Avanves en La Hidrometalurgia Del Oro

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL JORGE BADRE GROHMANN AVANCES EN LA HIDROMETALURGIA DEL ORO
EXPOSITOR: MSc. Ing. NATANIEL LINARES GUTIRREZ FACULTAD DE INGENIERA EAP DE INGENIERA METALRGICA [email protected]
12/07/2013 MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G 1
CONTENIDO
Evolucin de la industria del oro Tipos y caractersticas de mineral con oro Procesamiento de minerales con oro:
etapas de procesamiento operaciones unitarias
Desarrollo de procesos para menas con oro Un sistema experto para el diseo de procesos de oro Una mina de oro en el Amazonas
EVOLUCIN DE LA INDUSTRIA EXTRACTIVA DEL ORO
12/07/2013
MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G
EVOLUCIN DE LA INDUSTRIA DEL ORO

Pre-cianuracin
Egipto antiguo (3050 a.c) Turqua Monedas de oro(700 a.c.)
Refinacin del oro (560 a.c.)
Imperio Romano Precipitacin del oro

1500-1750 Las colonias de Espaa y Portugal (Sud Amrica) 1800-1900 - California, Nueva Zelanda, Canad, Australia
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EVOLUCIN DE LA INDUSTRIA DEL ORO

"100 aos de cianuracin
1889 Mina Crown - Nueva Zelanda La explotacin de los yacimientos Witswatersrand Sudfrica como principal productor de oro Evolucin de la ruta procesamiento Aplicacin de la tecnologa bsica de procesamiento de minerales Bajo incentivo de los bajos precios del oro
PRECIO DEL ORO EN LOS LTIMOS 50 AOS
Average annual price (US$/oz)
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
year
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Pero como enlaz a un grfico dinmico que se va actualizando con la cotizacin del oro desde el ao 2000 hasta la actualidad (http://www.kitco.com/LFgif/au00-pres.gif), lo que pareca un cambio de tendencia alcista se ha convertido en esto en su mensaje original en el spoiler
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En los ltimos 10 aos el precio del oro ha subido entre 340% y 460%, siendo uno de los activos ms rentables en el mundo
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Esto ocurri debido a varios factores: En los ltimos diez aos el dficit fiscal de Estados Unidos y de las principales economas de Europa creci de manera significativa acercndose al 10% de su Producto Bruto Interno (PBI). Ello provoc un endeudamiento de estas economas a niveles que, en algunos casos, se acercaban al 100% de su PBI. La crisis del 2008 se dio ante la ruptura de la burbuja del sector inmobiliario en Estados Unidos, y luego Europa, lo que provoc una fractura del mercado de acciones y una cada abrupta en esas economas. Ante la debilidad de la economa mundial, los bancos centrales decidieron aplicar polticas monetarias expansivas llenando al mercado de dlares, euros y ahora yenes. Ello le ha dado un respiro a las economas mundiales, pero han incrementado el temor de inflacin futura. Inversionistas institucionales y la mayora de bancos centrales optaron por incrementar sus posiciones de oro como refugio, vendiendo acciones y monedas, alejndose del riesgo de stas.
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Precio del oro actual
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EL PRECIO DEL ORO DESDE 1344
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Evolution of the gold industry

Accelerated development years (1972-1990)
Driving force: gold price Development of gold processing
CIP process Heap Leaching SAG Milling Refractory ore treatment
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12
EVOLUCIN DE LA INDUSTRIA EL ORO

Evolucin de la industria del oro
Industria del oro en la decada de 90
Declinacin del oro
necesidad de reduccin de costes propiedades de bajo costo en efectivo
Tendencias para el prximo decenio nueva rampa" de los precios del oro desarrollo de nuevos proyectos "en espera Aumento del control y la automatizacin
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Gold ore types and characteristics
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MENAS CON ORO

Oro: Mineraloga y procesamiento
Most noble metal, native occurrence Also associated with silver, tellurium, bismuth and PGMs typical ore grades: 0.5 to 20 g/t Primary gold source: ores Secondary gold sources
gravity concentrates flotation concentrates plant tailings refinery tailings recycled gold
* PGM means platinum group metals

