Dissertacao Rafael Sarkis Onofre
Dissertacao Rafael Sarkis Onofre
Dissertacao Rafael Sarkis Onofre
Dissertação
Pelotas, 2012
2
Pelotas, 2012
3
Banca examinadora:
Agradecimentos
Á Deus que sempre meu deu forças para seguir adiante e sempre iluminou meu
caminho.
Aos meus pais e a minha irmã que sempre me incentivaram na busca dos meus
sonhos e me apoiaram nas minhas escolhas.
A toda minha família pelo incentivo constante e pelo apoio de sempre.
A todos os meus amigos que me apoiaram e incentivaram em todos os
momentos.
Ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Odontologia da UFPel em especial ao Prof.
Flávio Demarco pelo exemplo profissional, incentivo constante e por nunca medir
esforços para ajudar a todos.
A todos os Professores do Programa de Pós Graduação que direta ou
indiretamente fazem parte do meu crescimento profissional.
Ao Prof. Rogério de Castilho Jacinto pela ajuda de sempre e por desde o tempo
de graduação acreditar no meu trabalho.
À Prof. Noéli Boscato pela amizade, pelo carinho de sempre, pela ajuda na
execução deste trabalho e por fazer parte da minha formação.
Ao Prof. Rafael Ratto de Moraes pela amizade, pelo incentivo constante e pelas
nossas longas reflexões sobre pesquisa em odontologia.
Ao Prof. José Damé pela amizade, atenção de sempre e pelo suporte nos
procedimentos periodontais do projeto.
Aos alunos da graduação Kassiane Orlandi e Eduardo Bresolin pela amizade e
pela disponibilidade em realizar os procedimentos periodontais dos pacientes do
ProDente.
Á todos os alunos que participaram do Projeto de Extensão ProDente que
sempre se dedicaram na execução dos procedimentos.
Aos alunos da graduação e grandes amigos Murilo Luz e José Porto que tanto
ajudaram na execução desse projeto e de outras atividades.
Á todos os pacientes que participaram do projeto e permitiram que essa
pesquisa fosse executada.
Á todos meus colegas de Pós Graduação pela amizade e o companheirismo de
sempre nos momentos mais difíceis.
Á 4 grandes amigos: Fernanda Valentini pelo carinho e amizade de sempre.
Mauro Mesko pela amizade, incentivo e claro pelas reflexões diárias que fizeram
5
NOTAS PRELIMINARES
(http://www.ufpel.tche.br/prg/sisbi/documentos/Manual_normas_UFPel_2006.pdf).
Resumo
Abstract
The best way to restore endodontically treated teeth has been discussed in the
literature because some factors can influence the post selection and the final
restoration. Two of the most used intra-radicular posts are cast metal posts and glass
fiber posts. Moreover, there is a large variability of in vitro studies that evaluate the
use of different resin cement and the alterations of technique and the influence in the
bond strength of glass fiber posts. The aims of the study were to compare the
survival of two types of dental posts used to restore endodontically treated teeth with
great damage of coronal walls and verify through a systematic review if there is
difference on bond strength of glass fiber posts to dentin between self-adhesive and
regular resin cements. Systematic review: In vitro studies that investigated the bond
strength of glass fiber post luted with self-adhesive (RC) and regular (RC) were
selected. Global comparison between self-adhesive (RC) and regular resin cement
was performed. Two subgroup analyses were performed: self-adhesive resin cement
x regular resin cement (etch-and-rinse adhesive), self-adhesive resin cement x
regular resin cement (self-etch adhesive). The three analyses performed showed
favorable results to self-adhesive resin cement. Clinical trial: The teeth were
randomly allocated into two groups depending on the post used: glass fiber or cast
metal post. Fifty-four (45 women) patients and 72 teeth were evaluated up to 3 years
and the survival probabilities were 97.1% and 91.9% to cast metal posts and glass
fiber posts. Four failures were observed, 2 glass fiber posts debonding (premolar and
anterior tooth), 1 glass fiber post debonding associate with root fracture and 1 root
fracture with a cast metal post. We can conclude that in vitro literature seems to
suggest that the use of self-adhesive cement could help to achieve higher bond
strength of GFPs to the root canal and after 3 years of follow up, both posts
presented the same clinical performance and
Key Words
Lista de Figuras
Lista de Tabelas
mm: milímetros
s: segundos
Sumário
1 Projeto de Pesquisa ....................................................................................................................14
1.1 Introdução e Revisão de Literatura ....................................................................................14
1.2 Justificativa ...........................................................................................................................17
1.3 Objetivo Geral ......................................................................................................................17
1.3.1 Objetivos Específicos ...................................................................................................17
1.4 Materiais e Métodos ............................................................................................................18
1.4.1 Desenho experimental..................................................................................................18
1.4.2 Amostra..........................................................................................................................18
1.4.3 Procedimentos clínicos.................................................................................................20
1.4.4 Métodos de avaliação ...................................................................................................22
1.4.5 Análise dos Dados ........................................................................................................23
1.4.6 Considerações Éticas ...................................................................................................23
1.4.7 Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................................24
3 Artigo 1 .........................................................................................................................................29
4 Artigo 2 ................................................................................................................ 43_Toc341648299
5 Conclusão Geral .........................................................................................................................63
6 Referências Bibliográficas ..........................................................................................................64
Apêndices .......................................................................................................................................75
14
1 Projeto de Pesquisa
1.2 Justificativa
Esse trabalho se justifica pelo fato de existirem poucos ensaios clínicos
randomizados nessa área de pesquisa e pelo fato de que os pinos de fibra de vidro e
os núcleos metálicos fundidos são as duas modalidades de retenção intra-radicular
mais usadas atualmente. Além disso, o uso de cimentos auto-adesivos já é uma
realidade dentro da clínica odontológica sendo importante a avaliação clínica do seu
desempenho e o estabelecimento de protocolos clínicos confiáveis para seu uso.
