Moldeamiento de Armónicos
Moldeamiento de Armónicos
Moldeamiento de Armónicos
"MODELAMIENTO Y SIMULACIÓN DE
ARMÓNICAS EN SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS DE
POTENCIA (PARTE I)"
TESIS
LIMA-PERÚ
2001
DEDICADO:
interconexión.
Página
PROLOGO 1
CAPITULO 1 4
CONCEPTOS GENERALES
simétricas
CAPITULO 11 14
CAPITULO 111 23
coordenadas de fase
tierra
CAPITULO IV 111
CONCLUSIONES
ANEXO A
ANEXO B
ANEXO C
REFERENCIAS 136
PROLOGO
y corriente.
permanente.
sistema en estudio.
investigadores y científicos.
Fourier.
Donde:
,..,_ 2:rr/ Frecuencia fundamental.
<-Vº - - IT
Ca = ªo Componente continua.
,--
Amplitud.
ch = �ª_h_+_ _b h_
<Ph = tan-1(ahfbh) Angulo.
hw o Frecuencia de la componente armónica de orden h
-9: 0.60
::J 0.50-
�
O.. 0.40-
<( 0.30-:- Cs
1 I _J ,. •
C7
0.20-
ch
1,1
0.10-
0.00 l ,111 .l.
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Orden de armónicas
Fig. 1.1. Espectro de armónicas.
v(t) = v0 + 1i 0 0 1, (1.5)
h=I h=I
¿-Ji l
00 00
orden h respectivamente.
Los valores eficaces totales rms (root mean square) considerando todas
1 T 2
Vrms = f (t)dt = (1. 7)
T O v
-
7
(1.8)
-1
-1.5
0.0041 0.0082 0.0123 0.0164
Tiempo en segundos
1.5 f( t)
1 Fundamenbl
Quinua
0.5
/
o
-0.5
-1
-1.5
o 0.0041 0.0082 0.0123 0.0164
Tiempo en segundos
[6].
una interacción nula entre las fuentes armónicas y la red. El efecto total de
las fuentes de generación armónica, así como los demás componentes del
del sistema.
vez de requerir un análisis del sistema desequilibrado por cada fase, permite
método, es que las impedancias de los componentes del sistema pueden ser
mutuamente acoplados.
significativo. Es por ello que una señal armónica de un orden dado tendrá
probabilidad de que las corrientes producidas por las fuentes armónicas sean
desequilibradas.
polifásico [8], [11], [3], [12]. Este análisis permite explícitamente mantener la
transmisión [13],
situaciones [9]:
desequilibradas.
neutros.
problemas como aquellas que envuelven soluciones iterativas con los cuales
cual parte del sistema eléctrico puede ser dividido. [8], (12].
de neutro a tierra.
15
entre otros).
Nodo Nodo Nodo
I Sub sistema Transformador I a Sub sistema de líneas acopladas
7 1 ¡ a' b' e'
A B C b
r0
/ ·�
----"vo
b
i
0
•
r;
1
j • '\.., '\..,
dvA 1vB "I Ve'\.., Vgc
V3
V4
i
Vs
�
11vn
77/////
Nodo
.
Sub sistema Transformador
b 11 e" a"
Sub sistema Línea Nodos ficticios Sub sistema Línea Transpuesta
1f 11 ....�
1� ·� . K
Sub sistema Línea Transpuesta
6---l-l-�
�5P L4
-
e---
'
a" b"1c'
Fuente de corriente
v,, J j s armónica
Vu
Util
'\ l 1
: V L1
1
-E}
0-íl
V , S Sub Sistema
+
r---
s ub Sistema Equivalente
a'b'c'
Sub Sistema �� Ca rg a Pa � iva 1
rrifásico de red Externa Transfonnador D1nám1 ca
j/.�
1
V� V
L3 j L4
Sub Sistema Carga Pasiva
z(w)
.\�
1
I""-
� V 41/ J
) hn1
¡-i
R (WJT
R (WJ
¡ v,
V,·l R {w), > ':/ V1 � ·� 1 V L1
1 s
X {w)� vbj ( Vc·ll l ½ ¡ - v. 1
s
X (w)( ,J
X {w)f
í
1
77777777;7777.,. 77,7
-
�\�f,1 L3
�
3.�
Banco de
Condensadores
,--
Vc,1�
l
Vc2/ V
�3
-
'I
�
�a
Fig.
cálculos repetitivos.
las fases A, By C de las barras de la red, es decir, toda barra del sistema es
sistema.
complicada.
representados.
admitancias por fase de los sub sistemas, permitiendo además que las
redes de 4 hilos.
nodos.
20
ª
ªª
z ik ®/
, (;\} k
J______..,__
��� b
z_�k�b � -�
i : � ,_______
/ lk
.
-----+-_ <_) e
'¡� ) / lk
bb bb
ce
ªª e ce
ªª ) )
y ik .._..... y ik y ik .._ .... .._ .... ) y ik
/ /
[l.1] [l k]
/
�
red original.
diagonal.
J [el [vR,1MA]
lvA,B,C, ... = (2.1)
KRON.
CAPITULO 111
MODELOS DE LOS COMPONENTES DE LA RED ELECTRICA
triz de admitancia nodal polifásica de los diversos sub sistemas que compo
ne el sistema eléctrico.
das de fase
deben representarse todas las espiras del devanado, incluyendo todas las
y de dispersión.
por tanto el modelo puede ser simplificado sin considerar las capacitancias
una fuente significante de armónicas [8], (9], [12]; sin embargo, si el trans
ración.
A I I e I I E
f-- + T + 1"
B
I I D
(a) (b)
C).....---
T
(a) (b)
formado por una reactancia Xp y una resistencia Rp, tal como es recomenda
Xp
Rs
o-Av\/'v-
11 12'
Rp
del transformador.
(snJ
90- -- <-<110- --
R
1 (snJ
V 2 s V 2
n n
R
p
= R pmax
, = 30 pu y Rp = R pmm
, = 13 pu
(3.1.a)
(3.2.a)
(3.1)
Rp 2 -co·Lp(Rp )
X(co) = ------ --- (3.2)
2
Rp +co · [Lp(R )]
2 2
p
l l
Y(cv )= [Z(cv)]- = [R(cv) + J · X(cv)r (3.3)
Ejemplo numérico:
Vs =l0kV, S n =5MVA
Vp, Vs : Tensión Nominal del Primario o Secundario según sea el caso (kV).
Rango de Prueba:
Resultados:
-e::; 2.4 --
·;;;
*- /
� 1.6 1------+----+----+'---/--t-�/----l
1.6 --
o i-.c:::=--'-----'----'-------'------' o�--�---�--�---�--�
o 1200 2400 3600 4800 6000 o 1200 2400 3600 4800 6000
Frecuencia (l lz.) Frecuencia (l lz.)
R(f) con Rp max = 30 X({) con Rp max = 30
R(f) con Rp min = 13 X(f) con Rp min = 13
R(f) con Rp = 20 X(f) con Rp = 20
-------
/
/
/
/
6.4 6.4
--
/
- - - --
V-
/
----
/
/
�
-- -
-
--
:ó
/_-
/
.é .é
./
-- -
4.8 4.8
·¡¡ /
ºj /
3.2 3.2 // -
/(--
.§ e,:
,
1.6 1.6 I
f
o
o 0.7 1.4 21 28 3.5
Frecuencia (Hz) Rcsistcnoin(p.u.)
Z(f) con Rp max = 30 Z(!) con Rp mm, = 30
Z(f) con Rp min = 13 Z(f) con Rp min = 13
Z(f) con Rp = 20 Z(f) con Rp = 20
.
.
�-----
o 0002t= -=..-:_t_���=-==-=---.:::-+ �- - - -
�
-
----1-->---
-H---+
------ - -
--+- 1- r-,¡; ------
\"
-.eo.ooo 1 s 1---1----+----+----+---
---1--1-
1-1----1--1-+-1-1+r-+-�- ---� - -
.,
u
·2 � 0.001 _ _ _ �-- -- --.- -
',.
,·,.;�-- -
] 0.0001
·- - f- -· ,·
-,,' �,- ---
'· "
--- - - -!-- --
-- - -t-�+t+t---+--+--!-t-1·
r- - --," -L
·-r---· -f-c <y-,....
-- --1-•-+-1- H-+--t--li-1-
o�---+-�-�-�-�
O 1200 2400 3600 4800 6000
frecuencia (Hz.) frccu<..-ncin (Hz.)
L con Rp max = 30 L/R con Rp max = 30
LconRp min= l3 URconRp rnin = L3
L con Rp = 20 L/R con Rp = 20
nexión adecuada entre los devanados; es por eso que el modelo final del
su representación trifásica.
cia:
31
núcleo común, nótese en cada rama del transformador los devanados prima
tuos entre sí. La fig. 3.8 muestra las concatenaciones de flujos magnéticos.
32
transformación lineal.
11 14 12 15 13 16
\ \ \ \ \ \
V123456J
=
lrPRIM J lv123456J (3.5)
(3.6)
33
cuencia:
(3.7)
buido entre los devanados, las pruebas se reducen a 6 para cada frecuencia:
(3.8)
(3.9)
(3.1 O)
(3. 11)
�1 = �2 = S1 =
�3 = S2 = �3 =Ym
(3.12)
(3.13)
111
= = = =
Y54 Y45 y64 y46 = y65 y56 = y m
misma fase.
34
rentes fases.
