IDPM: Institute for Development Policy and Management

Resumen Este artículo describe los esquemas de modulación y acceso al medio para un sistema satelital de órbita baja basados en GFSK y FHSS/TDMA. A través de simulaciones son comparados estos esquemas con sistemas utilizados convencionalmente en el ...

This paper describes the modulation scheme and channel access for a satellital system of low orbit based on GFSK and FHSS/TDMA. Through simulations these scheme are compared with systems used conventionally in the working of satellites LEO. This as a result of the grade project developed in the Group of Investigation GITUD.

Africa is a continent with remarkable economic potential yet the least developed largely due to its inadequate human capital to transform this potential into social and economic development. The focus on provision of classroom education as the cornerstone of human capital development in Africa has not produced the desirable outcomes expected. We see an important role in this process within the workplace, and thus argue that the role of Human Resource (HR) professionals in Human Capital development in Africa deserves serious attention. The paper outlines why and how HR professionals can contribute to the development of Africa's human capital. It also highlights the challenges HR professionals will face and the competencies they will need to address the challenges. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research.

It is widely argued that institutions and organizations are the building blocks of modern societies. However, African nations are characterized by an institutional void and ineffective organizations. In fact, even the effectiveness of informal institutions such as customs and traditions is now debatable. Therefore, this paper sets out to provide a novel approach for building effective organizations, leaders and people based on the foundation of spirituality and the African philosophy of Ubuntu. We coupled the concepts of spirituality and Ubuntu and advanced a framework and techniques to guide the development of African organizations and its people. We have provided theoretical and practical rationale for the use of spirituality and Ubuntu to augment the Western-based modern approach to managing organizations and their people.