Types of gold deposits

Placer ores Oxidized ores Primary ores
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Types of gold mining methods

Placer ores => Placer mining Oxidized ores => Open pit Primary ores => Underground mining
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Gold Ore Types

Main ore types (after Marsden)
placers oxidized free milling silver rich iron sulphide bearing arsenic sulphide bearing carbonaceous copper bearing antimony bearing gold telluride bearing
easy processing
refractory
Gold ore characterization and testing

Mineralogical characterization Technological tests
exploratory testwork diagnostic leaching optimization testwork pilot plant
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Gold Liberation
Free gold definition and discussion
Classic definition: Gaudin
Physical liberation of the valuable mineral from gangue Limitation: Hydrometallurgical and Pyrometallurgical processes: access of gas or solution to mineral is the issue
Definition adopted: free gold = accessible gold

direct correlation with processes used by hydrometallurgists
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Refractory gold
Refractory gold: cannot be made accessible using only comminution
Ore needs chemical pretreatment prior to gold extraction
Main causes of gold refractoriness

gold encapsulated in quartz/silicates gold encapsulated in sulphides ore containing active carbonaceous matter
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Industrial gold ore processing
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Gold ore processing

Ore Preparation Gold Extraction Gold Purification
Purification of gold bearing solution
Gold Production
Recovery of gold from solution or concentrate to produce a bulliion bar
Gold liberation Extraction Particle size adjustment to next processes Physical concentration and oxidation pretreatment
12/07/2013
of gold from ore into solution and/or concentrate
23
Unit operations for each step
Ore Preparation
Gold Extraction
Gold Purification
Gold Production
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Process development for gold ores
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Process development
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Process design
Geology
Industrial processes
Process routes
Feed Primary Crushing Secondary Crushing SAG Milling
Project context
Mineralogy
?
Ball Milling
Thickening
Gravity Concentration
To smelting
Technological tests
Pre-aeration
Carbon-inleach
Elution
Electrowinning
Smelting
GOLD
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27
Feed
Primary Crushing Secondary Crushing
SAG Milling
Rod Milling
Ball Milling
(or pebble mill)
Agglomeration
Thickening
To smelting
Heap Oxidation Heap Neutralization
Flotation
c
Roasting
Pressure Oxidation
Bio-oxidation
Heap Cyanidation
Carbon-inleach Carbon-incolumn
Pre-aeration
Pre-aeration
Cyanidation
Carbon-inleach
Cyanidation
CCD
Carbon-inpulp
CCD
Carbon-inpulp
Elution
Elution
Elution
Electrowinning
Zinc Precipitation
Electrowinning
Zinc Precipitation
Electrowinning
Smelting
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GOLD
29
Feed
Feed
SAG Milling
Primary Crushing Secondary Crushing To smelting
Rod Milling
Ball Milling
(or pebble mill)
SAG Milling
Agglomeration
Thickening
Ball Milling
Heap Oxidation Heap Neutralization
Flotation
c
Roasting
Pressure Oxidation
Bio-oxidation Pre-aeration
Heap Cyanidation
Carbon-inleach Carbon-incolumn
Pre-aeration
Pre-aeration
Carbon-inleach
Cyanidation
Carbon-inleach
Cyanidation Elution Carbon-inpulp
CCD
Carbon-inpulp
CCD
Electrowinning
Elution
Elution
Elution Smelting
Electrowinning
Zinc Precipitation
Electrowinning
Zinc Precipitation
Electrowinning
GOLD Smelting
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GOLD
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Fazenda Brasileiro ore

Main ore characteristics
deposit type: greenstone belt mineralogy: fine gold (d95=37 microns), free or in borders/fractures, associations with sulphides and quartz laboratory tests: high recoveries for both direct cyanidation and flotation, good recovery in gravity concentration
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Feed
Primary Crushing
Secondary Crushing
SAG Milling
Fazenda Brasileiro ore

Conventional process route
Ball Milling
Thickening
To smelting
Pre-aeration
Carbon-inleach
Elution
Electrowinning
Smelting
12/07/2013

