Goeritz AV-revisado
Goeritz AV-revisado
Goeritz AV-revisado
Laberinto de vanguardias
The Mexican Dream of Mathias Goeritz
Fernando Quesada
Mathias Goeritz (Danzig, Alemania do recurrentemente como rival de los invasor del espacio americano, como
1915-México D.F., 1990) fue un artista muralistas mexicanos y representante un auténtico otro en un espacio cultural
que transitó por la práctica totalidad de en México de la cultura internacional tan marcado en términos identitarios
las disciplinas y los lenguajes artísti- del arte abstracto-concreto. Según como el mexicano surrealista postre-
Goeritz at the Altamira School, Santillana del Mar, Spain (1948)
cos del siglo xx con una sorprendente esta lectura dicotómica, al muralismo volucionario. Es esta lectura la que va
naturalidad y oportunidad histórica, politizado se enfrentaría el abstracto- a ensayarse aquí a través de una serie
como atestigua la exposición antológi- concreto apolítico en pares conceptua- de jalones espacio-temporales.
ca que le dedica el Museo Reina Sofía, les: local-global; identitario-genérico;
titulada ‘El retorno de la serpiente’. La crítico-acrítico; social-individual; Danzig-Berlín: expresionismo
enorme dificultad que supone intentar obrero-burgués: pares en los que Goeritz estudió Historia del Arte en la
comprender su zigzagueante trayecto- Goeritz ocuparía siempre los segun- Friedrich Wilhelm Universität entre
ria puede verse aliviada si se entrecru- dos términos. Sin embargo, frente a 1935-1940, donde se doctoró. En su
za con una constelación de nombres, esta lectura del europeo colonizador, autobiografía ficticia afirma que ade-
muchos de ellos arquitectos, que in- cabría otra interpretación, en la que el más tomó clases de dibujo con Max
terfirieron en su trabajo y en su vida, actor colonizado por un supuesto pri- Kaus y Hans Orlowski, y de teoría con
ambos marcados por el exilio y el viaje mitivo indígena mexicano sería el pro- Max Deri y Eckardt von Sydow. Kaus
permanentes. Goeritz ha sido presenta- pio Goeritz, que aparecía así como un había sido compañero de los expresio-
Mathias Goeritz (Danzig, 1915-Mex- representative in Mexico of the inter- terms as the post-revolutionary sur-
El MNCARS dedica ico City, 1900) was an artist who jour- national culture of abstract-concrete realist Mexican one is. It is this read-
una gran muestra a neyed through practically all the ar- art. This dichotomy conceptually ing that I will discuss below through a
Mathias Goeritz, cuya tistic disciplines and languages of the sets apolitical abstract-concrete art series of space-time milestones.
zigzagueante obra 20th century with astonishing ease and against politicized muralism in con-
mezcló la vanguardia historical timing. This becomes clear ceptual pairs: local/global, identify- Danzig-Berlin: Expressionism
europea con los in the Reina Sofía Museum’s antho- ing/generic, critical/acritical, social/ Goeritz studied art history at Fried-
invariantes de las logical exhibition devoted to him, titled individual, proletarian/bourgeois. rich Wilhelm Universität from 1935
culturas americanas. ‘The Return of the Snake.’ The diffi- Goeritz would always align with the to 1940, the year he earned his doc-
The Reina Sofía culty in trying to understand his zigzag second terms. However, there is an al- torate. In his fictitious autobiogra-
devotes an exhibition trajectory is alleviated by the fact that ternative to this colonizing European phy he claimed to have taken draw-
to Mathias Goeritz, it intertwines with a constellation of reading, an interpretation where the ing classes with Max Kaus and Hans
whose career names, many of them architects, who actor colonized by an alleged primitive Orlowsky, and theory with Max Deri
mixed European had a bearing on his work and life, both Mexican native is Goeritz himself, who and Eckart von Sydow. Kaus had
avant-garde with marked by permanent exile and travel. thus appears as an invader of Ameri- been with the expressionists Heckel
the constants of Goeritz has been repeatedly presented can space, as a real other in a cultural and Schmidt-Rotluff; Deri had pub-
American cultures. as a rival of Mexican muralists and a space which is as marked in identifying lished in three essential magazines:
Dibujo Museo Experimental El Eco (1952) La Serpiente de El Eco The Snake of El Eco, Mexico DF (1953)
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El vitalismo y el panteísmo Vitalism and pantheism
constituyen uno de los constitute one of the
motivos más recurrentes most recurrent motifs
de Goeritz, el de las of Goeritz, that of the
torres, que alcanza su más towers, which reaches its
conocida expresión en el most famous expression
proyecto para la Ciudad in the Satellite City
Satélite, desarrollado project, developed
junto a Luis Barragán. with Luis Barragán.
