HG - Hidrokimia Air Asam Tambang
HG - Hidrokimia Air Asam Tambang
HG - Hidrokimia Air Asam Tambang
Peristilahan
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
Air yang terkontaminasi akibat
kontak dengan aktivitas
penambangan
KARAKTERISTIK AMD
Metals
Hg, Pb
As, Se
Cd, Sb,
Ag, CN
Cu, Zn
Pb, U
Cr, Fe
Hg
Putih
Aluminum
Hitam
Mangan
Cara Baru
Pengolahan dengan teknologi sianida heap
leach
Kimia AMD
Pelapukan Pirit
+
Jenis Logam: Kaya As, Sb, Zn, Cu
Fe, Al, Mn
Kaya Sulfate
pirit
air
udara
pH rendah
+ Logam
Besi-Sulfida
Pyrite (FeS2)
Marcasite (FeS2 )
Galena (PbS)
Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)
Pyrrhotite (Fe(1-x)Sx)
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
Sphalerite (ZnS)
Bornite (Cu5FeS4)
Kimia AMD
Oksida besi
Oksidasi Pirit: II
FeS2 + 7/2O2 + H2O Fe2+ + 2SO42- + 2H+
FeS2 + 14Fe3+ + 8H2O 15Fe2+ + 2SO42- +16H+
Fe(II) + S2
2-
+ O2
FeS2 (s) + O2
Fe (II) + SO4
2-
fast
microbial
+ O2
+ FeS2 (s)
slow
fast
inorg.
Fe(III) = Fe(OH)3 (s)
Sumber:
Stumm and Singer (1980)
2.0
--
-2.0
-2.0
-4.0
-2.0
4.4d
150d
Fisika
Tekstur, Ukuran Butir
Temperatur
Biologi
Oksidasi Fe- dan S-oleh bakteri
Buffering of Mineral D
(e.g. feldspars)
Time
Kimia AMD
Luas permukaan kontak
Semakin luas permukaan semakin cepat bereaksi
Lebih kecil butiran lebih luas permukaannya
Pengolahan AMD
Cara Aktif dan Pasif
Aktif
Penambahan alkalinitas untuk meningkatkan pH
Efektif tetapi mahal
Pasif
Menggunakan cara-cara alami
Perawatan mudah dan murah
Tergantung dari volume
24
Plant uptake
Output=
Cleaner
[inc. pH]
Oxidizing
ppt of Fe-OH-O-SO4
adsorption
See Kwong & Stempvoort (1994)
(Mt. Washington, B.C.)
Reducing
2SO4 to H2S
ppt (Fe,Me)S
Fe
SO4
Mine Tailings
2-
Fe(OH)3
Al(OH)3
FeCO3
after Ptacek and Blowes (1994)
CaCO3
Surface Discharge
Tailings
Oxidation Zone
Neutralization Zone
Dam
Process Water
Seepage
Infiltration
Surface Runoff
Basal
Drainage
Seepage
Collection
Ditch
Infiltration
ARD Seepage
Post-Mining
Groundwater
Table
Residual Sulphide
Rock Debris
Residual
Sulphides
ARD Seepage
Ore Body
ARD Seepage
Groundwater Flow
Through Rockmass
Open Pit
Water
Flow
GloryHole
Sulphide
Exposure
Infiltration
Mine
Workings
Open Stope
Rockfill
Residual
Sulphide Exposures
(see inset backfill
alternatives)
ARD
Mine
Workings
ARD
Ore Body
C
Tailings
(uncemented)
Tailings
(cemented)
Pre-Mining
Groundwater
Table
Post-Mining
Groundwater
Table
Alkali Minerals
Jenis
Karbonat
Kalsit (CaCO3)
Dolomit (Ca,Mg(CO3)2)
Hidroksida
Fe(OH)3
Al(OH)3
Silikat
Lempung
Penelitian ARD
Kimia air tergantung kepada:
Site Characterization
Design
Field investigation & Sampling
Lab testing
New Mines
ARD probably not evident
Objective is to determine ARD potential
Fresh samples used for testing and prediction
Long term behavior based on kinetic testing, modeling and
prediction
Existing and Abandoned Mines
ARD may be evident/mature
Field reconnaissance used to define ARD
Historic data (time trends) extremely useful
Limited laboratory testing required
Field instrumentation and monitoring possible
Background altered, requires simulation
Design
Field Investigations
Objectives
Detect early signs of ARD
Determine potential for ARD
Assess factors that control ARD
Evaluate control measures
Determine environmental impact
Assess compliance with regulatory
standards
Field Investigations
What to bring:
Eyes that know what to look
for
pH and conductivity meters
Acid bottle, hydrogen
peroxide, sulfate kit
Geological pick, hand lens,
sampling bags, camera,
GPS unit
Site map, history, data
2.2
Field Investigations
Things to look for:
Visible pyrite or other sulfides (oxidation) & calcite
Red, orange, yellow, white, blue staining (precipitates, water)
Field Investigations
Things to log in the field:
Paste pH
Paste conductivity
Colour
Lithology
Sulfide content
Secondary mineralogy
Degree of fizz
Moisture content
Grain size
Field Investigations
General Methodology
Visual observation of site
Paste pH and water quality data
Field extraction testing
Classify types of wastes
Solids sampling (for lab testing)
Field Investigations
Geochemistry:
TDS vs pH
Field Paste pH vs. Field Paste TDS
2200
2000
Dike samples
1800
1600
Pit Samples
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Field Paste pH
10.0
12.0
14.0
Steps:
Sampling
(Existing Mines)
Test Methods
Static ARD Tests
balance between potentially acid generating and consuming
tool for waste management
includes geological/mineralogical
characterization
individual samples
Kinetic Tests
oxidation and metal leaching rates
water chemistry prediction
Procedures
Paste pH and conductivity on the as received fines
Acid-Base Accounting Tests
Net Acid Generation (NAG) - also an accelerated kinetic test
B.C. Research Initial Test
Lapakko Neutralization Potential Test
H2O2 Oxidation (modified for siderite correction)
Net Carbonate Value (NCV) for ABA Tests
Leach extraction analyses
Forward acid titration tests
Multi-element ICP analyses
Example:
S=2%
AP = 62.5 kgCaCO3/t
NP = 90 kgCaCO3/t
NNP = 27.5 kgCaCO3/t
NP/AP = 1.4:1
Note: units and acronyms used are different in Australiasia, local references
should be sought for correct usage, terminology, guidelines etc.
Interpretation
20
Non-acid
generating
1:1 ratio
3:1 ratio
15
Uncertain acid
generating potential
Potentially acid
generating
10
Start with
guidelines or
general criteria
for classification,
then develop
site- specific
criteria
12
Potentially acid
generating
10
0
5
AP (kg CaCO3/t equiv)
10
15
Paste pH
Uncertain acid
generating potential
Non-acid
generating
20
6
4
2
0
-50
-30
-10
10
30
Net Neutralisation Potential (NP-AP) (kg CaCO3/t equiv)
50