-'da

See also: Appendix:Variations of "da"

Ye'kwana

Alternative forms

• -'cha, i- -'da, i- -'cha (allomorphs)

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *pɨra; compare Apalaí pyra, -ra, Kari'na -`pa, Trió -hra, Wayana -la, Waiwai pïra, -hra, Akawaio pïra, Macushi pra, Pemon püra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-ʔda]

Suffix

-'da

1. Negates a verb, resulting in a non-finite adverbial form that cannot bear tense, aspect, or mood markers.
2. Negates a postposition or adverb, including nominal elements adverbialized with -je.

Usage notes

When this suffix is attached to intransitive verb stems, they do not bear person markers. Consonant-initial stems experience palatalization of their initial consonants, and, if a stem begins with two consonants, this suffix takes the form of a circumfix i- -'da instead of its ordinary shape.

With transitive verb stems, on the other hand, person markers are present and agree with the patient argument of the verb; first- and second-person markers are series I, while the third-person marker is ön- (or one of its allomorphs), which is also found with other negative verb forms.

The suffix form -'cha is found after stems that end in i. This suffix can also cause reduction of the preceding syllable.

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -'da

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-'da”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[1], Lyon, pages 125, 136, 156–157, 199–200, 204–205
• Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages 220, 309–311:

  The phoneme /d/ also appears as the morphophonemic alternant /ch/ when the morpheme dea' 'the same' occurs following /i/ or /y/; likewise, 'da 'not' occurs as 'cha: […] 'da > *'dya > 'cha 'not' […] prepositions, predicate adjectives and topicalized independent nominals are marked by the verbal modal suffix 'da for negation. […]