keras

Estonian

Noun

keras

1. inessive singular of kera

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay keras, from Classical Malay keras, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /kəˈras/ [kəˈras]
• Rhymes: -as
• Syllabification: ke‧ras

Adjective

kêras

1. hard,
   1. (of material) Resistant to pressure.

      Roti itu terlalu keras untuk dipotong.

      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

      Synonym: kuat

   2. (figurative) Demanding a lot of effort to endure.

      Ia baru menyadari kerasnya kehidupan ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

      Synonyms: pelik, sulit, susah

      Antonyms: gampang, mudah

   3. (figurative) Severe, harsh.

      kata-kata keras ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

      Antonym: lembut

   4. (of drugs, figurative) Having a high concentration of an essential or active ingredient; strong.

      Obat keras. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   5. (of a man, figurative) Having an erect penis; erect.

      Synonyms: bangun, ereksi, tegang

      Antonyms: lembek, loyo, tidur

2. strong
   1. (of wind, figurative) Having a lot of power.

      Synonyms: cepat, kencang

      Antonym: pelan

   2. (of disease or symptom, figurative) Very bad or intense; severe.

      Ia sakit keras ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

      Synonyms: parah, payah

      Antonym: ringan

   3. (figurative) Having an offensive or intense odor.
3. (material state) rigid; firm; stiff.

   Ototnya sangat keras dan alot. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Antonym: lembut

4. (of foods, figurative) Difficult to cut or chew; tough.

   Synonyms: kenyal, liat

5. (figurative) Likely to use physical force; violent.

   Ia menarik secara keras kedua tangan anaknya yang menangis meronta-ronta ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Synonym: kuat

   Antonym: pelan

6. (of a sound, figurative) Of great intensity; loud.

   Suaranya sangat keras sehingga menggangu orang lain. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Synonyms: kuat, nyaring

   Antonyms: lembut, pelan

7. (of water current, figurative) Moving with great speed; fast.

   Synonym: deras

8. (of rainfall, figurative) very heavy
9. (of opinion, figurative) fixed
10. (of price, figurative) With speed; in a rapid manner; rapidly.
11. (of cigarettes, figurative) Likely cause dizziness

    Synonym: berat

    Antonym: ringan

12. strong, strict and seriously

Hyponyms

• keras hati
• keras kepala
• keras kerak
• keras lidah
• keras mangkas
• keras mulut
• keras tulang

 

Derived terms

• berkeras
• berkeras-keras
• berkeras-kerasan
• bersikeras
• kekerasan
• keras-mengerasi
• memperkeras
• mengeras
• mengerasi
• mengeraskan
• pengeras
• pengerasan
• perkerasan
• terkeras

 

Further reading

• “keras” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)er(H)-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *kory (“root”) and Latvian cȩrs (“bush, knotty root of a tree”).

Noun

kẽras m (plural keraĩ) stress pattern 4

1. bush, shrub

Declension

Declension of kẽras

	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	kẽras	keraĩ
genitive (kilmininkas)	kẽro	kerų̃
dative (naudininkas)	kẽrui	keráms
accusative (galininkas)	kẽrą	kerùs
instrumental (įnagininkas)	kerù	keraĩs
locative (vietininkas)	kerè	keruosè
vocative (šauksmininkas)	kẽre	keraĩ

Etymology 2

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-, *kēr-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”).

Noun

kẽras m (plural keraĩ) stress pattern 4

1. divination, sorcery, enchantment

Declension

Declension of kẽras

	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	kẽras	keraĩ
genitive (kilmininkas)	kẽro	kerų̃
dative (naudininkas)	kẽrui	keráms
accusative (galininkas)	kẽrą	kerùs
instrumental (įnagininkas)	kerù	keraĩs
locative (vietininkas)	kerè	keruosè
vocative (šauksmininkas)	kẽre	keraĩ

References

• “keras”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė, 2007–2012
• Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78f; 237

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkə.ras/
• Rhymes: -ras, -as

Adjective

kĕras (Jawi spelling کرس)

1. hard, stiff
2. rigid, inflexible
3. obstinate

Derived terms

• kekerasan
• keraskan
• kerasi, mengerasi

Further reading

• “keras” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.