UCSF

Background

In large rotator cuff tears, retraction of the supraspinatus muscle creates suprascapular nerve traction and compression. However, suprascapular nerve transection, when used in previous models, is different from chronic compression of the suprascapular nerve in patients. To define the role of suprascapular nerve chronic injury in rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration, we developed a novel reversible suprascapular nerve compression mouse model.

Questions/purposes

We asked: (1) Can suprascapular nerve injury be induced by compression but reversed after compression release? (2) Can muscle fatty infiltration be induced by suprascapular nerve compression and reversed after compression release? (3) Is white fat browning involved in fatty infiltration resorption?

Methods

Mice in a common strain of C57BL/6J were randomly assigned to suprascapular nerve transection (n = 10), nerve compression (n = 10), nerve compression and release (n = 10), or sham control (n = 10) groups. To study the role or white fat browning on muscle fatty infiltration, additional UCP1 reporter mice (n = 4 for nerve compression and n = 4 for nerve compression release) and knockout mice (n = 4 for nerve compression and n = 4 for nerve compression release) were used. Nerve injury was testified using osmium tetroxide staining and neural muscular junction staining and then semiquantified by counting the degenerating axons and disrupted junctions. Muscle fatty infiltration was evaluated using Oil Red O staining and then semiquantified by measuring the area fraction of fat. Immunofluorescent and Oil Red O staining on UCP1 transgenic mice was conducted to testify whether white fat browning was involved in fatty infiltration resorption. Ratios of UCP1 positively stained area and fat area to muscle cross-section area were measured to semiquantify UCP1 expression and fatty infiltration in muscle by blinded reviewers. Analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc comparisons was used for statistical analysis between groups.

Results

Suprascapular nerve injury was induced by compression but reversed after release. The ratios of degenerating axons were: sham control: 6% ± 3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3%-10%); nerve compression: 58% ± 10% (95% CI, 45%-70% versus sham, p < 0.001); and nerve compression and release: 15% ± 9% (95% CI, 5%-26% versus sham, p = 0.050). The supraspinatus muscle percentage area of fatty infiltration increased after 6 weeks of nerve compression (19% ± 1%; 95% CI, 18%-20%; p < 0.001) but showed no difference after compression release for 6 weeks (5% ± 3%; 95% CI, 1%-10%; p = 0.054) compared with sham (2% ± 1%; 95% CI, 1%-3%). However, the fat area fraction in UCP1 knockout mice did not change after nerve compression release (6% ± 1%; 95% CI, 4%-8% at 2 weeks after compression and 5% ± 0.32%; 95% CI, 4%-6% after 2 weeks of release; p = 0.1095).

Conclusions

We developed a clinically relevant, reversible suprascapular nerve compression mouse model. Fatty infiltration resorption after compression release was mediated through white fat browning.

Clinical relevance

If the mechanism of browning of white fat in rotator cuff muscle fatty infiltration can be confirmed in humans, a UCP1 agonist may be an effective treatment for patients with suprascapular nerve injury.