πικρός
Appearance
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Hellenic *pikrós, formally identical to Proto-Slavic *pьstrъ (“variegated”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *piḱ-rós, from the root *peyḱ- (“color, speckle”). The Greek word appears to invoke an earlier meaning of "hew, cut out" > "sharp". A further cognate is ποικίλος (poikílos, “particoloured”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pi.krós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /piˈkros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /piˈkros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /piˈkros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /piˈkros/
Adjective
[edit]πῐκρός • (pikrós) m (feminine πῐκρᾱ́, neuter πῐκρόν); first/second declension
- pointed, sharp, keen
- (of taste) pungent, bitter, acrid
- (of feeling) sharp, keen
- (of sound) piercing, shrill
- (figuratively) bitter, hateful
- embittered, angry, hostile
- relentless, spiteful, vindictive
Inflection
[edit]Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | πῐκρός pikrós |
πῐκρᾱ́ pikrā́ |
πῐκρόν pikrón |
πῐκρώ pikrṓ |
πῐκρᾱ́ pikrā́ |
πῐκρώ pikrṓ |
πῐκροί pikroí |
πῐκραί pikraí |
πῐκρᾰ́ pikrá | |||||
Genitive | πῐκροῦ pikroû |
πῐκρᾶς pikrâs |
πῐκροῦ pikroû |
πῐκροῖν pikroîn |
πῐκραῖν pikraîn |
πῐκροῖν pikroîn |
πῐκρῶν pikrôn |
πῐκρῶν pikrôn |
πῐκρῶν pikrôn | |||||
Dative | πῐκρῷ pikrôi |
πῐκρᾷ pikrâi |
πῐκρῷ pikrôi |
πῐκροῖν pikroîn |
πῐκραῖν pikraîn |
πῐκροῖν pikroîn |
πῐκροῖς pikroîs |
πῐκραῖς pikraîs |
πῐκροῖς pikroîs | |||||
Accusative | πῐκρόν pikrón |
πῐκρᾱ́ν pikrā́n |
πῐκρόν pikrón |
πῐκρώ pikrṓ |
πῐκρᾱ́ pikrā́ |
πῐκρώ pikrṓ |
πῐκρούς pikroús |
πῐκρᾱ́ς pikrā́s |
πῐκρᾰ́ pikrá | |||||
Vocative | πῐκρέ pikré |
πῐκρᾱ́ pikrā́ |
πῐκρόν pikrón |
πῐκρώ pikrṓ |
πῐκρᾱ́ pikrā́ |
πῐκρώ pikrṓ |
πῐκροί pikroí |
πῐκραί pikraí |
πῐκρᾰ́ pikrá | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
πῐκρῶς pikrôs |
πῐκρότερος pikróteros |
πῐκρότᾰτος pikrótatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
[edit]- γλῠκῠ́πῑκρος (glukúpīkros)
- θελξῐ́πῐκρος (thelxípikros)
- πῐ́κρᾱ (píkrā)
- πῐκρᾰ́ζω (pikrázō)
- πῐκραίνω (pikraínō)
- πῐκρᾰντῐκός (pikrantikós)
- πῐκρᾰ́ς (pikrás)
- πῐκρᾰσμός (pikrasmós)
- πῐκρῐ́ᾱ (pikríā)
- πῐκρῐ́δῐον (pikrídion)
- πῐκρῐ́δῐος (pikrídios)
- πῐκρῐ́ζω (pikrízō)
- πῐκρῐ́ς (pikrís)
- πῐκρόγᾰμος (pikrógamos)
- πῐκρόγλωσσος (pikróglōssos)
- πῐκρόκᾰρπος (pikrókarpos)
- πῐκρολογῐ́ᾱ (pikrologíā)
- πῐκρολόγος (pikrológos)
- πῐκρόλωτος (pikrólōtos)
- πῐκροποιός (pikropoiós)
- πῐκρότης (pikrótēs)
- πῐκρόχολος (pikrókholos)
- πῐκρόω (pikróō)
- πολῠ́πῐκρος (polúpikros)
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πικρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1190
Further reading
[edit]- “πικρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πικρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πικρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πικρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- πικρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πικρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4089 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- acrimonious idem, page 9.
- angry idem, page 29.
- astringent idem, page 48.
- barbed idem, page 62.
- biting idem, page 80.
- bitter idem, page 80.
- caustic idem, page 119.
- cruel idem, page 187.
- crushing idem, page 187.
- cutting idem, page 192.
- discontented idem, page 230.
- dry idem, page 255.
- embittered idem, page 267.
- envenomed idem, page 279.
- fell idem, page 314.
- ferocious idem, page 316.
- fiendish idem, page 318.
- fierce idem, page 318.
- furious idem, page 350.
- grievous idem, page 373.
- grim idem, page 373.
- hard idem, page 385.
- harsh idem, page 387.
- heartless idem, page 392.
- ill-tempered idem, page 416.
