale, [[w:Bishop's College, Calcutta|Bishop’s College Press]]|month=April|year=1842|volume=III|issue=IX|page=34|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRXWAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA34|oclc=213743190|passage=These [black-eared flying foxes (''Pteropus melanotus'', formerly ''edulis'')] I have now in captivity (five in number) are fed on '''goolars''', (Ficus glomerata), which they chew in the manner above mentioned, until they have extracted all the juice, when the remaining pulp is ejected out of the mouth.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=C[harles] J[ames] C. Davidson|chapter=|title=Diary of Travels and Adventures in Upper India,{{nb...|from Bareilly, in Rohilcund, to Hurdwar, and Nahun, in the Himmalaya Mountains, with a Tour in Bundelcund, a Sporting Excursion in the Kingdom of Oude and a Voyage down the Ganges.}}|location=London|publisher={{w|Henry Colburn}},{{nb...|publisher, Great Marlborough Street.}}|year=1843|volume=I|pages=244–245|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=G90DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA245|oclc=457442951|passage=Conceive a large and beautiful sheet of calm, clear, and silvery water, [...] embanked with huge blocks of cut granite, embrowned by the shade of magnificent burgots, '''goolars''', jâmuns, and peepuls, under which bright, small Hindoo temples, carefully white-washed, might be seen in their shade; [...]}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=“Maori” [pseudonym; James Inglis]|chapter=VI|title=Sport and Work on the Nepaul Frontier: Or Twelve Years Sporting Reminiscences of an Indigo Planter|location=London|publisher=[[w:Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan and Co.]]|year=1878|page=58|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|oclc=56948548|passage=I then sat down under a '''''goolar''''' tree, to wait for his appearance. The '''''goolar''''' is a species of fig, and the leaves are much relished by cattle and goats.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|title=Some Indian Trees|editor=[Prithwis Chandra Ray]|magazine=The Indian World|location=Calcutta, West Bengal|publisher={{...|Printed and published by}} The Cherry Press,{{nb...|121, Dhurrumtolla Street, Calcutta.}}|month=July|year=1906|volume=IV|issue=16|page=53|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20601/page/n77/mode/1up|oclc=1008887025|passage=The '''gular''' (''ficus glomerata''), the bargad, which is another name for the banyan, and the pakar (''ficus venosa'') are all members of the fig tribe, the Levites of the forest. The '''gular''' yields a larger fruit than the banyan, and is a good deal used as a food. In the extremely hot weather of this year, the writer found that mysterious holes were being dug by night round the roots of a large '''gular''' tree in his compound. On inquiring into the cause, he found that the servants were incising the roots to obtain the juice which they said they drank to keep up their strength during the heat. [From ''The Statesman''.]}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Pradip Krishen|chapter=Jamun-like Leaves|title=Trees of Delhi: A Field Guide|location=New Delhi|publisher=[[w:DK (publisher)|Dorling Kindersley (India)]]|year=2006|pages=56–57|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw9IDLLkWtEC&pg=PA56|isbn=978-0-14400-070-8|passage=&#91;[https://books.google.com/books?id=vw9IDLLkWtEC&pg=PA56 page 56]&#93; '''Goolar''' ''Ficus racemosa'' [...] Widely distributed especially near water, the '''goolar''' qualifies as a native Delhi tree. [...] &#91;[https://books.google.com/books?id=vw9IDLLkWtEC&pg=PA57 page 57]&#93; According to folk wisdom, there runs a hidden stream under every '''goolar''' tree. This is not unfounded&nbsp;– the '''goolar''' is a 'riparian' tree, growing naturally near streams or ponds in moist, clayey loams.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Sujit Saraf|title=w:The Confession of Sultana Daku|location=New Delhi|publisher=w:Hamish Hamilton|month=November|year=2009|page=194|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTP6drNTWdgC&pg=PA194|isbn=978-0-670-08282-7|passage=Carpet Sahib had picked up our trail, and the police would follow us all the way through the '''gular''' trees, to guess where we were headed.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=G. Singh|chapter=Sacred Places, Trees and Groves: An Overview|title=Sacred Groves of Rajasthan: Threats and Management Strategies|location=Jodhpur, Rajasthan; New Delhi|publisher={{...|Published}} [F]or {{w|Arid Forest Research Institute}} by Scientific Publishers (India)|year=2017|page=23|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSVgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|isbn=978-93-86102-88-1|passage=Many of the trees of different species have special associations with particular deities. For example, the Lord {{w|Vishnu}} is associated with the ‘Pipal’ (''Ficus religiosa''), ‘Bargad’ (''Ficus benghalensis''), and ‘'''Gular'''’ (''Ficus glomerata''); [...] the Lord {{w|Dattatreya}} with ‘'''Gular'''’ (''Ficus glomerata''); [...]}}

=====Alternative forms=====
* {{l|en|goolar}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top-also|''Ficus racemosa''|cluster fig}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t|cmn|聚果榕|tr=jùguǒróng}}, {{t+|cmn|優曇華|tr=yōutánhuā}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|गूलर}}
* Punjabi: {{t+|pa|ਗੂਲਰ}}
* Sanskrit: {{t|sa|औदुम्बरवृक्षः}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===References===
<references />

===Further reading===
* {{pedia|Ficus racemosa|''Ficus racemosa''}}
* {{pedia|gular|gular (disambiguation)}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=aglru|Graul|Gural|Lugar|glaur|rugal}}

{{cln|en|heteronyms}}
{{C|en|Fig trees}}

==Faroese==

===Adjective===
{{head|fo|adjective form|g=}}

# {{inflection of|fo|gulur||f|gen|s|;|m|acc|p|;|f|nom//acc|p}}

==Spanish==

===Pronunciation===
{{es-pr}}

===Adjective===
{{es-adj}}

# {{l|en|gular}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:es:DRAE}}