111
común es:
1 1 11 11
Y Ym Ym Ym Ym Ym
1
p v1
1
JI
1
1 1 1 11 11
12 Ym Y Ym YmYm Ym
1
p
1
v2
"
1
1 1 1 11
1 Ym Ym Yp_--+: -------
Ym ----------
Ym Y111 V
3 = -------------- 3 (3.14)
1 Y
11
Ym Ym 11 Ys
11
1
ym ym
111 111
V
4 m 4
1 " " " 111
V
5 Ym Ym Ym 11 Ym Ys y m 5
1
16 " 11
1 111 111 v6
Ym Ym Ym 1 y m y m Ys
1
Yp Ym
Yp Ym
y Ym
[rPRIM ]= Ym fs· (3. 15)
Ym Ys
Ym Ys
A ____�
n
V3 4
ív
e
/J
�
V71 b
B e
por cada neutro conectado a tierra, por tanto la matriz de admitancia primiti
1 yl 1 Y4 1 V
1 I
1 y22 y2 5 v
2 2
13 Y 33 y36 V3
14 = y 14 Y44 V4 (3.16)
15 y52 Y55 V5
16 y63 y66 v
6
17 Y77 V7
en las fases a, b y c, se aplica a la admitancia Y11, una tensión V1, tal que
circule por ella una corriente igual a la nominal: (11 = 11 nominal = lp), man
tiene:
Donde:
(3.19)
(3.20)
Con
(3.22)
-,fj · 1 p S3<1> 1
yp = Y1 t = Y22 = Y33 = --'-- = -y [iX ]
v v
(3.23)
ce p
v2
p
luego:
[kV] (3.24)
(3.25)
con
(3.28)
(3.29)
primario cambia:
11 = -/ p (3.30)
(3.31)
- Y.14 _
Ym _ y - y36 -
- 25 _ _ y41 -
_ y52 _ y --
- 63 _ ¡;:;
S3;
y [!."lo-1 ]
·
(3.32)
,¡3-Vp -Vs
y
y
- -J3
y
y
- ,/3
y
y
- ,fj
Yprim = y y (3.33)
- ,/3 3
y y
- ,/3 3
y y
- ,/3 "
Y1
s
,, s]"
-v
2 -
vp
SJ(>
,.
.J'5-V -V,
SJ
2.
(,
-V
vp - -Ji-.v-:V p .•
SJ(, SJ(,
Y
v2 ,/3-Vp -V,
Yprlm = s3(,
p
s)(, (3.34)
y
.fj .vp -V, 3V,2
SJ SJ
(, (,
y
.[5 -Vp -V, 3V,2
s3(, S J(,
y
,,
.fj.v -V' 3V,2
Y1
Finalmente:
11 yp Ym v;
/2 yp Ym v2
l3 yp Y,,, V1
14 = Y,,, Ys v4 [rr 1 1 (3.35)
l5 Ym Ys V5
/6 Y," Ys v6
/7 Y ,, V1
v; 1 -1 VA
V2 1 -1 VB
� 1 -] Ve
V4 = 1 -1 va
Vs -1 1 (3.36)
V¡,
v;, -1 1 v;,
V1 1 v;,
cial:
Luego:
41
- -YfJ
Y ,, Y,,, Y,,,
-Y Ym - Yp
y fJ ,,,
Y ,, -Y,,, -Y
y//1 ,,
IA Yp Ym -Y - Y
m. p VA
Is Yp -Y
- ym Ym p Vs
le ym Yp - -Y
p Ve
-Y
'ª = Y m m 2
-Y
Y s
-Y
s va (3.39)
lb Ym - Ym s 2 Ys vb
le - Ym Ym - y; - y; V
1 m=O -Y - Yp - Yp Yn 3YR
p +
vm
Yp Y,n -Y,,, 1 1 1
Yp -Y 1 1 1
111 Y,,,
Yp -Y yi1 1 1
111
[rªic ]= 2Ys -Y -
Y,,,
Ys
p
Yn +3Yp
(3.40)
Y,n -Y,n s
-Y -Y 2 Ys -Y
Y,n 111 s s
-Y -Y 2Ys
-Y,,, Y,,, s s
considera:
42
Obteniéndose:
-Y
Yp Y,,, 111
Yp -Y Ym
,,,
ABC ]=
Y ,, -Y,,, Y,,,
[yabe
Ym -Y,,, 2Ys -Ys -Ys (3.41)
-Y - -Y
Ym ,,, Ys 2Ys s
-Y,,, Y111 -Y -Y 2Ys
s s
Yp Ym -Y 1 1 l
111
Y,, -Y Ym 1 l 1
111
-Y (3.42)
Yp 111 Y,,, y{J l l
[raic ] -Y -Y
= Ym -Y,11 2Ys s s 3
-Y -Y -
Ym "' s 2Ys Ys
-Y Y," -Y -Y 2Ys
"' s s
43
.-------a
A-__,
11
C----� '------------b
conexión anterior.
circuito, luego:
(3.43)
(3.44)
Con
y= vcc
-1
[p.u.] s = ...Jj . ./ p.vp [MVA]
(3.45)
V
V4 = vcc . -,j3s (3.46)
(3.47)
tenemos:
(3.48)
en la prueba:
45
(3.49)
--
s; (3.50)
Y1. .i - 3 .
-fj . Vp . Vs y
Considerando que el acoplamiento primario - secundario es el mismo
S3;
Ym - Y. - y - y - y - y - y - -
- 14 - 2s - 36 - 41 - s2 - 63 - -J3-
.
V . Vs y
(3.51)
p
v; 1 -1 �-1
1 -1 Vn
Vi
� -1 1 Vi,
v.. = 1 -1 va
(3.52)
v; 1 -1 v;,
v6 1 -1 v;,
V1
1 vn
admitancia de barras:
1111 -
-O -Y.s -Ys Y,,+ 3fs. vm
2YP -Yp -Y
p y/11 -
Y,11
-Y 2YP -Yp
p -
Y,,, Y,,,
-Yp -Y 2YP -Y
[Ya!C p m y/11 Y}
]= y/11
- Y,
n
Ys Yn + 3y_, 1 1 1 (3.55)
fm -Y,, Ys l
,
-Y,,,
y/11
Y, 1 1
considera:
zn �o <=> Y,,� 00
-Y
2Yp -Yp p
Ym -Y,,,
-
-Yp 2YP -Yp Y"' Ym
-Yp -Y 2Yp -Y " Ym
[Ya1cc p '
]= Y,,, -Y Ys (3.56)
,,,
Ym -Y m
Ys
-Y Ys
m Y,,,
3.1.5 Conexión estrella con neutro a tierra - estrella con neutro a tierra
(YnynO)
A----� �----a
u V
e /y
6 b
B-----------' '------------e
a A
V1
V4
Y 11 yl
4
Y22 Y 25
y3J Y.16
Y41 Y4 4
[YPRIM ]= (3.58)
Y5 2 Y55
y6
3 y66
Y1
Ys
do:
. s 3ip
yp v2 · Y
= y; 1 = Y:22 = Y--,3 = - (3.59)
p
Ys _ _
- Y44 -
y55 _- r66 _- s3
v2
(, ·
Y ["
�¿
-1]
(3.60)
s
s
Ym - - Y25 -
- Y.14 - - Y41 -
- Y36 - - r52 -- r63 -- - V 3. ipV .Y (3.61)
p s
Luego:
Ym
yp
Y,,,
yp
yp Y,,,
Ym Ys
[YPRLM ]= Ys (3.62)
y"'
Y,
y"'
Y,,
Y;,
La matriz de conexión es:
49
l -1
1 -1
1 -1
1 -l
[C]= 1 -1 (3.63)
1 -1
1
1
La matriz de admitancia de barras resulta:
Ym -Y - Y"
yp P '
Yp Ym -Y -Y
P m
Yp Ym -Y -Y
p m
Ym -Y -Y
½; m s
[Y BARRAS
]= Ym Ys -Y
m
-Y
s (3.64)
Ym Ys -Ym -Y
s
- -
YP -Y
P YP -Ym -Y"' - Ym Y,, +3YP 3 Y"'
- -
s -Ys
-Y -Y Ym -Y Ys 3 Ym >';. + 3Y s
m m
tructura:
yp Y,,,
Y,,,
i�
yp
[Yate yp Y,,,
_ _!_-[[al
]= Y,,, Ys K [y] (3.65)
Y,,, Ys
Ym r,
donde:
50
ll
[u L.r3 = 1 1 1
r]1 1 1
vamente.
A---� .------a
B------� L..--------C
es:
Y¡¡ f¡4
Y22 Y2s
Y33 y36
[YPRIM
] = Y41 Y44 (3.66)
Ys2 Yss
y6 3 y66
sultado:
S3
_ y _ y _
_ 1v11 -
YP - ,¡, y
22 - 33 -
3 Vp 2 · (3.67)
S3
,¡,
-Yss -Y
-Y44 -
Ys - - ·y (3.68)
- 66 -
3 Vs2
52
-y -y - y -y 2 - S3i¡,
- - v2 •
- y6.1 -
y
- Y.1.i - 25 - 36 - · 41 - 5
Y,,, - (3.69)
3 s
Luego:
yp Y,,,
yp
Y,,,
Y,, Y,,,
[YPRIM ]= Ys (3.70)
Ym
Y,,, Y,
Ym Ys
1 -1
1 -1
-1
[e] = 1 -1 (3. 71)
1 -1
-1 1
Finalmente se tiene:
Por tanto:
53
(3. 73)
[Y pp]
(3.74)
de orden 3x3:
(3. 75)
54
[I p] [I 8]
'x /
[V p ] l, -------1
[Y pp] [Y Psl
[Y sp] [Y ssl Í
1--------< •
[Vsl
por tres sub matrices básicas que tienen la estructura resumida en la tabla 1:
Tabla N º 1
Donde:
l
55
,Y, 2.y, - Y,
=
-y,]
Y, ] [Yo]= -Y, 2.y, -y
[Y,) l Y, -y, -y, 2.y:
j Y, -Y,]
[Yu ] l-Y,
=
Y,
-Y, Y,
correspondiente subíndice: p, s ó m
Para las conexiones estrella con neutro aislado y/o conectado a tierra
vía una impedancia se suma una matriz [YN] a la Matriz Admitancia Propia
lYppJó [Yss] del lado puesto a tierra como se observó en las conexiones
deducidas inicialmente.