Aquí y allá
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Con motivo de los Juegos On the occasion of
Olímpicos de México en the Olympic Games of
1968, Goeritz promovió Mexico in 1968, Goeritz
la Ruta de la Amistad, promoted the Route of
un circuito escultórico Friendship, a sculptural
urbano de 17 kilómetros urban circuit measuring
de longitud en el que 17 kilometers long, in
participaron una decena which several foreign
de artistas extranjeros. artists participated.
Tangier-Santillana: Abstraction
In Morocco Goeritz met his first wife,
the photographer Marianne Gast, and
after the war ended the next step was
Spain, until 1949. In Madrid he met
Ángel Ferrant and with him and the crit-
ics Ricardo Gullón and Pablo Beltrán
de Heredia he founded the Altamira
School in Santillana del Mar. His only
students were Mexicans and his sub-
sequent move to Mexico is attributable
to them: the painter Alejandro Rangel
and the historian Ida Rodríguez Pram- La Osa Mayor (proyecto para la Ruta de la Amistad) The Great Bear (project for the Route of Friendship) (1968)
polini, who in 1948 returned to Mexico in contact with the architecture of Luis and build the El Eco Experimental Satellite Towers, developed with Luis
and married Edmundo O’Gorman, Barragán, the colors of Chucho Reyes, Museum, his first architectural work Barragán, increased Goeritz’s inter-
brother of the architect and painter Tapatío folklore, and pre-Hispanic and one of the culminations of a line national presence considerably.
Juan O’Gorman. Contact with Rodrí- culture of landscaping monumental- of work initiated shortly before. As
guez, later his second wife, exposed ity in paradoxical confluence with the signs of verticality charged with a New York: Concrete Poetry
him to the aesthetic-political system of miniature. There were pictorial-archi- certain mystic, pantheistic vitalism, With the pieces attached to the towers,
Edmundo O’Gorman, whose Crisis y tectural abstract mural experiments the towers appeared for the first time Goeritz made contact with Carstairs
porvenir de la ciencia histórica (1947) and the first sculptures made with in a crucifixion of 1951, a sculpture Gallery in New York. Philip Johnson
and The Invention of America (1958) pumpkins, as well as sculptural crea- 63 centimeters tall, to later suffer a acquired a piece; Friedrich Kiesler
may have marked the beginnings of tures paying tribute to a bird existing series of mutations between draw- struck a permanent relationship with
post-colonial studies in Mexico. only in Veracruz, the zopilot. In 1950 ing, sculpture, and architecture that Goertiz; and Herbert Bayer connected
a book was published, titled The Art of transmuted them into totem figures, Goeritz to ARCO, an association of
Guadalajara: Architecture Ancient Mexico, by another German abstract prisms, an urban complex, gallery owners and businessmen who
From 1949 to 1953 Goeritz lived in expatriate, Paul Westheim, dedicated and an inhabitable architectural would later give Goeritz major com-
Guadalajara, practicing as a sculptor, to his master, Worringer, and which space. Beside the towers appear ser- missions. The artist was exposed to
illustrator, and finally cultural man- investigates a pre-Hispanic religious pents and other creatures of the Aztec the aggressive commercial world of
ager. The financial backing of Ignacio imagery that takes on artistic form religious universe. So, juxtaposed in art in the United States. In parallel,
Díaz Morales from the School of Ar- from the idea of community. El Eco are the Yellow Tower and the the work linked to the towers became
chitecture and his teaching of Basic Serpent that Gregory Battock, look- a construction carried out with cubic
Design allowed him to expand his Mexico City: Towers and City ing from a hegemonic-central angle, forms of perforated metal sheet. The
activities to organizing lecture series, In the capital the businessman Daniel considered an anticipation of North transition of groups of massive towers
conferences, and seminars. He came Mont commissioned Goeritz to design American Minimal. El Eco and the five to constructions of metal sheet evolved
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En la última etapa creativa In the last creative
de Goeritz, las atmósferas period of Goeritz, gold
de panes de oro dejan leaf atmospheres gave
paso el monumentalismo way to monumentalism
y la fusión entre artes y and the fusion of arts
disciplinas, evidenciada and disciplines, clearly
en obras como el reflected in works like
Laberinto de Jerusalén o Jerusalem Labyrinth or
el Espacio escultórico. Sculpture Space.
