人類

See also: 人类

Chinese

		man; person; people	kind; type; class kind; type; class; category; similar; like; to resemble
trad. (人類)		人	類
simp. (人类)		人	类

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rénlèi

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄌㄟˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jan⁴ leoi⁶

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngìn-lui

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngin² lui⁴

• Eastern Min (BUC): ìng-lôi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): jîn-lūi / lîn-lūi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ring⁵ lui⁷ / nang⁵ lui⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zen-le; ⁶gnin-le

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rénlèi
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄌㄟˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rénlèi
    • Wade–Giles: jên²-lei⁴
    • Yale: rén-lèi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renley
    • Palladius: жэньлэй (žɛnʹlɛj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jan⁴ leoi⁶
    • Yale: yàhn leuih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jan⁴ loey⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yen⁴ lêu⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn²¹ lɵy̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-lui
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngin^ˇ lui
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngin² lui⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ lu̯i⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngin² lui⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ luɪ⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ìng-lôi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^(l-)nˡui²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-lūi
    • Tâi-lô: jîn-luī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jinlui
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ lui³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² lui²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-lūi
    • Tâi-lô: lîn-luī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: linlui
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴⁻²² lui²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴⁻²² lui⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ lui³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ring⁵ lui⁷ / nang⁵ lui⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jîng lūi / nâng lūi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/, /naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶zen-le; ⁶gnin-le
    • MiniDict: zen^去 le; nyin^去 le
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zen-le; ³nyin-le
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² le⁴⁴/, /n̠ʲin²² le⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: nyin lwijH

Rime
Character	人	類
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	脂 (16)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	如鄰切	力遂切
Baxter	nyin	lwijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiɪn/	/liuɪH/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵin/	/lʷiH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjen/	/ljuɪH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵin/	/lwiH/
Li Rong	/ȵiĕn/	/luiH/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭĕn/	/lwiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ĕn/	/lwiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rén	lèi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jan4	leoi6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ni[ŋ]  [r]u[t]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*njin  ruds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	人	類
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rén	lèi
Middle Chinese	‹ nyin ›	‹ lwijH ›
Old Chinese	/*ni[ŋ]/	/*[r]u[t]-s/
English	(other) person	category
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	人	類
Reading #	1/1	2/2
No.	10800	7772
Phonetic component	人	頪
Rime group	眞	隊
Rime subdivision	1	3
Corresponding MC rime	仁	類
Old Chinese	/*njin/	/*ruds/

Noun

人類

1. (collective) humanity; humans; humankind; the human race; hominid

   人類前途／人类前途  ―  rénlèi qiántú  ―  the future of the human race

   人類遺址／人类遗址  ―  rénlèi yízhǐ  ―  hominid site

   人類活動導致的氣候變化 [MSC, trad.]
   人类活动导致的气候变化 [MSC, simp.]

   rénlèi huódòng dǎozhì de qìhòu biànhuà [Pinyin]

   human-induced climate change

   關係到人類的生死存亡 [MSC, trad.]
   关系到人类的生死存亡 [MSC, simp.]

   guānxì dào rénlèi de shēngsǐcúnwáng [Pinyin]

   to concern the survival of the human race

   圖書館是人類知識的海洋。 [MSC, trad.]
   图书馆是人类知识的海洋。 [MSC, simp.]

   Túshūguǎn shì rénlèi zhīshí de hǎiyáng. [Pinyin]

   Libraries contain knowledge of human experience as vast as the open sea.

   書籍是人類進步的階梯。 [MSC, trad.]
   书籍是人类进步的阶梯。 [MSC, simp.]

   Shūjí shì rénlèi jìnbù de jiētī. [Pinyin]

   The book is the ladder of human progress.

   考古學係一門研究人類文化同歷史嘅學科。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
   考古学系一门研究人类文化同历史嘅学科。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]

   haau² gu² hok⁶ hai⁶ jat¹ mun⁴ jin⁴ gau³ jan⁴ leoi⁶ man⁴ faa³ tung⁴ lik⁶ si² ge³ hok⁶ fo¹. [Jyutping]

   Archaeology is a science that studies human cultures and history.

Synonyms

• 人民 (rénmín)

Derived terms

• 人類世／人类世 (Rénlèishì)
• 人類免疫缺陷病毒／人类免疫缺陷病毒 (rénlèi miǎnyì quēxiàn bìngdú)
• 人類命運共同體／人类命运共同体 (rénlèi mìngyùn gòngtóngtǐ)
• 人類學／人类学 (rénlèixué)
• 人類工程學／人类工程学 (rénlèi gōngchéngxué)
• 人類性／人类性 (rénlèixìng)
• 人類條件／人类条件 (rénlèi tiáojiàn)
• 反人類／反人类
• 新人類／新人类 (xīnrénlèi)
• 新新人類／新新人类 (xīnxīnrénlèi)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (人類):

• → Japanese: 人類(じんるい) (jinrui)
• → Korean: 인류(人類) (illyu)
• → Vietnamese: nhân loại (人類)

See also

• 人口 (rénkǒu)
• 人們／人们 (rénmen)
• 人民 (rénmín)
• 人士 (rénshì)
• 人員／人员 (rényuán)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
人	類
じん Grade: 1	るい Grade: 4
kan'on	on'yomi

Alternative spelling
人類 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) じんるい [jíꜜǹrùì] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [d͡ʑĩn̺ɾɯ̟i]

Noun

人(じん)類(るい) • (jinrui) 

1. mankind, the human race, humanity

   人類(じんるい)の起源(きげん)

   jinrui no kigen

   the origins of the human race

See also

• 人間(にんげん) (ningen)

References

• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
人	類

Noun

人類 • (illyu) (hangeul 인류)

1. hanja form^? of 인류 (“human”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
人	類

Noun

人類

1. chữ Hán form of nhân loại (“mankind; humanity; human beings”).