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2
Clase 2 ..................................................................................... 8
Clase 3 ..................................................................................... 16
Clase 4 ..................................................................................... 21
Clase 5 ..................................................................................... 26
Clase 6 ..................................................................................... 28
Clase 7 ..................................................................................... 31
Clase 8 ..................................................................................... 35
Clase 9 ..................................................................................... 39
Clase 10 ..................................................................................... 45
Clase 11 ..................................................................................... 50
Clase 12 ..................................................................................... 56
Clase 13 ..................................................................................... 62
Clase 14 ..................................................................................... 67
Clase 15 ..................................................................................... 75
Clase 16 ..................................................................................... 78
Clase 17 ..................................................................................... 81
Clase 18 ..................................................................................... 85
Clase 19 ..................................................................................... 91
Clase 20 ..................................................................................... 97
Clase 21 ..................................................................................... 103
Clase 22 ..................................................................................... 107
Clase 23 ..................................................................................... 114
Clase 24 ..................................................................................... 119
Clase 25 ..................................................................................... 123
Clase 26 ..................................................................................... 128
Clase 27 ..................................................................................... 131
Clase 28 ..................................................................................... 134
Clase 29 ..................................................................................... 138
Clase 30 ..................................................................................... 143
Guia de Estudio
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Clase 1
Introducing Yourself
CORRECT NOT CORRECT
Hi, Im John. I called John. X
Hello, my names Jennifer.
{NOTE: possessive adjective my}
Me name Jennifer. X
Hey, the names Ben.
(more informal)
The name Ben. X
Pronunciation Tip
The letter h is not silent in English. It is pronounced by exhaling slightly.
Asking Someones Name
CORRECT
NOT CORRECT
Whats your name?
{NOTE: possessive adjective your}
How is your name? X
What is you name? X
What your name? X
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Responses to - Asking Someones Name
CORRECT
NOT CORRECT
Nice to meet you Nice meet you X
Very nice to meet you
Pleased to meet you
Ways to Ask How a Person Is
PRONUNCIATION NOTE
How are you? We often remove the letters and connect the
words when we speak fast and informally...
HOWER you
How are things? HOWER things
Hows it going? HOWZITGOIN
How are you doing? HOWER you doing
Whats happening?
How do you do?
(VERY formal)
Whats up? Note: we answer this in a slightly different
way, a typical response to this would be not
much/not a lot/nothing. We use it more as a
greeting.
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Responses to - Ways to Ask How a Person Is
+ Choose One + Choose One Choose One
Im
Fantastic / great /
good / OK / ne /
not bad / not too
good / bad /
terrible
thank you /
thanks /
thanks for
asking
And you? / What about
you? / How about you? /
You? (INFORMAL)
Example Dialogues
ERICA - Hi, Brian, how are you?
BRIAN - Im ne, thanks. And you?
ERICA - Im OK.
BRAD - Hey man, hows it goin?
JOHN - Great! How about you?
BRAD - Not too good.
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Greetings
Hi / Hey / Hello
(Also Yo but very informal and often sounds silly)
Hi there / Hey there / Hello there
Good morning / Good afternoon / Good evening
(NOT: Good night X)
PRESENT SIMPLE to be (+)
Form: to be (am/is/are)
+ verb
FULL FORM SUBJECT TO BE VERB
I am I m happy
You are You re pretty
He / She / It is He / She / It s tired
We are We re hungry
You are (plural) You (plural) re thirsty
They are They re sad
Notes on To Be, Contractions and Subject Pronouns
The verb to be is very important in English and we use it in many
different ways
Sometimes we use contractions in English. This means we connect
two words together using an apostrophe. The pronunciation changes
when we do this. It is very common to do this when we speak and
when we write informally.
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In English, we must use the subject pronoun with the verb. So, it is
NOT possible to say Am French. Instead, we say I am French OR
Im French. This also the case when we describe things.
e.g. 1. APPLE Its a type of fruit / It is a type of fruit.
NOT Is a type of fruit. X
e.g. 2. Describing the weather
Its cold today / It is cold today.
NOT Is cold today. X
Good bye
Bye
See ya (INFORMAL)
Later
Take it easy
We use one form for I / he / she / it (WAS) and another for plural
we / you / they (WERE)
We use contractions
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
in June
in the spring
in 2004
ON
We use on for days of the week, specic days, dates
on Wednesday
on Saturday afternoon
on Christmas Day
on the 4
th
of July
AT
We use at for times/times of the day, night, the weekend, and festivals.
at seven thirty
at lunchtime
at night
at the weekend
Go straight ahead/on
Take a left/right
Its on 42
nd
street
Its in Soho
Uncountable Nouns
o
some with positive statements
!
We need some milk.
!
You bought some vegetable oil.
!
I have some water in the refrigerator.
o
any with negative statements
!
We havent got any coffee.
!
I dont have any sugar.
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!
NOT: We havent got no coffee. X
!
NOT: I dont have no sugar. X
o
any with questions
!
Have you got any pasta?
!
Do we need any cheese?
!
Did you buy any our?
Note: It is sometimes possible to use container words with uncountable
nouns.