Mensaje nº XV (1959)
aumentaron notablemente la presencia el plano metálico, lo que da lugar a cación global y la sociedad sin clases Eco, derivados de su profundo conoci-
internacional de Goeritz. los monocromáticos de pan de oro. En secular. La vinculación de Goeritz y miento de la vanguardia arquitectóni-
1960 y a las puertas del MoMA reparte de Ida Rodríguez con el GIAP, muy ca ligada al GIAP, pero pasada por el
Nueva York: poesía concreta octavillas en las que clama por un ‘ar- intensa, duró más de una década. Por tamiz de la artesanía y una narración
Con las piezas ligadas a las torres, te-plegaria’ y contra el ‘arte-mierda’ su parte, continúa aumentando la cola- del laberinto como espacio negativo
Goeritz entabla contacto con la ga- mientras practica poesía concreta. boración con arquitectos: Ricardo Le- del Talmud judío. De la utopía tecno-
lería Carstais de Nueva York. Philip gorreta, Ricardo de Robina, Abraham lógica del GIAP a la utopía narrativa
Johnson adquirió una pieza; Friedrich París: utopía Zabludovsky o Teodoro González de del Templo judío semiotizado en el
Kiesler entabló una relación perma- En 1965 se funda el GIAP, una aso- León. La relación con Ragon se amplía Talmud, el itinerario de Goeritz una
nente con Goeritz; y Herbert Bayer ciación transnacional de arquitectos mediante contactos con artistas que fa- vez más se realiza en reverso.
puso en contacto a Goeritz con ARCO, (Yona Friedman, Ionel Schein, Ni- cilitaron la Ruta de la Amistad escultó-
una asociación de galeristas y empre- colas Schöffer), urbanistas (Jacques rica comisariada por Goeritz para los México DF: disolución del arte
sarios que posteriormente realizaron Bardet, Jean-Claude Bernard, Edou- Juegos Olímpicos de México en 1968. En 1975 cofunda la comunidad de
encargos de mucha envergadura a ard Utujian), sociólogos (Abraham artistas GUCADIGOSE, acrónimo
Goeritz. El artista se ve así expuesto al Moles, Jean Fourastié), críticos (Mi- Aspen: ecología radical de los artistas Angela Gurría, Geles
agresivo universo comercial del arte en chel Ragon, Pierre Restany) y artistas Gracias a Herbert Bayer, Goeritz fue Cabrera, Juan Luis Díaz, Mathías
EE UU. En paralelo, las torres se con- (Mathias Goeritz, James Guilet, Vasa- invitado a participar como artista resi- Goeritz, y Sebastián. En su manifiesto
vierten en una construcción de formas rely). Bajo la paternidad intelectual de dente del International Design Confe- se retomaron dos temáticas ya conoci-
cúbicas de chapa metálica agujereada. Moles y Pierre Francastel, esta asocia- rence en Aspen. Acudió por primera das para Goeritz y abiertamente políti-
La transición de los conjuntos de torres ción advocó por una Gesamtkunswerk vez en 1970 para la conferencia ‘En- cas: la conciencia ecológica radical y
masivas a las construcciones de chapa tecno-utópica-humanista que predica- vironment by Design’, donde un grupo la comunidad artesanal. En 1978-79,
evoluciona hacia un interés pleno por ba la participación social, la tecnifi- de participantes de Berkeley, influidos en comunidad con otros cinco artistas,
por Buckminster Fuller y Reyner Ban- se construye la última gran obra de
ham, realizó una demoledora crítica Goeritz, el Espacio escultórico, una
desde una posición ecológica radical pieza circular monumental realizada
que se enfrentaba a las premisas refor- con piezas huecas de hormigón arma-
mistas liberales mantenidas por Bayer do rodeando un vacío telúrico central
desde su posición de enlace I+D+i de lava negra, inaugurada con un ri-
entre empresas, diseñadores y artis- tual compuesto por una multitud de
tas. Goeritz acudió a Aspen en varias cuerpos en movimiento en un juego
ocasiones y allí enlazó sus intereses coreográfico comunitario que disol-
iniciales sobre el paisaje mexicano vía por completo la figura del artista.