A hipótese nula a ser testada é a de que não haverá diferença entre os tipos
de pinos, tipo de dente ou localização do dente na arcada.
1.4.2 Amostra
Os critérios de inclusão serão indivíduos com boa saúde geral e bucal, que
possuam dentes anteriores ou posteriores tratados endodonticamente e que
necessitem de retentor intra-radicular para serem restaurados. Além disso, os
pacientes deverão ter contatos oclusais posteriores simultâneos bilaterais,
atendendo ao critério de oclusão mutuamente protegida. Os critérios de exclusão,
20
excluirão indivíduos com dentes que apresentem mobilidade maior que grau 1,
dentes tratados endodonticamente que apresentem canais radiculares amplos,
pacientes com doença periodontal não tratada, pacientes com alguma doença
sistêmica que interfira na qualidade óssea, dentes com presença de lesão periapical
e que não possa ser eliminada com tratamento endodôntico adequado, presença de
problemas oclusais não tratados, utilização de próteses totais ou parciais removíveis
extensas antagonistas ao dente a ser restaurado
BALBOSH, A., LUDWIG, K., KERN, M. Comparison of titanium dowel retention using
four different luting agents. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, v.94, n.3, p.227-233,
2005.
DIETSCHI, D., DUC, O., KREJCI, I., SADAN, A. Biomechanical considerations for
the restoration of endodontically treated teeth: a systematic review of the literature,
Part II (Evaluation of fatigue behavior, interfaces, and in vivo studies). Quintessence
International, v.39, n.2, p.117-129, 2008.
25
ESKITASCIOGLU, G., BELLI, S., KALKAN, M. Evaluation of two post core systems
using two different methods (fracture strength test and a finite elemental stress
analysis). Journal of Endodontics, v.28, n.9, p.629-633, 2002.
FERRARI, M., VICHI, A., MANNOCCI, F., MASON, P. N. Retrospective study of the
clinical performance of fiber posts. American Journal of Dentistry, v.13, n.Spec No,
p.9B-13B, 2000.
GIACHETTI, L., GRANDINI, S., CALAMAI, P., FANTINI, G., SCAMINACI RUSSO, D.
Translucent fiber post cementation using light- and dual-curing adhesive techniques
and a self-adhesive material: push-out test. Journal of Dentistry, v.37, n.8, p.638-
642, 2009.
KECECI, A. D., UREYEN KAYA, B., ADANIR, N. Micro push-out bond strengths of
four fiber-reinforced composite post systems and 2 luting materials. Oral Surgery
Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology & Endodontics, v.105, n.1, p.121-
128, 2008.
MENDOZA, D. B., EAKLE, W. S., KAHL, E. A., HO, R. Root reinforcement with a
resin-bonded preformed post. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, v.78, n.1, p.10-14,
1997.
ZARONE, F., SORRENTINO, R., APICELLA, D., VALENTINO, B., FERRARI, M.,
AVERSA, R., APICELLA, A. Evaluation of the biomechanical behavior of maxillary
central incisors restored by means of endocrowns compared to a natural tooth: a 3D
static linear finite elements analysis. Dental Materials, v.22, n.11, p.1035-1044,
2006.
27
O projeto referente a este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa
da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (FO-UFPel/ RS)
sob parecer nº122/2009 (Apêndice D). Todos os pacientes convidados a participar
do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, a fim de
autorizar sua participação no estudo (Apêndice E).