1 I]
1 1 (3. 76)
1 1
Donde:
l:�0a
®/
a
ªª l
z ik k
b
1 1
/
bb
¡� z ik k
'¡� / k
bb
y ik Z¡k
ªª ce ce
y ik y ik y ik
ªª ab ac
z ik
z ik z ik
ba bb
z ik z ik z ik
� ca cb ce
z ik z ik z ik
� �
ªª ab ac ªª ab ac
y 11.. ..
y 11
..
y 11 y kk y kk y kk
ba bb be ba bb be
y ¡¡ y ¡¡ y ¡¡
X 1/2 1/2 X
y kk y kk y kk
ca cb ce ca cb
y ¡¡ y ¡¡ y ¡¡ y kk y kk y kk
///////
1 1
/ / / / / / /
tenemos:
(3. 77)
[zBARRA 1 = [
[zr 1 +[Y]/2 -[zr 1 ] (3. 78)
_ [z]-1 [Zr' +[Y]/2
� �
[Y¡¡] [Y ¡k]
� [Yk¡] [Ykk] �
simétricas, por ser la línea una red lineal bilateral, cuadradas y no singulares
distribución.
M a tr iz lm p e d a n e i a l o n g i tu d i na l
Inter na
11 Exter n a
[Z] = [Z IN T] 11 [ZEXT] = [ZE] + [ZG]
11 11
1
[Z I NT ] [ZE] [ZG]
Efe cto Reto rno a Efe ct o g e om et r ia
Efe cto S kin
tie r ra c o n d u cto re s
Luego:
ZINT
aa
hh
Z INT
(3.80)
ZJiV
cc
T
'"'
ZINT
La distribución de corriente es uniforme a través de la sección
trenzados con o sin núcleos de acero, por ejemplo los tipos AAC, AAAC,
54 Hilos de aluminio, 3
Sección sólida de aluminio
capas (12/18/24)
R dc 1 1 (3.80.1)
( --) = p -( -)-1 O 3 (Q · km - )
1 S
Luego:
1 1 1 (3.80.2)
p=- => cr=-----10 3 ( n-m)-
cr R
S. ( dc )
1
Donde:
(3.81)
t2
t
t2
t1 -
T
t
1
Luego:
Finalmente:
Donde:
64
( º C).
t1 , t 2 : Temperaturas de referencia ( º C)
R dc R dco 3 1 (3.81.5)
(-) = (--)·[1 +a· (Tf - T0 )]-10 (Q-km- )
1 1
Siendo:
conductividad).
(Q-km-1)
65
. (�] l¡{ I
z;:V,.(co)= -·co -e
aeq
4 A 1
·---·--:--·10- 3 [Q.km-]
2,r · rex, B
(3.82)
Donde:
A= -ber0 (p;) · kei1 (p¿)-bei0 (p¡) · kei¡ (p¿) + ker0 (p¡) · bei1 (p0) + kei0 (p¡) · be,¡ (p¿) + ...
(3.83)
· · · + j[ber0 (p¡) · ker1 (p¿)-bei0 (p¡) · kei1 (p¿) - ker0 (p¡) · be,¡ (p¿) + kei0 (p¡) · bei, (p¿)]
B = ber1 (p¡) · ker1 (p¿ )-bei, (p¡) · kei1 (p¿ )-be,¡ (p¿) · ker1 (p¡) + bei1 (p¿) · kei1 (p¡) + ...
(3.84)
· · · + j[ber1 (p¡) · kei1 (Pó) + bei1 (p¡) · ker1 (Pó)-be,¡ (p¿) · kei1 (p¡)-bei1 (Pó) · ker1 (p¡)]
Siendo:
(3.85)
pequeña: (rext -íjnt )/rext = 1-TI, (radios interno y externo muy próximos),
.. 1 R l+e-2< 1-,,>-pi<m> 1
Z"A (m) = -
2 · (-5!E...)
/ · (1- .,
2
1- e-2(1-TJ)·p,(m) • p1 (m) [Q.km- ]
n ) • ---- (3.87)
Donde:
(3.88)
. 1(
-J-
p,(m) = p¡(m) · e 4
(3.89)
Para obtener una buena aproximación de la resistencia interna del
fc[p ¡ (m),r¡]=0.5-(1-r¡)
0.32
aP' 1, 11)
0.3 1----------+---------+-
0.28
._0.275...
0.26
2 3 4
...0.001 ...
autoinducción del retorno por tierra, por lo que el efecto pelicular inductivo es
. { [
Finalmente:
-2 ( )
R 1 l + (1-77)-A W
ZJNT(m) = (- /e)· Re · [1-,r] · 1-:-2(1-11)-A(w) . p , (m) + fe [p ,(m ),17]
2 ] }
(ALUMINUM COMPANY OF
AME RICA).
Temperatura de operación: 50 ºC
0.0401 a 50 ºC
,
,
,
,
1------+------=i-----l--- .,____
,
,
,
---
0.5
o 2 3 4
Rho'I(()
Resistencia interna
ªª ab ac an
ZE,\T zEX/' zE, \T zEX/'
ba "" b c bn
z&\T zE,\;7' zE,\T zE.XT
[ZExT [Q.km- 1]
] = cc
zE.:'í.T zca\T cb
zE,'(T
cc
zE,YT (3.92)
E,
"ª
ZE.'ff ,, b
2 E,\T 11c
zE.\"T
nd
zE,V.T
/
o· m
m·
21
z��;.(úJ)=j·úJ· µº en 1111 +CtJ·µ.Jmm [n.m- ]
1
21r ,·e;,·/ 7r
(3.93)
(3.94)
Donde:
f J·e -2h A
oo •
(3.96)
Donde:
h,,,.h11
Alturas del conductor sobre el terreno [m]
1
p(úJ) =
P1erre110
[m] (3. 97)
m
Q_____
D
-------------.__ mn
1
--------------. n
D
' /
mr/.
.
I
/
/
/
/
/
¡
l p(f)
1 h + h + p(eü)] 2 + d 2
ZE.\T ( ) - . µ o ' 1 [ 2
(ü -j·Cü•--• en -- =======-- (:l.l: r"\_m-1] (3.99)
111 11 nu,
nu,
2 Jr , 2 2
")(h,,, -h,,) + d nui
1 2 3
. '
14 14
'
i 40 ' 40' 14
1
P,erreno == l 00 . Q. m
�0.024
/
2,0.018
i0.012
'g V
v /
.§
/
V'
0.006
o o�-�-__.___..,____.......______,
o 400 800 1200 1600 2000 400 800 1200 1600 2000
frccucncio (Hz) frccucncio (1-17.)
fase l fase 1-2
fase 2 fase 2-3
fase 3 fase l-3
(a) (b)
lineal qa , qb, qc, ... qn [C_m- 1] y radios externos respectivos ra , rb, re,··· rn [m]
localizados por encima del plano de tierra, según la figura que se muestra,
--------
----
__.....
n
b Dan -------
-
qb -------
D ab ,,.,.,--···___..,,-,,.,.,--··
___
-�
a -
.--:.:: ---- D ac e
-;::::::--
-----Hª
Plano Tierra
a'
, i=j (3.101)
(3.102)
define como:
Donde:
1 1 (3.106)
[V]= [P] · [C] ·[V]<=> [C] = [Pr [F. Km- ]
78
[20].
expresión
1
[/]=J·ú>·[Q]=J·ú>·[C]-[V]=[Y]-[V] [A_m- ] (3.108)
tierra, en el caso del presente estudio se hace una reducción del modelo a
puestos a tierra.
tierra.
79
[Z] = [ZABCN] =
ZIJA z IJIJ ZIJC Z/JN
[Q.km- 1] (3.110)
Zc,, Z,n Zcc Zrn
ZNA Z N /3 Z NC Z NN
(3.111)
Luego:
(3.113)
(3.114)
[ZM
[ZabJ = ZBA
ZAB ZCA] I
[ZAN .zNA z.,,"' .zNB z,,N .zNC]
Zn,v ·Z,vs [Q.km- 1] (3.115)
ZBB Zsc --- ZBN ·Z,v;1 ZBN · Z,vc
ZNN
ZcA Zcs Zcc ZCN . Z,v,1 ZcN · ZNB ZcN · ZNc
representada por:
(3.116)
80
pAN .pNB
PBN .pNB
(3.118)
PeN ·P,vB
(3.119)
(3.120)
Finalmente:
(3.121)
81
(3.122)
82
serie con los condensadores, por lo que son ignoradas al igual que la
1 . 1 . Xc
Xc-h = úJ = - J · 2Tr C h = - J
j C ( f0 ) ·
----¡;
[Q] (3.123)
Donde:
frecuencia:
83
I . 1
yc-h -
1
- X = 1 -h·(-J [nr (3.124)
c-h Xc
esta información los análogos para una sola fase según el tipo de conexión
X - - . . _!_[V/ase2 [Q]
c-lt - j (3.125)
h Qfase J
(3.126)
Donde:
Vtase Tensión nominal por fase del banco a frecuencia fundamental. [kV]
fundamental. [MVA]
determinada.