- implacable idem, page 421.
- incisive idem, page 428.
- indignant idem, page 433.
- irascible idem, page 459.
- irritable idem, page 460.
- keen idem, page 467.
- lamentable idem, page 474.
- loud idem, page 501.
- malevolent idem, page 510.
- malicious idem, page 510.
- melancholy idem, page 524.
- merciless idem, page 525.
- mournful idem, page 544.
- painful idem, page 589.
- penetrating idem, page 603.
- piercing idem, page 612.
- pitiless idem, page 615.
- poignant idem, page 623.
- provocative idem, page 655.
- rancorous idem, page 670.
- relentless idem, page 690.
- remorseless idem, page 693.
- reproachful idem, page 698.
- resentful idem, page 701.
- rigorous idem, page 715.
- rough idem, page 722.
- rude idem, page 724.
- satirical idem, page 734.
- savage idem, page 735.
- severe idem, page 759.
- sharp idem, page 762.
- shrewish idem, page 771.
- shrill idem, page 771.
- slashing idem, page 782.
- sore idem, page 794.
- sorrowful idem, page 795.
- sour idem, page 796.
- spiteful idem, page 802.
- stern idem, page 816.
- stinging idem, page 818.
- stormy idem, page 821.
- tart idem, page 856.
- torturing idem, page 884.
- trenchant idem, page 893.
- unamiable idem, page 906.
- unbending idem, page 908.
- unfeeling idem, page 918.
- ungentle idem, page 919.
- unkind idem, page 923.
- unmerciful idem, page 925.
- vengeful idem, page 947.
- venomous idem, page 947.
- vicious idem, page 950.
- vindictive idem, page 952.
- virulent idem, page 954.
- withering idem, page 984.
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Ancient Greek πικρός (pikrós).
Adjective
[edit]πικρός • (pikrós) m (feminine πικρή, neuter πικρό)
- bitter (taste)
- Antonym: άπικρος (ápikros)
- (figuratively) bitter, sorrowful
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
nominative | πικρός (pikrós) | πικρή (pikrí) | πικρό (pikró) | πικροί (pikroí) | πικρές (pikrés) | πικρά (pikrá) | |
genitive | πικρού (pikroú) | πικρής (pikrís) | πικρού (pikroú) | πικρών (pikrón) | πικρών (pikrón) | πικρών (pikrón) | |
accusative | πικρό (pikró) | πικρή (pikrí) | πικρό (pikró) | πικρούς (pikroús) | πικρές (pikrés) | πικρά (pikrá) | |
vocative | πικρέ (pikré) | πικρή (pikrí) | πικρό (pikró) | πικροί (pikroí) | πικρές (pikrés) | πικρά (pikrá) |
Derivations:
Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο πικρός, etc.)
Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο πικρός, etc.)
Degrees of comparison by suffixation
comparative | singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | πικρότερος (pikróteros) | πικρότερη (pikróteri) | πικρότερο (pikrótero) | πικρότεροι (pikróteroi) | πικρότερες (pikróteres) | πικρότερα (pikrótera) |
genitive | πικρότερου (pikróterou) | πικρότερης (pikróteris) | πικρότερου (pikróterou) | πικρότερων (pikróteron) | πικρότερων (pikróteron) | πικρότερων (pikróteron) |
accusative | πικρότερο (pikrótero) | πικρότερη (pikróteri) | πικρότερο (pikrótero) | πικρότερους (pikróterous) | πικρότερες (pikróteres) | πικρότερα (pikrótera) |
vocative | πικρότερε (pikrótere) | πικρότερη (pikróteri) | πικρότερο (pikrótero) | πικρότεροι (pikróteroi) | πικρότερες (pikróteres) | πικρότερα (pikrótera) |
derivations | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο πικρότερος", etc) | |||||
Absolute superlative | singular | plural | ||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | πικρότατος (pikrótatos) | πικρότατη (pikrótati) | πικρότατο (pikrótato) | πικρότατοι (pikrótatoi) | πικρότατες (pikrótates) | πικρότατα (pikrótata) |
genitive | πικρότατου (pikrótatou) | πικρότατης (pikrótatis) | πικρότατου (pikrótatou) | πικρότατων (pikrótaton) | πικρότατων (pikrótaton) | πικρότατων (pikrótaton) |
accusative | πικρότατο (pikrótato) | πικρότατη (pikrótati) | πικρότατο (pikrótato) | πικρότατους (pikrótatous) | πικρότατες (pikrótates) | πικρότατα (pikrótata) |
vocative | πικρότατε (pikrótate) | πικρότατη (pikrótati) | πικρότατο (pikrótato) | πικρότατοι (pikrótatoi) | πικρότατες (pikrótates) | πικρότατα (pikrótata) |
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (mark)
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Ancient Greek oxytone terms
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (mark)
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek lemmas
- Greek adjectives
- Greek adjectives in declension ός-ή-ό
- el:Taste