3 Artigo 1
The role of resin cement on bond strength of glass-fiber posts luted into root
canals: a systematic review and meta-analysis §
Corresponding author:
Tatiana Pereira-Cenci
R. Gonçalves Chaves 457
Pelotas, RS, Brazil 96015-560
30
e-mail: [email protected]
The role of resin cement on bond strength of glass fiber posts luted into root canals:
a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
The use of glass-fiber posts (GFPs) has increased in the last years compared
with other types of posts (1). In addition to their aesthetics (2), GFPs have similar
elastic modulus to dentin, providing a more homogeneous dissipation of loading
stresses to the tooth/cement/post structure compared with rigid posts (3). However,
the main reason for failures of GFPs is still debonding (4), which occurs mainly
because of the difficulties in achieving proper adhesion to intraradicular dentin. The
cementation of GFPs into root canals is a clinical challenge due to the complex
cementation techniques with high level of technique sensitivity (1)
Even with the advances in materials and techniques to make the cementation
procedures easier, it is important to understand all factors involved in post
cementation, not only concerning the type of resin cement used but also related to
the use of several approaches attempting to improve the bond strength. Thus, it is
still difficult for the clinician to choose the best and most efficient strategy for the
luting of glass-fiber posts. Additionally, there is little evidence available from clinical
studies on the performance of GFPs to base clinical decisions, which might lead the
clinicians to rely on in vitro data for the selection of the best cementation strategy to
be used or in their own clinical experience. Therefore, pooled in vitro data could draw
more solid conclusions on which strategy to use.
The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature for in vitro studies
comparing the bond strength of GFPs cemented with regular and self-adhesive resin
cements and to verify the influence of cementation strategies among studies on the
retention of GFPs to intraradicular dentin.
33
The following strategy was used for the searches: (glass fiber post) AND (resin
cement) AND (bond strength); (glass fiber post) AND (push out); (self* resin cement)
AND (glass fiber post) AND (bond strength); (glass-fiber OR glass fiber), and (post)
AND (bond* OR adhes*). The same strategy was performed changing the term post
for dowel.
No publication year or language limit was used, and the last search was made
in October 2012. Reference lists of included studies were hand searched for
additional manuscripts. In vivo and in situ studies, other types of posts that non
glass-fiber reinforced, cementation performed in substrates other than teeth, or
studies that did not compare the bond strength between the two types of resin
cements were excluded.
Two independent reviewers (R.S.O. and J.A.S.) first screened the titles
identified in the searches. If the title indicated possible inclusion, the abstract was
then evaluated. After the abstracts were carefully appraised, manuscripts considered
eligible for the review or in case of doubt, the paper was selected for full-text reading.
In case of disagreement, a third reviewer (R.R.M.) decided if the paper should be
included or not (Figure 1).
34
Data collection
Statistical analysis
significant, and the inconsistency I2 test, in which values greater than 50% were
considered indicative of high heterogeneity (13)
The global analysis was carried out using fixed-effect model, and two
subgroups analyses were carried out to explore heterogeneity between studies:
regular resin cement (etch-and-rinse adhesive) vs. self-adhesive resin cement, and
regular resin cement (self-etch adhesive) vs. self-adhesive resin cement. All analyses
were conducted using Review Manager Software version 5.1 (Copenhagen: The
Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration). The influence of cementation
strategies among studies on the bond strength of luted GFPs was analyzed using
descriptive statistics.
RESULTS
Meta-analysis
The first analysis using fixed-effect model (Figure 2) showed results favoring
self-adhesive resin cement (1.25 MPa; p ≤ 0.01). The values of the Cochran’s Q and
I2 tests were p ≤ 0.01 and 98%. The subgroups analysis between self-adhesive resin
cement vs. regular resin cement with etch-and-rinse adhesive showed results
favoring the self-adhesive resin cement (0.9 MPa; p ≤ 0.01). The values of the
Cochran`s Q and I2 tests were p ≤ 0.01 and 98%. The subgroups analysis between
self-adhesive resin cement vs. regular resin cement with self-etch adhesive showed
results again favoring the self-adhesive resin cement (1.88 MPa; p ≤ 0.01). The
values of the Cochran`s Q and I2 tests were p ≤ 0.01 and 96%.
36
Descriptive analyses
Several attempts to verify the influence of pretreatment of the post on the bond
strength results were used: cleaning with ethanol(18, 19, 26, 33), silane
application(16-19, 21, 23, 25-28, 30-33, 35-37), use of acids(11), or even no
pretreatment of the post (14). Although no statistical analysis was performed, the
retention of GPFs that had been pretreated with silane seems to be higher compared
with posts that were not pretreated or that were pretreated with other products.
Each study used its own protocol for aging and storage of the samples,
including storage for one week in water (18, 22, 26, 33, 38) , storage in a light-proof
container with 100% humidity at 37 o C for 9 months (23), or storage in water at 37oC
+ 3000 thermalcycles (between 5 and 55 oC) for 60 s each water bath with a 6 s dwell
time (29). The overall results did not seem to be influenced by the aging protocol.