This paper considers the usefulness of the concept of child trafficking in the context of teenage migration from Bolivia to Argentina. The paper starts with an overview of the international context in relation to child trafficking for labour exploitation and then proceeds to examine the situation in Latin America. It argues that child trafficking in general and for labour exploitation in particular is a neglected issue in South America where it is often not perceived to be a problem. Child trafficking for labour exploitation is, however, a widespread phenomenon which takes place in close connection to both internal as well as international migration and is often related to culturally embedded forms of patronage. The paper then turns to the specific case of Bolivian migration to Argentina where it identifies its characteristics and recent trends in order to better situate child trafficking.Four cases of child trafficking for labour exploitation are presented in order to examine (1) the reasons for wanting to migrate, (2) the modes of recruitment, (3) the working conditions, and (4) the consequences of child trafficking. Given their differences, these cases are compared and contrasted in order to highlight key issues in child trafficking for labour exploitation, namely, its embeddedness in child labour practices and culturally specific understanding of adulthood. The detailed analysis of the selected cases indicates that by adopting a biographical approach, it is possible to understand trafficking as a phase within what is a much larger process of labour migration. This in turn raises questions related to the usefulness of the concept of “child trafficking” in this particular context.The final section addresses the policy implications of the issues raised in the analysis of the four cases. It concludes with recognition of the consequences of restrictive migration policies and of the need to tackle the root causes of migrants' and children's rights abuses.TRAITE DES ENFANTS OU MIGRATION DES ADOLESCENTS ? LES MIGRANTS BOLIVIENS EN ARGENTINECet article examine l'utilité du concept de traite des enfants dans le cadre de la migration d'adolescents de Bolivie en Argentine. Il dresse, tout d'abord dans un contexte international, un panorama de la traite des enfants à des fins d'exploita-tion de leur travail, puis examine la situation en Amérique latine. Il avance que la traite des enfants en général, et à des fins d'exploitation de leur travail en particulier, est une question dont on se désintéresse en Amérique du Sud où elle n'est souvent pas considérée comme un problème. La traite des enfants à des fins d'exploitation de leur travail est pourtant un phénomène répandu, étroitement liéà la migration interne tout comme à la migration internationale, et elle est souvent liée à des formes de favoritisme inscrites dans la culture. Cet article porte ensuite sur le cas précis de la migration bolivienne en Argentine, il en expose les caracté-ristiques et les tendances récentes dans le but de mieux situer la traite des enfants.Quatre cas de traite des enfants à des fins d'exploitation de leur travail sont présentés afin d'examiner : (1) les raisons de leur volonté de migrer; (2) les modes de recrutement; (3) les conditions de travail; (4) les conséquences de la traite des enfants. Étant donné leurs différences, ces cas sont comparés et mis en contraste pour faire ressortir les questions clés de la traite des enfants à des fins d'exploitation de leur travail, à savoir son ancrage dans la pratique du travail des enfants et la compréhension culturelle de l'âge adulte. L'analyse détaillée des cas retenus montre qu'en adoptant une approche biographique, il est possible de comprendre la traite comme un aspect du processus beaucoup plus vaste de la migration de main-d'oeuvre. Ce qui, par contrecoup, soulève des questions quant à l'utilité du concept de « traite des enfants » dans ce contexte précis.La dernière partie de cet article, qui porte sur les implications politiques des questions soulevées dans l'analyse des quatre cas, constate pour finir les conséquences des politiques migratoires restrictives et la nécessité de s'attaquer aux causes profondes des atteintes aux droits des migrants et des enfants.¿TRATA DE MENORES O EMIGRACIÓN DE ADOLESCENTES? LOS MIGRANTES BOLIVIANOS EN LA ARGENTINAEste artículo examina la utilidad de considerar el concepto de trata de menores en el contexto de la emigración de adolescentes desde Bolivia a la Argentina. Inicialmente el documento ofrece un panorama del contexto internacional de trata de menores con fines de explotación laboral y luego examina la situación en América Latina. En él, se arguye que en Sudamérica no se ha prestado la debida atención a la trata de menores en general, y aquélla con fines de explotación laboral en particular, porque no se percibe como un problema. Ello no obstante, la trata de menores con fines de explotación laboral es un fenómeno muy difundido que se produce en el contexto de la migración interna e internacional y, a menudo, está enraizado culturalmente como una forma de patronato. En este artículo se examina concretamente el caso de la migración boliviana hacia la Argentina y se identifican sus características y recientes tendencias a fin de situar adecuadamente la trata de menores.Seguidamente, se examinan cuatro cuestiones relativas a los menores objeto de trata con fines de explotación laboral: (1) las razones por las que deseaban emigrar; (2) las modalidades de contratación; (3) las condiciones de trabajo; y (4) las consecuencias de la trata de menores. Habida cuenta de sus diferencias, estos casos se comparan y contrastan a fin de poner de relieve cuestiones clave en la trata de menores con fines de explotación laboral, es decir, el arraigo a prácticas laborales infantiles y la comprensión específicamente cultural de lo que es ser adulto. El análisis detallado de los casos seleccionados apunta a que, al adoptar una perspectiva biográfica, es posible asimilar la trata como una etapa dentro de un proceso de migración laboral mucho más amplio. Ello a su vez plantea una serie de preguntas con relación a la utilidad del concepto de “trata de menores” en este contexto particular.En la sección final de este artículo se abordan las repercusiones políticas de las cuestiones planteadas en el análisis de las cuatro cuestiones antedichas. Para concluir, se reconocen las consecuencias de políticas migratorias restrictivas y la necesidad de encarar las causas originarias de las violaciones de los derechos de los migrantes y menores.