84
II 12 I3 I =I a
\ \ \ \"
v.[X, e
( a) (b)
1¡ Ya o o o V
I
12
=
o yb
o o v2 (3.127)
13 o o Ye o V3
14 o o o Yn Vn
V123nJ
=
lrPRIM J· lv123nj (3.128)
matriz de conexión:
v; 1 o o -1 va
v2 o 1 o -1 vb
(3.129)
ve
=
V3 o o 1 -1
V4 o o o 1 v;,
Luego tenemos:
85
Ya o o -Ya
o yb o -Y
b
(3.132)
[Yabe] =
o o Ye -Y
e
-Y
a
-Y
b
-Y
e Y ,, +Y +Y + Y
a b e
]a Y,, o o -Ya va
lb o Y,, o -Y,, vb
(3.133)
Je o o Y,: -Y �
o -Ya -Y,, -Ye Y,, + Y,, + Y,, + r.; V,,
coordenadas de fase:
(3.135)
Resultando:
(3.136)
es:
86
(3.137)
11 12 13
\ \ \ v, a
y J\ y 2
v2�
1
V 1� V3 � �v2
b
YT y2T Y3T
v3 y3
e
(a) (b)
(3.138)
(3.139)
finalmente:
87
-
f1
-Y j
(3.140)
Y1 +�3
siguiente::
abe Barra K
[ 1 k ]
...
y ªª y bb y bb
i
[v
y bb y bb y bb
y bb y bb y
////////
Red en Estudio
Z(ro)
Hz.
2 2 (3.142)
( Rcc J +1 =(
Zcc ] => X
ce • -Jm
2
+ 1 = Zce
Xce Xce
(3.143)
90
(3.144)
úJ =
ZEQ () V,; [ � . ú)]
Sce .,Jm 2 +1
• m - +j.-
ú)o ú)o
[Q] (3.145)
I
8. 200
·¡;
o l-==::i====:±::::::==::t:::==:::l
o 20 30
10 40
Orden annónico (h)
Impedancia
Parte Resistiva
Parte Reactiva
I º·º2
-0.04�--�---�--�---�
10 20 30 40
Orden armónico (h)
Admitancia
Parte Resistí va
Parte Reactiva
Sistema Equivalente
Trifásico
[Zs,sr(@)] -l
,zEQ
(3.146)
(3.147)
(3.148)
Barra k
y EQ
t
y EQ [ vkabc]
y EQ
////////
Donde:
h :Orden armónico.
(3.151)
v2
Z= - (3.152)
[Z,(w)J -[
z
z
z l
La matriz admitancia del sub sistema en el punto de acoplamiento
(3.154)
común es:
95
(3.154)
y
[ Y , (w )
J -[ Y y] (3.155)
....-
Barra k
y
t
kabc ]
y [ v
////////
(3.156)
donde:
T) = xm
A'-,,, K (3.157)
q
K =Xm
q
R,,, (3.158)
La admitancia del sub sistema motor para un orden armónico "h" es:
,. y"' (h)=-1-
(3.159)
Z,,,(h)
equivalente es:
;:sistema
Equivalente
Trifásico
Red en Estudio
[Z"(a,)J-[ ,,. J
z
z.,
Z
(3.160)
YM ( CV) = [ ZM ( CV) r 1
(3.161)
l
�,,J
Y.,
(3.162)
�
1
;
Barra k
y
m
t
[ Y�ro)] y
m [ vkabc]
y
m
////////
simplificado.
Fuente armónica
R1
e Jf2 Obreolr
D3
Dbreok'
D5
R3
jj 0.01
1 1
lk
H
Vs2 0.15mH Rl -
Rs2 L3 3
í
�
Obreolr Dbreok Dbreok
R10 0.4 ! D6 � 02
t1
50 R.4
R17 1 1 1 1 1 TX'5
�(
. 1k
Vs3 0.25mH 1 1 1 1 llr
> '\ ;- <;: 1 R11
R14
_LJ L.LJ �o
1 :0.5
5Ó
R18 1 1 1 Lp= 1000m H
Ls= Lp.,¡,0. 5.,¡,0. 5
:" vv
2111U 1 ------------------------------------------------------- - ------------- -------- ------------------ - - --------- i
-2UIU .._ -------------------• ---------------------------- • --------- • --------------------- -------------- • • --• ----------------- '
u U(RY:1,H9:Z)
1 OM
; :
l Is
0
¡
j
-1 DM l. ------------------------------------ ------------ --.---• ------- .----------------. ------------.. ---. -----------------.:
u 1 (U>e1)
.\IIIUo····-------------- ······ ---------------· •···· ------------- -------
: Vp
., U(R16:2.113:1)
1 GIA , --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,
:
i lp
S[L>>: :
-11 IA +------------ r ------------, -------------y ------------ , -------------.-------------,--- ----------,- ------------r ------------1
1""'5 2ans Jgps "ons so.-s 6°"5 tDftS a0ns 91MS 111n:;
11 l(Rs1)
(a)
2..,
.
1
-------- -------- ------- ----------- ----- ----- ------- ------ -------- ----- ------ - ------------- ----- ---------- ------- --- ,
\/\/ V
;Vs �
("-. ('\_ :
¡
1 IIIA -- - ----- --- ----------------- -------- --- ------------------------- ----- -- --- ---------- ----- --- ------- -------- -- -------- :
:
¡
l5
-1 IIA ...... -- ----------- ------------- ------------- -- -------- -- --------------- -------- --- --------------- -- -------- ------ ------ ---1
"ºtu ' ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
e l(V,c1)
----- ¡
: \lp :
SEL>>:
-1 ODA+--- --- ------ r ----- --- -- ---y ----- ----- -- "' ---------- -- ,--------- --- -.------------ -.-------------r- -- ----------,- -----• ------1
1 ..
s 211ts 311ts 11a.s SDas 6'-5: 711Ds &las 9Uns 100.S
e l(Rs1)
(b)
101
.! oou I
---------------- ------------- ------- -------------------------- - ------------- -- - ------ --- ----------------------------
: Vs
'
'
o U(R9:1,R9:2)
'111111
' -------------------- ------------ ---- --- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
:' 1 s :
' ''
' '
' '
'
'
-1 DM -'- --- -------------------- --- --- ------- ---- -- ---------- ------------------ ---------------------------- ---- --------- ---- -•
o l (Ux1)
4DOU , -- ----------------- ---- ------ ---------- --- ------- ---- ------ ------- -- - --- - --- -- ---- ---------- -------------------- ----,
: Vp :
1 llf't -- ---- ---- ------------- ------ ------- --- ---- --- ------- ------ ---- --- ---- -- ------- --- - ------ - ------------- ------ --- -----
1 '
: lp
' ''
SEL>>:
-1 ODA:+--------- ---r---------___ :
T ___ ---------, ------------ ,- ----- - - -- ---,-- ---- - -----,- ------------,.. --- ------- --,..------------t
1 lllts 2 "'5 3 -.S .taO.S S a.as 6 Cllts 7 D11S 8 811s 9 Ons 11-.S
o 1 (Rs1)
(c)
en el secundario Is, mientras que las tensiones sufren distorsión por efecto
(THDv < 10%) [9], esta consideración permite el empleo de métodos directos
de simulación.
102
como sigue:
(3.164)
103
a b e
BARRA
fase a
fase b
fase e
diodos con filtro capacitivo en lado d-c, convertidores de los drivers PWM ac
Fuente armónica
rizado en las cargas de. En la fig. 3.47 se tiene un rectificador trifásico, con
1 1 1�1��
01 03 05
Jl
R16
1 t 1 � J1 l_j 1 ......
t 1 1T
jj ·) C2
2800uF i Ri
r
Vs2 O•.llmH
�
0breok 0breok 0breol<
1
0.4 t 06 is_ 02
50
R17
V s3
50
R18
.......
o
o,
106
2 OW T------ - - - - - -
''
---------------,
Vf
'
SEL»: ''
-2oau�------------------------ --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- -------------------- - - __ ¡
ª U(L2:2,Us1:-)
461U¡--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:
VL
___.., a--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------·
U(L3:2,Llo:2)
'
2DOAT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
' '
: :
'''
'
''
' '
-211A+------------ r------------y------------,------------,------------,-------------r------------r------------r------------l
10..s 2°"5 3Dns ,.o,,.s 5°"5 60..S 7"'5 80..S 9"'5 100..S
a l(Ux1)
(a)
211UT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¡
''
''
''
''
''
-401U Á --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
a U(L3:2,L,.:2)
1011AT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
'
'''
''
SEL>>: :
-1DOA+------------r------------T------------�------------,------------,------------,-------------r------------r------------l
1Das 20..S 3""'5 ,._ 5""5 60..S 7""5 ª""' 90..S 16""5
a l(UX1)
Ti""
(b)
107
200U¡---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Vf
'
'
' ''
' ''
'
SEL>>: :
-2000 -'----------- -------------------------_ ----__ ---- __ ----------------_------------_ --------- -- ----- -------_ -----------_ ---•
º U(L2:2,Us1:-)
4000¡---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
!
: VL ,
--, .. '
�--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------·'
o U(L3:2,l4:2)
201AT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¡
'
'
'
-20M+------------r------------T------------,------------,------------,-------------.-------------r------------r------------l
1._s 20.S 311ns ...... 5°"5 611oos 7°"5 8llols 9llols 1Blloos
o l(Ux1)
Ti••
(c)
la inductancia del sistema. Fig 3.49 muestra el circuito equivalente por fase
las matrices de admitancia nodal polifásica de cada sub sistema, para luego
E
ro
2 ·
(/)
<1>
>
e
(].)
Punto de Suministro
Barra Infinita
G
·- :::,
±
=======
CI) cr � UTIL
w
69kV
2 0,000 kVA !).
R=0.5% X=8%
Y-n 13.8 kV
IND 1
.Q
"C
I E E
.e.e 1 0,000 kW, fp =0.85 en atraso
:::, roOO 60 % es carga motriz
oºº
º. º.
