貧窮

See also: 贫穷

Chinese

		poor	exhausted; poor
trad. (貧窮)		貧	窮
simp. (贫穷)		贫	穷

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): pínqióng

  (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): pan⁴ kung⁴
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pîn-kiông / pîn-kêng

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: pínqióng
    • Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: píncyóng
    • Wade–Giles: pʻin²-chʻiung²
    • Yale: pín-chyúng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pynchyong
    • Palladius: пиньцюн (pinʹcjun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰin³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: pan⁴ kung⁴
    • Yale: pàhn kùhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: pan⁴ kung⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: pen⁴ kung⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɐn²¹ kʰʊŋ²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-kiông
    • Tâi-lô: pîn-kiông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pinkioong
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-kêng
    • Tâi-lô: pîn-kîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pinkeeng
    • IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³⁻³³ kiɪŋ²³/

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• Middle Chinese: bin gjuwng

Rime
Character	貧	窮
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	眞 (44)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	符巾切	渠弓切
Baxter	bin	gjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bˠiɪn/	/ɡɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/bᵚin/	/ɡiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/bien/	/ɡiuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bjin/	/guwŋ/
Li Rong	/bjĕn/	/ɡiuŋ/
Wang Li	/bǐĕn/	/ɡĭuŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱi̯ĕn/	/gi̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	pín	qióng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	pan4	kung4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rə[n]  [ɡ](r)uŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*brɯn  ɡuŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	貧	窮
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	pín	qióng
Middle Chinese	‹ bin ›	‹ gjuwng ›
Old Chinese	/*[b]rə[n]/	/*[ɡ](r)uŋ/
English	poor	poor
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	貧	窮
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3140	4145
Phonetic component	分	躬
Rime group	文	終
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	貧	窮
Old Chinese	/*brɯn/	/*ɡuŋ/

Adjective

貧窮

1. poor; impoverished

   上年我探望過一些非洲的貧窮家庭。 [MSC, trad.]
   上年我探望过一些非洲的贫穷家庭。 [MSC, simp.]

   Shàngnián wǒ tànwàng guò yīxiē Fēizhōu de pínqióng jiātíng. [Pinyin]

   I visited some impoverished families in Africa last year.

Synonyms

edit

• 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
• 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
• 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
• 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
• 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
• 困難／困难
• 困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
• 宋凶 (Hokkien)
• 散 (Hokkien)
• 散凶 (Hokkien)
• 散赤 (Hokkien)
• 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
• 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
• 清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
• 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
• 磽／硗 (Teochew)
• 䆀康 (Hokkien)
• 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
• 窄
• 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
• 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
• 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
• 窮／穷 (qióng)
• 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
• 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
• 窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
• 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
• 窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
• 艱苦／艰苦 (Hokkien)
• 苦寒 (kǔhán)
• 貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
• 貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
• 貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
• 貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
• 貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)

 

Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	窮, 貧窮
	Singapore	窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	窮
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	窮
	Wanrong	窮
	Xi'an	窮
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	窮
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	苦寒
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	窮
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窮
	Hong Kong	窮
	Taishan	窮
Gan	Nanchang	窮
	Pingxiang	窮
Hakka	Meixian	窮
Jin	Taiyuan	窮
Northern Min	Jian'ou	窮無
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	窮
Southern Min	Xiamen	宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Quanzhou	宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Hui'an	窮赤
	Zhangzhou	宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空
	Tainan	散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
	Raoping	磽
	Shantou	窮, 磽
	Jieyang	窮, 磽
	Leizhou	窮, 蒯
Wu	Shanghai	窮
	Suzhou	窮
	Danyang	窮
	Hangzhou	窮
	Jinhua	倒灶

Antonyms

• 富裕 (fùyù)

Derived terms

• 在職貧窮／在职贫穷 (zàizhí pínqióng)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (貧窮):

• → Japanese: 貧窮(ひんきゅう) (hinkyū)