GOLD
32
Refractory sulphide ore

deposit type: greenstone belt
mineralogy: very fine gold(d95=3 microns), encapsulated and in borders/fractures, association with sulphides laboratory tests: low recoveries in direct cyanidation and gravity concentration tests, high recoveries in flotation tests, high recoveries by cyanidation after biooxidation or pressure oxidation
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Feed
SAG Milling
Ball Milling
Refractory sulphide ore

Processing route with pretreatment
12/07/2013
Flotation Tailings Bio-oxidation
Cyanidation
Carbon-inpulp
Elution
Electrowinning
Smelting
GOLD
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Placer ore
deposit type: placer mineralogy: medium size gold(d95=100 microns), some physically liberated, some associated with sulphides
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Feed
Primary Crushing
Secondary Crushing
Placer ore
Thickening
Ball Milling
To smelting
Physical only processing route

12/07/2013
Flotation
Smelting
GOLD
36
Expert system for gold process design
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Intelligold - expert system for process design

Objective:
Integration of gold process design knowledge into artificial intelligence software
Principles
Use of logical variables and fuzzy sets to represent information Organization of information into a knowledge building stepladder
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Project start
Decision rules, fuzzy sets Ore/deposit information
Process routes indication Continue investigation . Do research . Gather more data
Flowsheet alternatives
Hypertext with literature review and case studies Mining method user input
Cost and revenues calculation
DECISION MAKING
Abandon or hold
Implement project
Ranking of alternatives Alternative NPV/IRR Risk factors
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Knowledge building
combined
W1=1
Process routes
combined
W1=1 W2= f ( sampling, demonstration testwork)
inferred
measured
Process options
W2= f ( sampling, preliminary testwork)
inferred
measured Contradictions management and feedback
Behavior
combined
W1=1 W2= f ( sampling, equipment, precision)
inferred
measured
Mineralogy Geology
12/07/2013 MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G
1300 variables 600 rules

40
A gold mine in the Amazon
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A gold mine in the Amazon

Igarap Bahia Mine
Largest Brazilian gold mine
10-12 tons of gold/year
Very low cash cost Located in the Carajas Reserve

Forest reserve area owned by a mining company CVRD Only 0.4% of area occupied by mine activities Preservation of area and native cultures
Aerial view of mine site
Mine
Mill
Infrastructure facilities
Mine
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Processing installations
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Grinding mills
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Gold smelting furnace
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Waste disposal
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Summary
Gold is an important resource to economy Gold ores are found in different types Processing is highly dependent on mineralogical characteristics Process design is a challenging activity Intelligent systems can be used to design and operate gold plants
Advanced use of information technology in mineral industry is a key issue in the 21st century
MUCHAS GRACIAS
ESPERO NO HABERLOS ABURRIDO
12/07/2013
51

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL JORGE BADRE GROHMANN AVANCES EN LA HIDROMETALURGIA DEL ORO

EVOLUCIN DE LA INDUSTRIA EXTRACTIVA DEL ORO

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

EVOLUCIN DE LA INDUSTRIA DEL ORO

Imperio Romano Precipitacin del oro

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

EVOLUCIN DE LA INDUSTRIA DEL ORO

PRECIO DEL ORO EN LOS LTIMOS 50 AOS

Average annual price (US$/oz)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1940

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Precio del oro actual

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

EL PRECIO DEL ORO DESDE 1344

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Evolution of the gold industry

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

EVOLUCIN DE LA INDUSTRIA EL ORO

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Gold ore types and characteristics

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

MENAS CON ORO

* PGM means platinum group metals

Types of gold deposits

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Types of gold mining methods

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Gold Ore Types

Gold ore characterization and testing

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Definition adopted: free gold = accessible gold

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Main causes of gold refractoriness

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Industrial gold ore processing

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Gold ore processing

of gold from ore into solution and/or concentrate

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Unit operations for each step

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Process development for gold ores

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Primary Crushing Secondary Crushing

Heap Oxidation Heap Neutralization

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Primary Crushing Secondary Crushing

Primary Crushing Secondary Crushing To smelting

Heap Oxidation Heap Neutralization

Cyanidation Elution Carbon-inpulp

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Fazenda Brasileiro ore

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G

Fazenda Brasileiro ore

MSc. Ing. Nataniel Linares G