The current economic downturn has a significant impact on migrants' lives, including their considerations of return. Massive returns have potentially disastrous consequences for migrants' countries of origin, especially those countries that have become dependent on remittances. Yet, return is the least understood part of the migration process. Based on comparative observations of the same group of migrants following the Argentinean crisis in 2001 and the current economic downturn in Spain, this paper sheds light on how migrants decide about returning to their country of origin during times of crises. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Même si la définition mondialement acceptée de la traite des personnes inclut la migration et l'exploitation dans tout secteur économique, la recherche et les initiatives concernant la traite des adultes se sont surtout cristallisées sur les migrantes travailleuses du sexe. Cette étroite polarisation sur les femmes et le travail du sexe a permis le développement d'un cadre de référence centré sur les femmes, tout en privant d'attention nécessaire les questions liées au genre dans la traite des personnes. Cet article identifie le manque d'analyse liée au genre dans la traite des personnes comme une lacune de la recherche actuelle et ébauche des solutions correctives. L'auteure soutient d'abord que la traite des personnes doit être considérée comme partie intégrante de la migration vers l'emploi. L'analyse aborde ensuite les deux éléments essentiels de la traite des personnes, le mouvement et l'exploitation. À l'aide d'exemples latino-américains, l'auteure identifie les processus sociaux-économiques qui causent la migration liée au genre et ceux qui rendent les migrants plus vulnérables à la traite des personnes. Des études de cas servent à démontrer que cesser de traiter en victime les personnes touchées par la traite pour reconnaître la propre agence des migrants est un premier pas vers l'assurance que leurs droits de personnes et de travailleurs seront protégés.

Tanja Bastia is a British Academy Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the University of Manchester. I would like to acknowledge the support of the British Academy for their support, which enabled me to return to the field and expand my doctoral research.

Los "tours en las villas miseria" deben de ser una de las novedades recientes más estrambóticas de la industria del turismo internacional. Ofreciendo "seguridad e historias de primera mano", atraen a esos turistas de clase media que se sienten muy alejados de la pobreza mundial en su vida cotidiana, pero que quieren experimentarla en persona en sus breves visitas a las ciudades globales del mundo en desarrollo. Para los inmigrantes pobres de uno de los países más pobres de Latinoamérica, la visión de las villas miserias es abrumadora. Recordando sus primeros viajes a Buenos Aires, los inmigrantes boli-83 Panorama 86 nº 98 2007 .

La cohesión social ha surgido recientemente como una importante fuente de inquietud en los debates sobre las migraciones en la Unión Europea (UE). Varios Estados miembros, como el Reino Unido, preocupados ante el aumento de la inmigración y el supuesto fracaso de la integración de los inmigrantes en la cultura, sociedad y política de los países de acogida, están proponiendo controles más estrictos sobre la inmigración como solución a la crisis de la cohesión social. Son numerosos los argumentos que pueden esgrimirse para justificar esta postura: desde una actitud alarmista ante lo que se percibe como un incremento exponencial en el número de nuevos inmigrantes, hasta las objeciones que plantean las autoridades locales, que consideran que tener que albergar un número creciente de inmigrantes en infraestructuras escolares, hospitalarias y alojamientos limitados, además de tener que hacer frente a la difícil asimilación de este colectivo, les supone una mayor carga sobre los recursos locales (públicos y privados).* * La autora agradece a la British Academy por la beca postdoctoral (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010) que le ha permitido desarrollar este trabajo.

This paper engages with current debates on unfree labour, migration and development through the experiences of Bolivian migrant workers in the garment sectors in Buenos Aires and
São Paulo. We find evidence of unfreedoms some of which may be classified as trafficking or ‘modern slavery’. However, we suggest that such descriptions overlook temporality. We find that
workers suffer a time-delimited period of unfreedom. Some are able to accomplish their goals, their accomplishments serving as an example for others in unfree labour. We therefore suggest
that temporality sheds light on the resolutions of cases of unfreedom as well as why workers accept exploitative working conditions. We also consider migrant workers’ negotiations over
acceptable and fair conditions, particularly over food.