37
DISCUSSION
This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to verify the pooled effect
of data from in vitro studies that tested the retention of GFPs using resin cements.
Several cementation strategies and different bond strength tests have been used;
more consistent results could be obtained if data were analyzed together, giving
support for the clinician on evidence-based decision-making.
Our global analysis used fixed-effect model considering that the studies
evaluated a real effect common (same) (13). The global result (regular vs. self-
adhesive resin cement) favored the use of self-adhesive resin cement; thus the
hypothesis tested was reject. This result could be explained by the characteristics of
the resin cements. The mostly used self-adhesive resin cement is RelyX Unicem (3M
ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) (7), which has adhesive properties based upon acid
monomers that demineralize and infiltrate the tooth substrate, creating
micromechanical retention and chemical bonding to hydroxyapatite (7). The water
resulting from the acid-base interactions may improve the tooth-cement interaction
and the cement moisture tolerance (39). The use of water and ionization of residual
acidic methacrilates culminates in transformation to a hydrophobic matrix, with
neutral pH values (7). In addition, the lower polymerization stress reported for self-
adhesive resin cements compared with regular resin cements (40) might also explain
the higher bond strengths, as the high C-factor and conical shape of the root canal
are critical for the polymerization stress state into the confines of the canal,
interfering with the bond to the walls.
Our analysis also demonstrated high heterogeneity (98%); thus the subgroup
analysis was carried out to verify the influence of the adhesive used (etch-and-rinse
or self-etch) with regular resin cements in the heterogeneity. The two subgroups
analyses favored again the use of self-adhesive resin cement. Regular resin cements
require multiple bonding steps compared with self-adhesive materials. Etch-and-rinse
adhesives require an accurate technique mainly concerning the control of dentin
moisture and proper infiltration of the adhesive solution into the root canal, a
procedure that might be considered critical and affect the post retention. The etch-
and-rinse approach has been also reported to leave a non-escapsulated collagen
zone beneath the hybrid layer, which could interfere with the longevity of the bonds.
38
This could have somewhat influenced the results, because some studies analyzed
used aging process in their methodologies (14, 19, 23).
The rationale of using self-etch adhesives and self-adhesive cements is based
on the same principle of dental demineralization and simultaneous infiltration by
methacrylate monomers. The bonding mechanism of these adhesive techniques has
been linked to an additional chemical bond to tooth structures; the self-etch and self-
adhesive strategies, however, have the same possible problem of poorer surface
conditioning. Interestingly, the two subgroups analyses favored the use of self-
adhesive resin cement; a possible explanation for this results is two-fold. On one
hand, application of self-etch solutions into root canals is more complex than self-
adhesive cements, particularly regarding proper solvent evaporation, adhesive
excess removal, and photopolymerization in the apical areas. On the other hand,
some studies use strong self-etch adhesives, which might lead to deposition of
calcium phosphates on dentin that are not rinsed and are very unstable in an
aqueous environment, interfering with the interfacial integrity and bonding ability (7,
41). Compared to the use of regular resin cements associated with conventional or
self-etch adhesives, the self-adherence potential and dual-cure mechanism of self-
adhesive resin cements seems to improve the bonding of GFPs into the confines of
the root canal.
Nevertheless, the subgroup analyses showed high heterogeneity because
there are great differences among studies. The papers included in this review
demonstrated differences particularly in aspects such as aging or storage of
samples, cement application mode, and approaches used to pretreat the posts. The
variability related to multiple steps in the bonding process could increase the
retention of GFPs to intraradicular dentin in some cases; in other cases, the multiple
steps might just make the procedures harder and more time-consuming. The
included studies also generally had a small number of samples and consequently
high standard deviation, favoring the heterogeneity. This finding made it hard to
identify the reasons and variables that influenced the high heterogeneity.
Furthermore, no validated scale to evaluate the quality of in vitro studies (risk of bias)
or publication bias assessment is currently available, and this is a limitation of this
systematic review.
39
Post debonding has been descrtibed as the most common mode of failure in
vitro (4); this type of failure can be more related to inappropriate bonding techniques
than to problems inherent to the materials themselves. The bonding techniques using
either regular or self-adhesive resin cements can still be regarded as good options
for the luting of GFPs into root canals. The use of self-adhesive resin cements,
however, appears as a suitable and perhaps less technique-sensitive option than
luting strategies that involve pretreating the canals with adhesive solutions.