con la contracultura ecologista de la Intervinieron activamente biólogos,
Costa Oeste de EE UU. La posición botánicos y geógrafos. La disolución
de Goeritz ante estos acontecimientos del arte en lo social, lo geológico y
se hace muy próxima al ecologismo y lo histórico es aquí completa en una
abiertamente crítica hacia el corporati- forma-gesto nítida, monumental y
vismo reformista practicado en Aspen. fuera del tiempo.
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Mathias Goeritz y Herbert Bayer, Sin título Without Title (1979)
towards full interest in the metal plane Jerusalem: Monument narrative utopia of the Jewish Temple of biologists, botanists, and geogra-
as support, which gave rise to gold leaf Goeritz returned to the religious semiotized in the Talmud, Goeritz’s phers. The dissolution of art in the so-
monochromatics. In 1960, at the doors sphere with the stained glass windows path again flowed in reverse. cial, geological, and historical realms
of the MoMA he handed out leaflets for of the cathedrals of Mexico City and is here complete in a form-gesture
‘art-pray’ and against ‘art-shit’ while Cuernavaca, with Ricardo de Robina, Mexico City: Dissolution of Art which is clear-cut, monumental, and
practicing concrete poetry. the Capuchin Convent of Mexico City, In 1975 he cofounded the artists’ lying outside of time.
with Barragán and Chucho Reyes, and community GUCADIGOSE, acronym Mathias Goeritz has still not found
Paris: Utopia his first foray into Judaism with an for the artists Ángela Gurría, Geles the right place in the hegemonic his-
In 1965, the GIAP was founded. It was intervention, undertaken with archi- Cabrera, Juan Luis Díaz, Mathias toriographies of 20th-century art and
a transnational association of archi- tect Guillermo Hume, for the Maguen Goeritz, and Sebastián. Its manifesto architecture. This is due to numerous
tects (Yona Friedman, Ionel Schein, David synagogue. This changing, picked up on two themes already fa- factors which together prevent him
Nicolas Schöffer), urban planners secular, voluptuous relation with sa- miliar to Goeritz and openly political: from getting full recognition as a vi-
(Jacques Bardet, Jean-Claude Ber- cred spatiality and light culminated in radical ecological awareness and sual artist, sculptor, architect, teacher,
nard, Edouard Utujian), sociologists the Jerusalem Labyrinth of 1974-1980. artisanal community. In 1978-79, in and cultural administrator. This diver-
(Abraham Moles, Jean Fourastié), Its vertiginous spatiality recovered as- community with five other artists, Go- sity of facets in his activities within the
critics (Michel Ragon, Pierre Res- pects tested in El Eco, derived from eritz carried out his last great work, world of art and architecture, com-
tany), and artists (Goeritz, James his familiarity with the architectural Sculpture Space, a monumental circu- bined with a practice that was no less
Guilet, Vasarely). Under the intellec- avant-garde of GIAP, but put through lar space executed with a ritual com- diverse in artistic language, and also
tual fatherhood of Moles and Pierre the filter of artisanal technology and posed of numerous bodies moving in a with his position as cultural otherness
Francastel, it advocated a techno- a narration of the maze as a negative choreographic community game that as a European in Mexico, continues to
utopian-humanist Gesamtkunstwerk space of the Jewish Talmud. From the completely dissolved the figure of the draw for us a labyrinthian and enor-
that preached about social participa- technological utopia of the GIAP to the artist. There was active participation mously rich profile of Mathias Goeritz.
tion, global technification, and secu-
lar classless society. The connection
of Goeritz and Rodríguez with the
GIAP was intense, lasting over a de-
cade. Meanwhile, his collaboration
with architects – Legorreta, Ricardo
de Robina, Zabludovsky, González
de León... – kept increasing. His ties
with Ragon intensified through con-
tact with artists involved in the Route
of Friendship curated by Goeritz for
the Mexican Olympics of 1968.
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