Ethnicity is playing an increasingly important role in the ways in which informality is governed and regulated across cities in the global south. This raises concerns regarding the ensuing exclusion experienced by some groups of people living in informal settlements. In this paper I use the example of Buenos Aires, Argentina, to explore the extent to which ethnicity plays a role in the informal settlement. There is significant evidence that Argentina has gone through a process of de-ethnicisation, particularly at the national level. However, it is unclear whether this process is also evident at the level of the informal settlement. Drawing on a range of interviews, the paper finds that while grassroots organisations are de-ethnicising, the formal leadership of the informal settlement and to some extent also migrants reproduce ethnic divisions. The deethnicisation led by the state has therefore unequally percolated to the micro level.

This thesis explores the discourses and practices of national Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Enugu, Eastern Nigeria, as they relate to corruption. It examines how these discourses and practices reflect hybrid normative understandings of the state and politics. My research draws on nine months of participant observation with three Nigerian national NGOs (NGOs that are founded and run by Nigerians) based in Enugu, and on interviews conducted with the NGO workers. I examine how these NGOs are involved in grey practices; practices which can be seen to have certain attributes associated with corruption, but are not understood by NGO workers as such.

Sri Lanka's telecommunications industry was profoundly transformed during the 1990s and became one of the most open and competitive among developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region. This was driven by a series of government initiatives to open up the sector to new entrants and greater competition. But after privatisation of the state-owned monopoly became a feasible policy option, and particularly after it was partially privatised in 1997, there has been an apparent shift in government policy away from its previous pro-competitive stance. This paper examines the evolution and present state of Sri Lanka's telecommunications industry, the regulatory policy framework, and pertinent competition policy issues in the sector, with particular attention to the apparent shift of government policies away from its earlier strong pro-competitive stance.

1. The tsunami of December 26 2004 left Sri Lanka with over 30,000 people dead, several hundred thousand displaced, and massive damage to infrastructure and capital assets (estimated at around US$ 1 billion (4.5 per cent of GDP)) particularly in tourism and fisheries sectors. The medium-term financing needs were estimated to be around US$ 1.5-1.6 billion (7.5 per cent of GDP). It is expected to reduce 2005 GDP by around 0.5 -1.0%. 2. With no previous history of such disasters Sri Lanka was quite unprepared for the tsunami. But with a massive community response followed by government and international action, it was able to implement an initial relief effort that, in the circumstances can be termed a success 3. Promised external assistance -a total of US$ 2.2 billion over the next 2-3 yearsappeared to be more than adequate to cover reconstruction costs in full. But problems have emerged with relief payments, providing credit facilities, distribution of funds, coordination of reconstruction activities, and mismanagement of funds. Clearly the reconstruction phase poses complex and difficult challenges. 4. Housing is the households' main concern. Reconstruction and repairs have been hampered by the 'no-build' coastal buffer zone, cuts to relief payments and cost increases. Progress has been slow, uneven, and concentrated in the south and southeast, though the worst affected areas are in the east and northeast. 5. Reconstruction spending produces a particular type of Dutch Disease' reflected in construction cost increases which have escalated rapidly (by 40-60% in some instances). Overall inflation, caused primarily by policy and exogenous factors, is rising, and may accelerate with election cycle spending, high oil prices and recently promised increases in government expenditures. This implies a major increase in funds required to fully meet construction targets in the private housing sector and in public infrastructure, implying a major funding gap. The government has limited options to address the funding short fall. Poorer households and public infrastructure reconstruction will be severely affected. 6. The report raise issues in the following areas and presents several related policy recommendations: livelihood related cash payments to households; assistance for rebuilding houses; titles to new houses; buffer zone rules; early warning and disaster management systems; coordination of donor assisted activities and macroeconomic policy issues. 7. A Rs 5,000 ($50) monthly grant -a modest sum that falls short of poverty line incomes for a household -was expected to be provided for about six months to all affected households. But this has been scaled back to four months, its scope reduced by tightening eligibility rules. This is inequitable and counterproductive. The grant should be paid to all affected households for six months using donor funds earmarked for livelihood assistance.