CONCLUSION
The in vitro literature seems to suggest that the use of self-adhesive resin
cement could improve the retention of glass-fiber posts into root canals.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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strength of fibre glass and carbon fibre posts to the root canal walls using different
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19. Erdemir U, Mumcu E, Topcu FT, Yildiz E, Yamanel K, Akyol M. Micro push-out
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20. de Durao Mauricio PJ, Gonzalez-Lopez S, Aguilar-Mendoza JA, Felix S,
Gonzalez-Rodriguez MP. Comparison of regional bond strength in root thirds among
fiber-reinforced posts luted with different cements. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl
Biomater 2007;83:364-72.
21. Goracci C, Sadek FT, Fabianelli A, Tay FR, Ferrari M. Evaluation of the
adhesion of fiber posts to intraradicular dentin. Oper Dent 2005;30:627-35.
22. Goracci C, Tavares AU, Fabianelli A, Monticelli F, Raffaelli O, Cardoso PC, et
al. The adhesion between fiber posts and root canal walls: comparison between
microtensile and push-out bond strength measurements. Eur J Oral Sci
2004;112:353-61.
23. Leme AA, Coutinho M, Insaurralde AF, Scaffa PM, da Silva LM. The influence
of time and cement type on push-out bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin. Oper
Dent 2011;36:643-48.
24. Lindblad RM, Lassila LV, Salo V, Vallittu PK, Tjaderhane L. Effect of
chlorhexidine on initial adhesion of fiber-reinforced post to root canal. J Dent
2010;38:796-801.
25. Kececi AD, Ureyen Kaya B, Adanir N. Micro push-out bond strengths of four
fiber-reinforced composite post systems and 2 luting materials. Oral Surg Oral Med
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26. Mumcu E, Erdemir U, Topcu FT. Comparison of micro push-out bond
strengths of two fiber posts luted using simplified adhesive approaches. Dent Mater J
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27. Rathke A, Haj-Omer D, Muche R, Haller B. Effectiveness of bonding fiber
posts to root canals and composite core build-ups. Eur J Oral Sci 2009;117:604-10.
28. Radovic I, Mazzitelli C, Chieffi N, Ferrari M. Evaluation of the adhesion of fiber
posts cemented using different adhesive approaches. Eur J Oral Sci 2008;116:557-
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29. Roperto RC, El-Mowafy O, Porto-Neto ST, Marchesan MA. Microtensile bond
strength of radicular dentin to non-metallic posts bonded with self-adhesive cements.
Int J Clin Dent 2010;3:73-80.
30. Soares CJ, Pereira JC, Valdivia ADCM, Novais VR, Meneses MS. Influence of
resin cement and post configuration on bond strength to root dentine. Int Endod J
2012;45:136-45.
31. Zaitter S, Sousa-Neto MD, Roperto RC, Silva-Sousa YT, El-Mowafy O.
Microtensile bond strength of glass fiber posts cemented with self-adhesive and self-
etching resin cements. J Adhes Dent 2011;13:55-9.
32. Xü N, Hu SH, Yang Y, Ren X, Zuo EJ. Effect of different resin cements and
silane coupling agents on bond strength of glass fiber post to root dentin. J of Dalian
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33. Zicari F, Couthino E, De Munck J, Poitevin A, Scotti R, Naert I, et al. Bonding
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34. Sadek FT, Goracci C, Monticelli F, Grandini S, Cury ÁH, Tay F, et al.
Immediate and 24-Hour Evaluation of the Interfacial Strengths of Fiber Posts. J
Endod 2006;32:1174-77.
35. Calixto LR, Bandéca MC, Silva FB, Rastelli ANS, Porto-Neto ST, Andrade
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43
4 Artigo 2
Cast metal posts vs. glass fiber posts: 3-year randomized controlled trial §
a
Graduate Program in Dentistry – School of Dentistry - Federal University of Pelotas
Corresponding author:
Tatiana Pereira-Cenci
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial compared the survival of two types of dental posts
used to restore endodontically treated teeth with great damage of coronal walls.
Sixty-four patients and 83 teeth were included in a randomization. The teeth were
randomly allocated into two groups depending on the post used: glass fiber or cast
metal post. All teeth were covered with a crown. Survival probabilities were analyzed
with Kaplan-Meier statistics (p≤0.05). The recall rate after 3 years was 92.3% (54
patients and 72 teeth) and the survival probabilities were 97.1% and 91.9% to cast
metal posts and glass fiber posts, respectively, with similar survival rates p=0.682.
Four failures were observed, 2 glass fiber posts debonding (premolar and anterior
tooth), 1 glass fiber post debonding associated with a root fracture (premolar) and 1
root fracture with a cast metal post (molar). After 3 years follow-up, both posts
presented the same clinical performance in teeth without remaining coronal walls.