(].) Banco de condensadores de tN<O
e
Q)
Corrección del Factor de º
ro 11 11
Potencia Q) + +
--
ro
·¡:: -� O'.'.><
.....J--
:::, ro ro
"C 00
e 1-1-
i
ro
E IND2
(].)
1ñ
ü5
I
Banco de
condensadores de
3,000 kW, fp =0.9
en atraso
t
Lµ 5,000 kW,
pf=0.85 en atraso
Corrección del Carga residencial '------�
Factor de Potencia y Comercial
20,000
kVA
1
UTIL
1- 69kV
ll-
G G
Y-g -
-11.
--
1/1
G G
13.8 kV
1 1
BARRA 1
ll .. ll .. ll .. -
--
-
..
N N N
. .. .
ll ll " l! -· .. l 1
..
4
y EO y EO
= ..
y Ea
--
N N N
·-·- . --· --- -··--
1
y EO PFC ll .. ll
y EO y EO
N N N
f---- -
y EO
ll ..
·--- ----··--·
ll "
---
ll " � y EO y EO
J_ =
J_ J_
N N N >
= N :8 ,.
N
:8 ..
N
:8 ,.
N
:i ,
../ B N.. -s_N.. 10,000kW
"'
__ --
0.85 atraso
.... "
ll ..
�
N
ll ..
ll ..
------- -
N
-·· ·..
ll ..
ll
N
...
- ------· -·
N N
--·-·
N
BARRA2
1 y EO
1 1
1a
y EO
y EO
lb
y EO
le
_L
y EO y EO
1
3,000 kW,
0.9 atraso
[ y EQ]
UTIL
20,000 ()
69 kV
kVA ,......., ,.......,
C/) C/)
a. C/)
>-
.__, �
Y-g ,......., ,.......,
a.
a. C/)
>-
.__,
�
13.8 kV
1 1
IND 1
)
1
PFC
[ y C1] ,.......,
[ Y1] [yM]
�
N N
>- >-
N
J_
--
.__,
,.......,
.___.
,.......,
J_
--
J_
--
� �
>-� >-
N
10,000 kW, 0.85 atraso
.___. .___.
1
IND2
PFC 1
1
[ y C2] [ Y2]
[I]
J_ J_ _L
3,000 kW,
0.9 atraso
iteraciones.
112
externa.
113
circuitos R - L lineales.
(22].
transformadores.
tramo.
Consider the industrial system of Figure 1. The system consists of two buses IND 1 and
IND2 connected through a short 3-phase, 4-wire line. The system is supphed by the utility
through a 69kV/13.8 kV transformer. A line - commutated power-converter is connected on
bus IND2. Calculate the harmonic voltage and THD on Buses INDl and IND2.
PFC
20,000kVA
1
± v 'Y-g
UTIL
69kV
IND1
13.8 kV
1
',
Q)
10,000 kW, 0.851ag
IND2
1
PFC
1
$
,,
3,000 kW, 0.9 lag
A. Discussion: The calculations will be done using the p.u. system equivalent. The base
quantities are:
Power base= I0,000 kVA
Impedance base (on the 13.8 kV side)=l9Q.
In this simple example, only positive and negative sequence harrnonics will be considered.
Thus, we will assume a symmetric and balanced system. Two methods of solution are
presented and compared: Frequency domain using MatLab. Time domain using ATP. The
associated files are available.
B. Load-Flow Study: The purpose of the load flow study is to obtain the fundamental
frequency voltage magnitudes and phase angles. The former are used as basis to calculate
THD. The latter are used to properly describe the phase-angle ofthe harmonic sources.
The system impedance is expressed in pu on the given basis. The system load-flow data are
shown on Table 1. We assume that the utility voltage is 1 pu. The calculations to obtain the
load-flow data including the pu system impedance are shown in the associated M-file. The
load-flow solution is shown on Table 2. The load flow was solved using IPFLOW2.1.
Since in this system, only one harrnonic source is present, the phase information from the
load-flow solution is not critical. In addition, the system voltage is near 1.0 pu. Therefore
we could have skipped the load-flow and proceeded to the harmonic calculations, using 1
pu as the base voltage for the THD calculation.
The approach used for the system modeling is described in Chapter 3 of the tutorial. The
detail calculations are shown here. With reference to Figure 2, each device is modeled as
follows:
----+---- UTIL
§o
Transformer ..;
:{
_______________ IND1
j0.62h
C
P T
Motive
Resistive
Part
Part
IND2
j0.455h
Resistive �
C
Load :=. Converter
P T
Utility system: The utility system is considered as infinite bus. Thus, it is a sinusoidal
voltage source at fundamental frequency with zero impedance. At frequencies above the
fundamental, the utility system is represented by a short circuit at Bus UTIL.
118
(1)
Transmission line: With reference to Figure 2, a simple representation is used for the line
harmonic impedance. Since the line is of short Jength, the charging capacitance is
neglected and only the series impedance is used (2).
Where, RL and XL are, respectively, the pu series resistance and reactance ofthe line at fundamental frequency.
Equation (2) neglects the skin effect. This can be included by modifying the resistive part
of the line impedance according to (3).
RLJ, _ RL [l+
-
0.646h 2
}92+0.518/1 2
] (3)
Load at INDl: The load of INDl consists of 60% induction motors and of 40% resistive
load (including coupling transformer reactance).
L.The motive part is represented by a series R-X circuit associated with locked-rotor
impedance of the motor. This part is computed as follows:
Assume a severity factor Ki=8. The severity factor is the ratio between the starting and the
rated current of the motor. From that, the combined pu locked-rotor reactance of the motive
part at fundamental frequency is calculated (4):
119
V2 1
X ---=--=0.I67pu (4)
u - K,S,\I 8S AI
2. The resistive part at INDl is represented by a series R-X impedance. The impedance
elements are calculated from the power consumption ofthe load as follows:
The pu value of the fundamental impedance that produces the same power under 1 pu
voltage is:
Z R= l/S R= 2.3 pu.
X R/RR=tan(<l> R)=O .425.
Therefore: ____________________RR=2.117 pu, X R 0.9 pu. =
Resistive load at IND2: Following the same procedure as with the load at INDI, the pu
harmonic impedance ofthe load at IND2 is calculated as follows:
Load power and power factor: _________PR=0.3 pu@ 0.9 lag (<!>R =25º.84).
Installed power: S R=PR/0.9= 0.333.
PU fundamental impedance: Z R l/S R 3 pu. = =
X R/RR =tan(25º.84).
RR 2.7 pu, X R l.307 pu.
= =
Power factor correction capacitors: With reference to Figure 2, the PFCs are represented by
their harmonic susceptance. The capacitor fundamental susceptance is found from the load
flow data, since each capacitor fully compensates for the bus load.
120
Line commutated converter at IND2: With reference to Figure 2, the power converter is
represented as a harmonic current source ejected from IND2. The converter produces the
characteristic harmonic spectrum. Its fundamental current is found as follows:
The pu harmonic current ofthe converter is given in the following Table. ---
Table 3. Harmonic Currents ofthe line commutated converter.
h 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29
%Ic1 0.2 0.143 0.091 0.077 0.059 0.053 0.043 0.04 0.034
L:h 0.119 0.085 0.054 0.046 0.035 0.031 0.026 0.024 0.020
eh -n: o -n: o -n: o -n: o -n:
Table 3, continued,
h 31 35 37 41 43 47 49
¾L:, 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.02
L:h 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.014 0.014 0.012 0.012
eh o -n: o -n: o -n: o
C. l Method of Calculation. The Nodal admittance matrix is used for the calculation of the
system harmonic voltage. With reference to the circuit topology in Figure 2, at each
frequency ofthe converter harmonic orders, this matrix is computed according to (8).
1 1 1 1 1
-+--+--+--+ j0.62h
Z111 Zu1 ZMh ZRh Zu1
(8)
1 1 1
-+--+ j0.455h
Zu, Zu, ZR2h
Inverting the nodal admittance matrix we obtain the nodal impedance matrix at each
harmonic order.
(9)
Subsequently, the harmonic voltage at Bus INDI (corresponding to row and column 1 of
the matrices) is found using the transfer impedance, Zh(l,2), between Buses 2 and 1 (IND2
and INDl). Toe harmonic voltage at Bus IND2 (corresponding to row and column 2 of the
matrices) is found using the driving point impedance, Zh(2,2), at Bus 2.
Note that the converter current represents an injection at node 2 of the network.
Figure 3 shows the driving point and transfer impedance in (10). As it can be seen from the
figure, the system forms two resonance frequency, one around the 5 th harmonic and one
around the 35 th harmonic.
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
r.
o
c:i. 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Harmonic index
Figure 4 shows the harmonic voltage at the two system buses. It can be seen from this
figure that the harmonic voltage of both buses at the 5 th and the 35 th orders is amplified due
to the impedance resonance.
122
0.1
0.08
-" O 06
::j .
0.04
0.02
o�����------....-...------------�---,#--'---
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Harmonic index
Toe positive/negative sequence equivalent-circuit used for the ATP simulation is shown in
Figure 5. With reference to this figure, the circuit has identical topology as the circuit used
for the frequency domain calculations.
