Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰrem-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰrem-

(transitive) to vex, torment
(intransitive) to be angry, upset

Alternative reconstructions

*gʰrem-^[1]^[2]^[3]
*ǵʰerH-^[4]^[5]
*gʰres-,^[6]^[7] *gʰers-^[8]

Reconstruction notes

Depalatalization of *ǵ before *r in Indo-Iranian due to Weise's Law.

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gram”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*?*g̑ʰeRH-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 338-340: “*ghres-”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krās-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 231: “PIE *gʰres- ‘± threaten, torment’”
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. ghers-, ghres-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 445

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gram”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

[LIV_gheRH-4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*?*g̑ʰeRH-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178

[5] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

[6] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 338-340: “*ghres-”

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krās-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 231: “PIE *gʰres- ‘± threaten, torment’”

[8] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. ghers-, ghres-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 445

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