Introduction
Cast metal posts were traditionally used for intraradicular retention with high
survival rates after 10 years follow-up (Gomez-Polo et al., 2010). However, metal
posts have shown high elastic modulus in comparison to dentin, increasing the risk of
root fracture and catastrophic failure (Zarone et al., 2006). Glass fiber posts were
introduced as an alternative to metal posts showing mechanical properties similar to
that of dentin and therefore the failures related to its use are usually post debonding
(Rasimick et al., 2010), decreasing the risk of catastrophic failure (Fernandes et al.,
2003). The failures of intraradicular posts apart from the post itself can also be
related to the position of teeth, since failures in post-retained crowns generally occur
in the maxillary anterior region because the incidence of horizontal forces are greater
in this area (Torbjorner and Fransson, 2004). However, few studies have compared
glass fiber with cast metal posts to restore endodontically treated teeth with severely
destroyed coronal structure.
Thus, there is a lack of clinical evidence on which is the best post to restore
teeth without remaining coronal walls. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
evaluate the survival of two different dental posts in teeth with great damage of
coronal portion. The hypothesis tested was that there is no difference in the survival
of endodontically treated teeth due to the type of post used.
46
Experimental Design
This prospective study had a double blind (patient and evaluator), parallel
group RCT design and was registered at ClinicaTrials.gov (NCT01461239). The
study was approved by the Local Research and Ethics Committee (Protocol
122/2009) and followed the CONSORT recommendations. The oral health of the
patients was assessed and all participants signed written informed consent before
being accepted into the study. Inclusion criteria included those patients with good
oral health (no caries lesion, no periodontal disease) that had anterior or posterior
endodontically treated teeth without coronal walls or 1 wall in enamel that needed
intraradicular retention (with glass fiber or cast metal post, according to the
randomization) and a single crown. The patients should have bilateral occlusal
posterior contacts. Exclusion criteria were as follows: endodontically treated teeth
with periodontal or occlusal problems and large prostheses antagonist to the tooth to
be restored. The patients were recalled after 6, 12, 24 and 36 months for clinical and
radiographic examination. The main outcome was post debonding.
Randomization Procedures
Clinical Procedures
Between July 2009 and May 2012, 159 patients with an endodontically treated
tooth and needing a crown were screened by the Department of Operative Dentistry,
Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil. Ninety-five patients were excluded because
they did not meet the inclusion criteria or declined to participate.
All procedures were performed under rubber dam isolation and all materials
were used according to manufacturers’ instructions. Initially, all teeth included in the
study received endodontic treatment, using the crown down technique, irrigated with
2.5% NaOCl solution and filled by lateral condensation technique using Grossman
Cement (Endo-fill, Dentsply/Maillefer, Petrópolis, Brazil) and gutta-percha cones
(Dentsply/Maillefer, Petrópolis, Brazil). After, 2/3 of the filling was removed from the
root canal with Gates Glidden Burs (Dentsply/Maillefer, Petrópolis, Brazil). Glass fiber
posts (White Post DC, FGM, Joinville, Brazil) were cleaned with ethanol and
pretreated with silane (ProSil, FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil). Cast metal posts (CoCr)
were previously done in acrylic resin (Duralay II Lab Pattern Resin, Polidental, Cotia,
Brazil).
Glass Fiber Post with regular resin cement (RelyX ARC, 3M, ESPE, St Paul,
USA): post space was acid-etched using 37% phosphoric acid (Condac, FGM,
Joinville, SC, Brazil) and adhesive was applied (Single Bond – adhesive or
ScotchBond Multi Purpose – activator, primer and catalyst). The resin cement was
applied into root canal using Centrix syringe (DFL Indústria e Comércio S.A., Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil) and the post was seated. Digital pressure was performed for 5
minutes, excess were removed and light-cured for 40 s/surface. For the glass fiber
post with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U100, 3M, ESPE, St. Paul, USA), all
steps were as previously described except that there was no adhesive procedure.
For both resin cements, the core was made using adhesive and composite resin
(ScotchBond Multi Purpose – primer and adhesive and Z250, 3M, ESPE St. Paul,
USA). Cast metal posts were luted with the self-adhesive resin cement following the
48
same steps as the glass fiber posts. After post cementation, radiographs were taken
to check the success of the procedure.
For all teeth, final restoration was porcelain fused to metal crown. The
procedures were performed by undergraduate and graduate students with previous
lectures and training on the subject.
Evaluation Parameters
Baseline was considered the post cementation time. Patients were recalled
after 6, 12, 24 and 36 months for clinical and radiographic examination. Periapical
radiographs were taken with use of film packet holder. The evaluation was
performed according to the FDI criteria by two calibrated independent examiners that
participated in previous clinical studies (da Rosa Rodolpho et al., 2006; Piovesan et
al., 2007; Cenci et al., 2010; da Rosa Rodolpho et al., 2011; Demarco et al., 2011).