123
cos(27rl)
Transformer ::l
j0.62
5.46cos(27rl+87 .32)
PCT
Resistive Motive
Part Part
---.----..---.__..------.------ IND2
"'
j0.455
0.594cos(2 ,rl-36,09)
PCT�=
Converter
Resistive
Load
The circuit data are expressed in terms of inductance and capacitance. A harmonic current
source is connected at the converter bus. Additional sources of fundamental frequency are
included for the derivation and plotting of the system waveforms. It should be noted that
the inclusion of these fundamental sources is not necessary for this example, since the
circuit is linear. That is, the same response for the harmonic voltage would be obtained, if
these sources were absent. Fundamental frequency sources are necessary, if accurate
system waveforms are desired for demonstration purpose or if the circuit is non-linear. The
calculation of the system data is as follows:
D. J. Calculation oflnductance and Capac itance. This would require converting the known
pu values of the fundamental impedance to corresponding H of F. However, we have the
alternative option of entering inductance and capacitance in pu. PU calculation of
inductance and capacitance uses pu time. Here for convenience, the time base is set to 1/60
Hz. That is 1 pu time is equivalent to 1 fundamental period. The inductance and
capacitance pu calculations are as follows:
- di - di -jL di - X� di ' ' -----
V( f)- L -- L --- -- X ----=>V ( t )-X� di '
(11)
dt dt' ( dt' B 2tr dt' 2tr dt'
B
·e
zt)-
dv -
-C -
dt
dv _
-j<C --
dt'
B� dv
B 2tr dt'
., ' ---
B --=>1 ( t )-
B� dv'
2tr dt'
(12)
124
Thus, the pu inductance and capacitance are found from the pu fundamental reactance and
susceptance respectively dividing by 2n. ATP data entry permits further simplification of
these conversions. Setting the options XOPTION=COPTION= l .0 Hz tells ATP to accept
the branch data as pu fundamental reactance or susceptance. This choice facilitates data
entry, since no conversion of any sort is needed (ATP will perform the conversions from
(11) and (12) intemally.) Figure 5 shows the pu fundamental reactance and susceptance of
the system as they were entered in the ATP data file. These values are retrieved directly
from the previous frequency domain data.
D.2. Source Modeling. To obtain the accurate waveform of the voltage, the fundamental as
well as the harmonic sources must be described with their correct angle. With reference to
Figure 5, the extemal utility is modeled as a voltage source at UTIL with unity amplitude
and zero angle. Note that the cos function is used for describing the sources. This is
consistent with the ATP source modeling and also makes the calculation of harmonic phase
angles easier.
The induction motor at Bus IND1 must be properly augmented by a fundamental current
source, because the series R-X representation alone does not account for the motor's full
fundamental current. Equation (13) is the current of the motor drawn at fundamental
frequency as it is calculated from the load flow. Equation (14) is the current of the motor
drawn at fundamental frequency as it is calculated by the circuit representation of the
motor in Figure 5.
Where: IM is the augmented current source. The phase angles are obtained from the load
flow solution and the power factor. Equating (13) and (14) we obtain the value of the
augmented current source in Figure 5.
Table 4 shows the description of the equivalent harmonic current sources as they are
included in the ATP file. (Note: time is in pu.)
Table 4 E,QUIV
. aJent current sources at IND2
Harmonic Description
Order
5 0.119cos(5t-0.45)
7 0.085cos(7t+107.37)
11 0.054cos(11t+143)
13 0.046cos( 13t-109.17)
17 0.035cos( l 7t-73.53)
19 0.031cos(19t+34.29)
23 0.026cos(23t+69.93)
25 0.024cos(25t-112.32)
29 0.020cos(29t-146.6 I)
31 0.019cos(3 lt-38.70)
35 0.017cos(35t-3.15)
37 O.O16cos(37t+104.67)
41 0.014cos(41t+140.31)
43 0.014cos(43t-1 l l.87)
47 0.012cos(47t-76.23)
49 0.012cos(49t+31.59)
Figure-6 shows the waveform of the system voltage. Figure-7 shows the harmonic content
of that voltage.
126
System Voltage
--UTIL
:, --IND1
a.
--IND2
Time (pu)
Voltage Harmonics
0.12 ,----------------------------------------
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
•
0.02
• ••
o�----_.....___._,,,___.................________,,,_..._.___�--.....----------.....----..........._,
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Harmonic lndex
r
50:GEN-1 Table 3.4.Harmonic Source Data
100:UfllAí9 Harmonic # Percent Relative Angle
1 100.00 0.00
01 :69-1 5 18.24 -55.68
5\AUX 7 11.90 -84.11
11 5.73 -143.56
03:MILL-1
13 4.01 -175.58
17 1.93 111.39
T 19
23
1.39
0.94
68.30
-24.61
05:FDRF 26:FDRG 06:FDRH 25 0.86 -67.64
29 0.71 -145.46
31 0.62 176.83
s 35 0.44 97.40
37 0.38 54.36
•i<ECTr �,;::�� eff IIT4S1 �9T7SEC
ASO
Additional data used to conduct a harmonic analysis of the
Figure 3.1. Test System 3 - A balanced industrial system. example industrial system include the following:
Table 3.1. Per-Unit Line and Cable lmpedance Data 1. System equivalent impedance. For this study, the system
(base values: 13.8 kV, 10,000 kVA) impedance was detennined from the fault MV A and X/R ratio
From To R X at the utility connection point. These values are 1000 MVA
100: UTIL-69 01:69-1 0.00139 0.00296 and 22.2, respectively. Driving point impedance at the
03:MILL-1 50:GEN-1 0.00122 0.00243 connection point was not available, but should be used
03:MILL-1 05:FDR F 0.00075 0.00063 whenever possible.
03:MILL-1 26:FDR G 0.00157 0.00131 2. The local (in-plant) generator was represented as a simple
03:MILL-1 06:FDRH 0.00109 0.00091 Thevenin equivalent. The intemal voltage, determined from
the converged power flow solution, is 13.98/-1.52º kV. The
Table 3.2. Transfonner Data equivalent impedance is the sub-transient impedance which is
0.0366+j 1.365 lQ.
From To Voltage TaQ kVA ¾R %X 3. The plant power factor correction capacitors are rated at
01:69-1 03:MILL-1 69:13.8 69 15000 0.4698 7.9862 6000 kvar. As is typically done, leakage and series resistance
;o:GENl 51:AUX 13.8:0.48 13.45 1500 0.9593 5.6694 ofthe bank are neglected in this study.
i5:FDRF 49:RECT 13.8:0.48 13.45 1250 0.7398 4.4388 4. The displacement power factor for the drive load is 0.97
i5:FDR F 39:T3 SEC 13.8:4.16 13.11 1725 0.7442 5.9537 lagging. This high power factor is typical of drives operated
6:FDR G 29:Tl 1 SEC 13.8:0.48 13.45 1500 0.8743 5.6831 at or near full load.
6:FDRH 11:T4 SEC 13.8:0.48 13.8 1500 0.8363 5.4360
6:FDRH l 9:T7 SEC 13.8:2.4 13.11 3750 0.4568 5.4810 Specific issues related to modeling for ham10nic analysis must
also be considered ifthe results presented here are to be obtained
Table 3.3. Generation, Load, and Bus Voltage Data using different analysis programs. Modeling considerations
(from QOWer flow study results) applicable to this example include:
Bus Vmag 6 Pgen kW Qgen P 1oad O1oad
(p.u.) (deg) kvar kW kvar
128
Ali loads are modeled as series RL circuits. This approach is
taken instead of parallel RL modeling to more accurately
represent the limited harrnonic damping offered by typical
induction motors without resorting to ex.tremely detailed
motor models.
, Frequency dependence ofmodel resistance is neglected. This
is done mainly because of the significant discrepancies that
exist among various programs available. In addition,
neglecting frequency effects on resistance leads to over
conservative results (which are often preferred).
Transfonner magnetizing branch effects are neglected. In
addition, increasing winding losses as a function of frequency
are also neglected. As discussed in 2 previously, this is done
to avoid problems when comparing the results presented here
with those obtained using other analysis programs.
'ostraet - This paper presents three hannonic simulation test harmonic sources. Correct representation of the phase angles
stems. The purpose is to demonstrate guidelines for the are important for systems with multiple harmonic sources [l].
.eparation and analysis of harmonic problems through case The harmonic filters can have a large impact on the load flow
1dies and simulation examples. The systems can also be used as results.
inchmark systems for the development of new hannonic 2. The hannonic cancellation effects due to Y-Y and Y-Delta
nulation methods and for the evaluation of existing hannonic transformer connections (at the HVDC terminal) and the
talysis software. impact of other harmonic sources (the SVC). For this purpose,
the HVDC terminal is modeled as two six-pulse harmonic
11.1 Introduction sources.
3. The effects of using different line models such as the
Harmonic studies have become an important aspect of power distributed-parameter model and the lumped pi-circuit model
;stem analysis and design in recent years. Hannonic simulations in harmonic resonance assessment.
:e used to quantify the distortion in voltage and current
:avefonns in a power system and to determine the existence and
úigation of resonant conditions. Many digital computer
mgrams are available for harmonic analysis. New analysis
:chniques are being developed. With a wide variety of solution
'.ethods and modeling assumptions implemented in many
iferent programs, there is a need for benchmark test systems so
1at the features and results of the programs can be evaluated and
Jmpared.
º
7 230 o o 1.0193 -14.47 0.423 Filter@3:11th 3 o 0.00136 0.02772 0.24916
8 13.8 12,900 1.0209 -14.49 0.522 Filter@3:11th 3 o 0.00136 0.02772 0.24916
9 115 29,499 16,599 1.0147 -16.09 0.482 Xfmr (Y-Y) 3 301 0.00000 0.02800 0.00000
10 115 9,000 5,799 1.0168 -16.33 0.421 Xfmr Y-Delta 3 302 0.00000 0.02800 0.00000
11 115 3,501 1,800 1.0394 -16.21 0.394
12 115 6,099 1,599 1.0528 -16.72 0.391 Table 11.3: Generator Data far S stem 1
13 115 13,500 5,799 1.0458 -16.73 0.376
Voltage P Q Sub-
14 115 14 901 5 001 1.0154 -17.39 0.343 Bus Bus
Type setting gen. gen. transient
#
. The generators are modeled as either slack or PV buses for the
fundamental frequency load flow solutions and as sub-transient
reactance for the harmonic analysis. The sub-transient
reactances are 0.25 per-unit.