Examples:
a bottle of water
a slice of cheese
a loaf of bread
Big quantity:
I drink a lot of coffee OR a lot (short answer)
Medium:
I drink quite a lot of coffee OR quite a lot
Small quantity:
I dont drink much coffee (NEGATIVE VERB!) OR not much
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Zero:
I dont drink any coffee (NEGATIVE VERB!) OR none
Quantiers - COUNTABLE NOUNS
Big quantity:
I bought a lot of eggs OR a lot (short answer)
Medium:
I bought quite a lot of eggs OR quite a lot
Small quantity:
I didnt buy many eggs (NEGATIVE VERB!) OR not many
Zero:
I didnt buy any eggs (NEGATIVE VERB!) OR none
Common Mistakes with Quantiers
We use contractions
Omitting to be
Im going to call you next week NOT I going to call you next week X
She is going to learn English NOT She going to learn English. X
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We are going to eat pizza NOT We going to eat pizza. X
Omitting to
Are you going to paint your house? NOT Are you going paint your house? X
Hes going to dump his girlfriend NOT Hes going dump his girlfriend. X
Were going to eat at the restaurant NOT Were going eat at the restaurant. X
GRAMMAR - Present Continuous
We saw in Class 18 how we use the present continuous to describe what is
happening now/around now (its raining).
We can also use the present continuous to talk about future arrangements
and appointments.
The difference between a plan and an arrangement or appointment is that
a plan is an intention (what we hope to do) and an arrangement is more
denite.
The form is exactly the same for present and future uses.
Look at the following examples that show the difference between a plan
and an arrangement.
Im going to travel around South America soon.
o Im thinking about this. Im saving money. I want to do it, but I
dont know when.
Im traveling around South America next month.
o I bought my ticket. I have my passport. I booked my hotel room.
I have time off work.
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Notes:
Lets + INFINITIVE
o
Lets have a party next Friday.
o
Lets watch the new movie!
o
Lets just stay at home and rest.
use/have a laptop/notebook
wi-
IT (Information Technology)
IT skills
internet
browse
download/upload
communicate
entertainment
research
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Clase 25
Free Time/ Leisure Activities (Verb Phrases)
!
read books/magazines/newspapers
!
watch TV
!
cook a meal
!
meet friends
!
work out
!
listen to music
!
have a party
!
get drunk
!
get high
!
chill out
!
hang out
Phrases with go:
"
go shopping
"
go out
"
go for a meal
"
go to the movies
"
go for a walk
"
go clubbing
"
go on vacation
"
go snowboarding
"
go jogging
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Phrases with do:
"
do yoga
"
do exercise
"
do housework
"
do drugs
Phrases with play:
"
play football
"
play video games
"
play volleyball
"
play tennis
"
play poker
Verb Patterns:
I like playing football.
Id like to learn Portuguese.
In English, we use the ing form (gerund) in the following ways:
After prepositions
o
Im interested in meeting people from other countries.
o
Are you good at saving money?
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o
Youre great at cooking.
After adjectives
o
Nice to meet you.
o
Its difcult to remember passwords.
like
love
hate
enjoy
cant stand
dont mind
nish
imagine
VERB LIST: Verbs + innitive
want
would like
prefer
agree
forget
promise
learn
choose
decide
hope
help
need
plan
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VERB LIST: Verbs + -ing OR innitive (same meaning)
begin
start
continue
prefer
like
love
hate
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Clase 26
OBLIGATION / NECESSITY
I must study more.
You have to pay taxes.
We can express obligation in the following ways:
MUST + inf.
Must is a modal auxiliary verb. We use it to express personal obligation
(things we feel are important to do) and to impose an obligation on another
person. Consider these two examples:
I must do more exercise.
You must do your homework.
Remember that must is a modal verb, so
We use the same form for all persons
We use the innitive without to
We dont use another auxiliary with it (e.g. do/does)
We use not to make negative statements
When we use must in negative sentences (must not = mustnt), it means
something is prohibited (we can also use cant), such as:
You mustnt smoke in bars here. - You cant smoke in bars here.
We generally dont use must in questions (see below)
There isnt a past form of must (see below)
HAVE TO + inf.
We use have to to express a general obligation. We use it when we talk
about rules, laws, and things that are necessary.
Have to is not a modal auxiliary verb, so we use the auxiliary do/does to
make negative statements and questions.
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Do I have to bring my passport?
Past obligation: I had to go to work.
When we use have to in negative sentences, it means that something is
NOT necessary (no obligation).
We dont have to work on Sundays. Its our day off.
You dont have to pay in enter this club. Its free.
We can also say have got to
Ive got to work tonight.
When we speak fast, we sometimes change have got to to gotta
I gotta work tonight. Im late! I gotta go!
Notes:
MUST and HAVE TO (positive statements) both express obligation.
MUSTNT and DONT HAVE TO are completely different expressions
with different meanings.
You mustnt go home. (PROHIBITED you cant go)
You dont have to go. (NOT NECESSARY you can stay)
Common Mistakes:
Using s for 3
rd
person singular
She must work hard NOT She musts work hard. X