Periodontal status, pain occurrence, antagonist status and occlusion pattern were
evaluated. The occurrence of the following events was recorded: radiographic
alteration, post and crown debonding, restoration, core, post or root fracture. All
failures recorded were considered as complete failures. If the patient returned to the
exam with a tooth without the post, the time of failure was based on patients self-
report of when the post debonded.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using SigmaStat 3.5 software (Systat,
Richmond, CA, USA). Descriptive analyses were used to describe the patients
(teeth) included in the study and the reasons for failure. Survival curves were created
by the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test was applied to find differences
between groups: glass fiber post vs. cast metal post, glass fiber post luted with
regular resin cement x self-adhesive and anterior teeth vs. posterior teeth (p<0.05).
Results
Patients
49
From the 64 patients that were included in a randomization 3 did not receive
the intervention because declined to participate and 1 because the tooth was already
fractured. In total 78 posts were cemented. Six patients were lost during follow-up.
Five withdrew the study and one was allergic to metal (Fig. 1). Thus, 54 patients (45
women) were included in this study (mean age 42.7 ±11.2 years). In total, 72 posts
(37 glass fiber posts and 35 cast metal posts) were evaluated. Considering anterior
and posterior teeth, 40 posts were luted in anterior teeth and 32 posts in posterior
teeth. The recall rate after 3 years was 92.3% (Fig 2).
Failures
In total, 4 failures were observed: one glass fiber post luted in superior anterior
tooth with regular resin cement (RelyX ARC + Single bond) debonded after 8 months;
one root fracture of a premolar with glass fiber post luted with self-adhesive resin
cement (RelyX U100) after 15 months; one root fracture of a molar with cast metal
post after 20 months; and one glass fiber post luted in a premolar with regular resin
cement (RelyX ARC + Single bond) debonded after 26 months. The glass fiber posts
that debonded were replaced with new glass fiber posts and the two fractured teeth
were extracted.
The survival probabilities of cast metal posts was 97.1% and of glass fiber
posts was 91.9% after 3 years. Considering anterior and posterior teeth, the survival
probabilities were 97.5% and 90.6% respectively. The log rank test (Fig. 3) did not
show difference between posts (p=0.682), cements to luted glass fiber posts
(p=0.691) and anterior vs. posterior teeth (p=0.217).
Discussion
Our clinical trial has shown that after 3 years of clinical service, severely
destroyed teeth restored with either glass fiber post or cast metal post will perform
50
similarly, with similar survival rates. These results are important considering the
scenario where two systematic reviews (Bolla et al., 2007; Fedorowicz et al., 2012)
showed that there is no evidence on the best way to restore endodontically treated
teeth. Moreover, several treatment options considering posts and other materials are
available to restore the coronal portion of teeth with extensive and distinct degrees of
coronary destruction in different degrees, which shows the need for controlled
comparative studies for providing the best clinical evidence.
A systematic review (Heydecke and Peters, 2002), compared clinical and in
vitro performance of cast metal posts and pre-fabricated posts and verified that there
were no evidence favoring any of the posts. Few studies were well designed to
evaluate survival of different posts mainly because RCTs requires methodologies
that involve a great amount of work and high budgetary costs (Pihlstrom and Barnett,
2010). Our study compared the survival rates of cast metal posts and glass fiber
posts and the results are according to previous literature. Another randomized
controlled trial (Naumann et al., 2007) compared two posts with different elastic
modulus luted with self-adhesive resin cement and reported high survival rates for
both posts after to 3 years. Piovesan et al. (2007) evaluated the survival of fiber-
reinforced custom posts and reported a survival rate of 90.2% after 97 months.
Gomez-Polo et al. (2010) reported a survival rate of 82.6% after 10 year for cast
metal posts. The clinical performance of cast metal posts and glass fiber posts were
also compared in a RCT (Zicari et al., 2011), which showed success probability over
all groups together at 3 years amounted 91.7%. Furthermore, another RCT (Ferrari et
al., 2012) and a prospective observational study (Naumann et al., 2012) reported
good clinical performance of glass fiber posts.
Some studies have shown that the presence of substantial remaining coronal
tooth structure reduces failure risk (Fokkinga et al., 2007; Ferrari et al., 2012). Our
study evaluated the survival of 2 dental posts luted in teeth without remaining coronal
walls. Although cast metal posts and glass fiber posts showed similar survival
probabilities, which corroborates previous retrospective and prospective studies
(Piovesan et al., 2007; Gomez-Polo et al., 2010; Zicari et al., 2011; Naumann et al.,
2012), it is important to highlight that 4 failures occurred after 3 years, probably
because of the difficulties in restoring teeth with very little amount of remaining
coronal structure.