. Transformers are modeled using short-circuit irnpedances. The
winding connections are represented in the model so that the
phase-shifting effects on harmonic currents are included. If
harrnonics from transformer saturation are of interest, the
magnetizing branches with saturation characteristics should be
modeled. The off-nominal tap ratios of ali transformers are 1. O
per-unit in this particular case.
, . Toe loads are modeled as constant power loads for load flow
solutions and as impedances for harmonic solutions. The
harmonic impedances are determined according to the 3rd
model recommended in reference (2].
. Harmonic filters are modeled as shunt harmonic impedances.
Ali filters are the single-tuned type.
;_ Toe HVDC terminal is modeled as two six-pulse bridge
rectifiers according to the model of reference (3]. Because
voltage distortion at the HVDC terminal is small, sensitivity
studies showed that the terminal can be modeled as two
harmonic current sources. The source spectra is provided in
Table 11.4. It must be noted that the magnitudes and phase
angles should be scaled and shifted according to the load flow
results [I]. The HVDC terminal is modeled as a constant
power load in the load flow solution.
131
The feeder, shown in Figure 11.4, contains voltage
· IThe SVC consists of harmonic filters and a delta-connected regulators, three and single phase line configurations, shunt
: ITCR. The TCR was modeled using the model of reference [1]. capacitors, and spot and distributed loads. Phase-ground and
IThe firing angle is about 120 degrees. To facilitate the solution phase-phase connected Ioads are included. For harrnonic studies,
,:of the case using programs without a TCR model, the load compositions are specified to include harmonic producing
1
:equivalent load and harmonic spectra of the TCR are listed in loads. Complete data are provided in the Appendix A. Current
:this paper. With this inforrnation, the TCR can be represented spectra for the three load types, namely fluorescent light banks,
,as a constant reactive power load in load flow solution and a adjustable speed drives, and composite ("other") residential
lharrnonic current source in harrnonic analysis. Because the loads, are given for test purposes. The analysis of harmonic
! SVC is relatively small as compared to the HVDC, its impact propagation in distribution systems must necessarily utilize a
10n overall system harmonic distortion is not significant. phase-domain representation. The following items must be
: The harmonic distortion results were obtained using the considered in the analysis of unbalanced distribution systems:
1 harmonic iteration method described in reference [1]. Because
lthe results showed that the voltage distortions at the harmonic 1. It is difficult to identify or specify harmonic-producing loads.
! source buses are small and the equivalent harrnonic current In general, severa! loads are served from one point and the
1injections from the HVDC and SVC are made available in this harrnonic currents represent the aggregate response of several
1 paper, a non-iterative harrnonic solution method which models harrnonic producing devices.
harmonic sources as harrnonic current injections should give 2. Many distribution systems tend to contain capacitors.
1 the same solution results. Frequency sean analysis can be helpful to verify if resonance
conditions exist. Due to a large number of possible harmonic
source locations, however, it is difficult to determine the
frequency sean buses.
H-order 3. The commonly assumed properties under balanced conditions
1 such as the zero-sequence nature of triple harrnonics no
5 0.1941 -67.77 0.0702 longer hold. Harmonic producing devices at the distribution
7 0.1309 11.90 0.0250 leve! can generate uncharacteristic harmonics.
11 0.0758 -7.13 0.0136
4. Load and transforrner connections can have large impacts on
harmonic propagation. The subject of load modeling for
13 0.0586 68.57 0.0075
distribution system harmonic analysis stilJ needs considerable
17 0.0379 0.0062 research [1].
19 0.0329 0.0032
23 0.0226 0.0043 As demonstrated in [1], relatively moderate variations in the
models can have a significant impact on resu1ts. The test system
is specified in a way that highlights ali of these issues. The
Altemative Transients Program was used to calculate harmonic
11.2 Test System No.2: A 13-Bus Unbalanced Utility propagation in the system [5,6]. Partial results are shown in Table
Distribution System 11.5 and Figure 11.5.
This system is based on the IEEE 13 bus radial distribution
1st feeder [4]. The system is unbalanced and serves as a Phase A Phase B Phase C
�nchrnark system for unbalanced harrnonic propagation studies. 1.96 1.034
he system was used in [ l ] for illustrative purposes and, with
1.96 1.034
,iditional modifications, is proposed here as a harrnonics test
rstem. 34 0.96 I.018
71 3.23 1.010
75 3.35 1.003
52 3.30 1.008
911 3.00 0.965
0{>
@
1 Figure 11.4. Test System 2 - Unbalanced Distribution System
132
3------------------------------------·----------
50:GEN-I
iii 100:UTIL-69
,e
Q)
' 1
[!]8US71A
E ' !
•BUS71B
�2 . 1
01:69-1
·�
e mBUS71C
::, � 51:/\UX
...L
.O
·1 l
� 03:MíLL-1
�1
z
;e
·, \
T
l
'"'
:Cl
�
05:FDR F 26:FDRG 06:FDR H
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
T T
Harmonic #
29:Tt I s1fC
T
,igure 11-5. Harmonic Voltage Distortion Spectrum at Node 71 49:RECl�
--¡-;9:T3 SEC 11 :T4 SEct �9:T7SEC
ASO
Modeling and simulation features for this case are:
Figu re 11.6_ Test System 3 - A Balanced Industrial System
Conventional loads were modeled as constant RL impedances
obtained from the given kVA at 60Hz.
Harmonic producing loads were modeled as curre�! sources Additional data used to conduct a harmonic analysis of the
with the specified spectra using the 'Models' capab1hty ofthe example industrial system include the following:
ATP. Magnitudes were scaled based on the fundamental
component of load current and phase angles were adjusted l _ System equivalent impedance. For this study, the syste!l1
based on the phase angle of the voltage across the load impedance was determined from the fault MVA and X/R rat10
obtained from the fundamental frequency solution_ at the utility connection point. These values are 1000 MYA
The motor and the capacitor at node 34 were assumed out of and 22.2, respectively. Driving point impedance (as a funct1on
service. For harmonic frequencies, the motor should be of frequency) at the connection point was not available, but
modeled using its sub-transient impedance (or locked rotor should be used whenever possible.
impedance)_ 2. The local (in-plant) generator was represented as a simple
The voltage regulator was not modeled. Rather, the Thevenin equivalent The interna! voltage, determined from
substation transformer secondary taps on the three-phases the converged power flow solution, is 13.98/-1.52º kV. T�e
were set at +15, + 1O and +13, respectively.
equivalent impedance is the sub-transient impedance which 1s
Lines were modeled as mutually coupled 1t branches. 0.0366+j 1-365 lQ_
3. The plant power factor correction capacitors are rated at 6000
For the case studied, the voltage distortion levels are low_
kvar. As is typically done, leakage and series resistance ofthe
. -his is because severa! loads are connected phase-phase and bank are neglected in this study.
,armonic phase angles are modeled_ As described in reference
4_ The displacement power factor for the drive load is 0.97
l ], significantly different results are obtained depending on t�e
lagging. This high power factor is typical ofdrives operated at
, hoice ofload models and harmonic current source models. 1t 1s
or near full load.
nted that in the examples in [1], ali loads were assumed to be
onnected phase-ground, the motor and capacitor at node 34 are
Table 11.6. Per-Unit Line and Cable Impedance Data
1 service and harmonic source spectra were different from the
(base values: 13.8 kV, 10,000 kVA)
-nes used here.
From To R X
11.4 Test System No.3: A 13-Bus Balanced Industrial 100: UTIL-69 01:69-1 0.00139 0.00296
Distribution System 03:MILL-1 50:GEN- l 0.00122 0.00243
03:MILL-1 05:FDR F 0.00075 0.00063
This test case consists of13 buses and is representative ofa 03:MILL- l 26:FDR G 0.00157 0.00131
¡,1edium-sized industrial plant The system is extracted from a 03:MILL-1 06:FDR H 0.00109 0.00091
ommon system that is being used in many ofthe calculations and
,xamples in the IEEE Color Book series [7]_ The plant is fed Table 1 l .7_ Transformer Data
rrom a utility supply at 69 kV and the local plant distribution
ystem operates at 13.8 kV. The system is shown in Figure 11.6 From To Voltage Tae kVA %R %X
nd described by the data in Tables 11.6-11.9. Due to the 01:69-1 03:MILL-1 69:13.8 69 15000 O.4698 7.9862
!alanced nature of this example, only positive sequence data is 50:GENl 51:AUX 13.8:0.48 13.45 1500 0.9593 5.6694
1 rnvided_ Capacitance of the short overhead line and ali cables 05:FDR F 49:RECT 13.8:0.48 13.45 1250 0.7398 4.4388
Te neglected. 05:FDR F 39:T3 SEC 13.8:4.16 13.11 1725 0.7442 5.9537
26:FDR G 29:T l 1 SEC 13.8:0.48 13.45 1500 0.8743 5.6831
133
(tFDRH 11:T4 SEC 13.8:0.48 13.8 1500 0.8363 5.4360 The results of a harmonic analysis of the system of Figure
ÚFDRH 19:T7 SEC 13.8:2.4 13.11 3750 0.4568 5.4810 11.6 are given in Table 11.10. Fundamental, fifth, and seventh
voltage harmonic amplitudes and THDv are given for each of the
Table 11.8. Generation, Load, and Bus Voltage Data system buses. These results, along with those obtained from a
{from gower flow stud� results} fundamental frequency power flow study (shown in Table 11.8),
I= give an accurate description ofthe voltage profiles in the plant.
Bus Vmag o Pgcn Qgcn P1oad Q1oad
{e.u.} {deg} kW kvar kW kvar
0:UTIL-69 1.000 0.00 7450 540 11.5 Conclusions
101:69-1 0.999 -0.13
13:MILL-1 0.994 -2.40 2240 2000 Complete data for three harmonic test systems has been
150:GENl 0.995 -2.39 2000 1910 presented in this chapter. The systems can be used as benchmark
51:Aux 0.995 -3.53 600 530 systems for the development of new harmonic analysis methods
)5:FDR F 0.994 -2.40 and for the evaluation of existing harmonic software.
1
49:RECT 0.980 -4.72 1150 290 Researchers, developers and users ofharmonic analysis programs
are encouraged to use these systems to test their programs and
':9:T3 SEC 0.996 -4.85 1310 1130
report their comments to the IEEE PES Harmonics Modeling
l6:FDRG 0.994 -2.40 and Simulation Task Force.
,J6:FDRH 0.994 -2.40
:I:T4 SEC 0.979 -3.08 370 330
: 9: T7 SEC 1.001 -4.69 2800 2500 Table 3.5: Plant Harmonic Volta�e Distortion Summa!l'..
9:Tl 1 SEC 0.981 -4.16 810 800 Bus v, V5 Y1 THDv
{V¡,!:!} (VL!:!l {VL!:!l {%2
100: UTIL-69 39645.70 40.37 104.23 0.28
Table 11.9. Harmonic Source Data 01:69-1 39538.00 52.36 135.14 0.37
Harmonic # Percent Relative Angle 03:MILL-1 7712.77 53.51 138.13 1.93
1 100.00 0.00 50:GENl 7726.55 51.72 133.51 1.87
5 18.24 -55.68 51:Aux 262.74 1.72 4.40 1.81
7 11.90 -84.11 05:FDR F 7709.24 54.07 138.35 1.94
11 5.73 -143.56 49:RECT 269.89 12.79 12.83 8.02
13 4.01 -175.58 39:T3 SEC 2240.05 14.83 37.21 1.80
17 1.93 111.39 26:FDRG 7709.07 53.48 138.04 1.93
19 1.39 68.30 06:FDRH 7703.35 53.43 137.91 1.93
23 0.94 -24.61 l 1:T4 SEC 260.40 1.78 4.59 1.90
25 0.86 -67.64 19: T7 SEC 1302.74 8.58 21.78 1.81
29 0.71 -145.46 29:T l 1 SEC 256.29 1.71 4.36 1.84
31 0.62 176.83
35 0.44 97.40
37 0.38 54.36 11.6 Acknowledgment
Specific issues related to modeling for harmonic analysis The Task Force would like to acknowledge the support of the
mst also be considered if the results presented here are to be IEEE PESHarmonics WorkingGroup chaired by Mr. T. Gentile.
btained using different analysis programs. Modeling Case 1 was prepared by W. Xu, Case 2 by S.J. Ranade, and Case
onsiderations applicable to this example include: 3 by M. Halpin. Results were verified by R. Burch, M. Halpin,
C.J.Hatziadoniu, and T.H. Ortmeyer.
All loads are modeled as series RL circuits. This approach is
taken instead of parallel RL modeling to more accurately
represent the lirnited harmonic damping offered by typical 11. 7 References
induction motors without resorting to extremely detailed
motor models. l. IEEE Task Force on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation,
Frequency dependence ofmodel resistance is neglected. This "Modeling and Simulation of the Propagation of Harmonics
is done mainly because of the significant discrepancies that in Electric Power Networks, Part l & 211 IEEE Trans. on
,
exist among various programs available. In addition, Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. l January 1996, pp. 452-474.
neglecting frequency effects on resistance leads to over
conservative results (which are often preferred). 2. CIGRE Working Group 36-05, "Harmonics, Characteristic
Transformer magnetizing branch effects are neglected. In Parameters, Methods of Study, Estimates of Existing Values
addition, increasing winding losses as a function of frequency in the Network", Electra, no. 77, July 1981, pp.35-54.
are also neglected. As discussed in 2 previously, this is done 3. W. Xu, JE. Drakos, Y. Mansour, A. Chang, "A Three-Phase
to avoid problems when comparing the results presented here Converter Model for Harmonic Analysis ofHVDC Systems",
with those obtained using other analysis programs. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No.3, July 1994,
pp.1724-1731.
134
IEEE Distribution Planning Working Group Report," Radial 1.3294+j1.3471 0.2066+j0.4591
' Distribution Test System," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 1.3238+j1.3569
Vol. 6, No.3, Aug.1991, pp.975-985. Y111,c = 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Canadian/American EMTP User's Group "Altemative j4.7097 -j0.8999
Transients Program(ATP) Rule Book" , Portland, OR, 1995. j4.6658
1
H.W. Dommel, "Electromagnetic Transients Program ID 504: phasing A C N, conductor 1/0, neutral 1/0
Reference Manual (EMTP Theory Book)", Prepared for Z111,c = 1.3238+j 1.3569 0.0000-fj0.0000 0.2066-fj0.4591
Bonneville Power Adrninistration, Dept. of Electrical 0.0000-fj0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000
Engineering, University of British Columbia, Aug. 1986. 1.3294+j 1.3471
Y111,c = j4.6658 0.0000 -j0.8999
IEEE Standard 399-1990, "IEEE Recommended Practice for 0.0000 0.0000
Industrial and Commercial Power System Analysis", IEEE,
New York, 1990. j4.7097
1oltage Regulators: Connected at node 31 ID 508: Three-phase URD concentric netural 250 MCM AL cables,
1
1dividual phase control. Wye connected, PT Ratio=20, CT 6" apart on horizontal plane 40 " below ground . Neutral is 13 #14
cating=700 A, R + jX = 3+j9n, voltage leve! = 122 V Cu . 0D over neutral is 1.28 "
Z01,c = 0.8506+j0.4037 0.319 l +j0.0325 0.3191+j0.0325
nmsformers: Node 33 - Node 34 0.8597+j0.4458 0.2848+j-0.0145
DO KVA, 4160 delta - 480, wye volts, z = 1.1 + j 2.0 % 0.8597+j0.4458
Yabc= j94.6212 0.0000 0.0000
i-ine phasing and 60 Hz impedance matrices j94.6212 0.0000
ll.lJ conductors ACSR Line geometry is available from the Internet j94.6212
te. Upper triangle of phase domain impedance (Zabe ohms/mile)
nd admittance (Yabe µS/mile) matrices are shown. For non-existent ID 509: Single-phase URD tape shield; 1/0 copper tape shielded
hases , matrices have been padded with zeros. conductor with separate 1/o copper bare neutral on l " spacing; 40"
deep.
D501: Zabe = 0.9806+j0.5146 0.000o+j0.0000 0.0000-fj0.0000
·hasing BACN, Phase conductor 556,500 26/7, Neutral 4/0 6/1. 0.000o+j0.0000 0.000o+j0.0000
;abe= 0.3477+j 1.0141, 0.1565+j 0.4777 0.1586+j 0.4361 O.000o+j0.0000
0.3375+jl.0478 0.1535+j 0.3849 Yabe = j0.3915 0.0000 0.0000
0.3414+j 1.0348 0.0000 0.0000
-;abe= j6.2450 -jl.7664 -jl.3951 0.0000
j5.8271 -j0.7461
j5.6985 L"me eonnectJVItv Data:
D502: Node-1 Node-J Lení!th (ft) ID
·lhasing CABN, phase conductor 4/0 6/1, neutral 4/0 6/1 32 45 500 503
,;abe = 0.7538+jl.1775 0.1586+j 0.4361, O .1565+j 0.4777 33 32 500 502
' 0.7475+j 1.1983, 0.1535+j 0.3849 45 46 300 503
0.7436+j 1.2112 31 32 2000 501
'abe = j5.6587, -jl.1943 -jl.5024 52 84 800 509
j5.2262 -j0.6626 71 32 2000 501
j5.3220 71 84 800 504
D503: 71 150 1000 501
, hasing CBN, phase conductor 1/0, neutral 1/0 75 92 500 508
84 911 300 505
;abe= 0.0000-fj 0.0000 0.0000-fj 0.0000 0.0000-fj0.0000 71 92 switch
135
10 o o o o o o
lmnt caoacitors (kVar 11 0.009 39.8 0.036 -13.9 o o
:ode Connection Ph-A Ph-B Ph-C 12 o o o o o o
y 200 200 200 13 0.006 182.4 0.029 95.2 o o
o o o o o
,5
1b4 y 125 125 125 14 o
11 o o 100 15 0.005 287.0 0.025 -182.7 o o
oads:
.he following model codes are used: D-delta or phase-phase
,nnection , Y- wye or phase-ground connection. S-constant
',i/A fundamental frequency model, Z-constant impedance
,mdamental frequency model, 1-constant current fundamental
:equency model.
January 1996.
[3] "Harmonics modeling and simulation," IEEE Tutorial Course, IEEE, New
York, 1998.
[6] IEEE Std 399 - 1997, "IEEE Recommended Practice far Industrial and
[12] Arrillaga, J., Bradley, D., and Boger, P. S., "Power Systems
[13] Berman, A., Xu, W., "Analysis of Faulted Power Systems by Phase
Coordinates," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 13, N º 2x, pp. 587 -
[14] Mahmoud Aly A., Shultz Richard D., "A Method for Analizing Harmonic
1995.
[18) Deri, A., Tevan, G., Semlyen, A., Castanheira, A., "The Complex
August 1985.
[22) Dugan, R. C., McGranghan, F. M., and Beaty, H. W., "Electrical Power
by Aysen Arsoy, S. Mark Halpin, Yilu Liu, Paulo F. Ribeiro, IEEE No.
Electrical Power Systems," John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., England, 1983.