51
In the present study, 3 failures occurred in posterior teeth and only one in
anterior teeth without difference between groups and contrary to previous reports. In
the anterior and posterior teeth the force directions are different and the maxillary
region is considered to be a high risk area for technical failures because the
horizontal forces are greater (Torbjorner and Fransson, 2004) and therefore failures
in post-retained crowns usually occur in the maxillary anterior region (Torbjorner et
al., 1995). A possible reason why this has not happened in our sample could be due
to the fact that no remaining coronal walls were left and maybe in this situation, the
posterior teeth will respond similarly to anterior teeth.
Despite not having differences between groups, 3 of the 4 failures of the study
were due to glass fiber posts debonding and one associated with root fracture.
Adhesive failure mode was reported as the most common mode of failure in teeth
restored with adhesively luted endodontic posts (Rasimick et al., 2010), and this
finding can be more related to inappropriate technique than to problems inherent to
materials. The only failure related to use of cast metal post was a root fracture and as
a catastrophic failure mode, which is a major problem when considering the use of
posts with high elastic modulus in comparison to dentin. In contrast, failures occurred
with glass fiber posts were reparable and the root fracture could be related to
problems of tooth structure.
The posts used in this study were luted with 2 different resin cements (regular
and self-adhesive resin cements). Their use has been shown to increase the survival
of posts, mainly in cast metal posts, and this could be explained by the physical
properties of these cements, which are similar to that of dentin (Goracci and Ferrari,
2011). The self-adhesive resin cement was used in both posts and has been widely
used because it is considered to have easy handling, good moisture tolerance
(Guarda et al., 2010) and no need for acid etching and adhesive steps (Burke et al.,
2006). The analysis between resin cements used with glass fiber posts showed no
difference between groups, reason why they were grouped in the analysis.
The final restoration in all teeth was a single metal-ceramic crown, with high
survival rates reported after 10 years follow-up (Walton, 1999). Moreover, it is
important that all teeth received the same final restoration allowing to assess the real
influence of the post in the survival of the tooth-restoration complex.
52
Acknowledgments
References
Bolla M, Muller-Bolla M, Borg C, Lupi-Pegurier L, Laplanche O, Leforestier E (2007). Root
canal posts for the restoration of root filled teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD004623.
Burke FJ, Crisp RJ, Richter B (2006). A practice-based evaluation of the handling of a new
self-adhesive universal resin luting material. Int Dent J 56:142-146.
Cenci MS, Rodolpho PA, Pereira-Cenci T, Del Bel Cury AA, Demarco FF (2010). Fixed
partial dentures in an up to 8-year follow-up. J Appl Oral Sci 18:364-371.
da Rosa Rodolpho PA, Cenci MS, Donassollo TA, Loguercio AD, Demarco FF (2006). A
clinical evaluation of posterior composite restorations: 17-year findings. J Dent 34:427-435.
da Rosa Rodolpho PA, Donassollo TA, Cenci MS, Loguercio AD, Moraes RR, Bronkhorst
EM et al. (2011). 22-Year clinical evaluation of the performance of two posterior composites
with different filler characteristics. Dent Mater 27:955-963.
Demarco FF, Pereira-Cenci T, de Almeida Andre D, de Sousa Barbosa RP, Piva E, Cenci
MS (2011). Effects of metallic or translucent matrices for Class II composite restorations: 4-
year clinical follow-up findings. Clin oral investig 15:39-47.
Fernandes AS, Shetty S, Coutinho I (2003). Factors determining post selection: a literature
review. J Prosthet Dent 90:556-562.
Ferrari M, Vichi A, Fadda GM, Cagidiaco MC, Tay FR, Breschi L et al. (2012). A Randomized
Controlled Trial of Endodontically Treated and Restored Premolars. J Dent Res 91(7
suppl):S72-S78.
Fokkinga WA, Kreulen CM, Bronkhorst EM, Creugers NH (2007). Up to 17-year controlled
clinical study on post-and-cores and covering crowns. J Dent 35:778-786.
Gomez-Polo M, Llido B, Rivero A, Del Rio J, Celemin A (2010). A 10-year retrospective study
of the survival rate of teeth restored with metal prefabricated posts versus cast metal posts
and cores. J Dent 38:916-920.
Goracci C, Ferrari M (2011). Current perspectives on post systems: a literature review. Aust
Dent J 56 (Suppl 1):77-83.
54
Guarda GB, Goncalves LS, Correr AB, Moraes RR, Sinhoreti MA, Correr-Sobrinho L (2010).
Luting glass ceramic restorations using a self-adhesive resin cement under different dentin
conditions. J Appl Oral Sci 18:244-248.
Pihlstrom BL, Barnett ML (2010). Design, operation, and interpretation of clinical trials. J
Dent Res 89:759-772.
Piovesan EM, Demarco FF, Cenci MS, Pereira-Cenci T (2007). Survival rates of
endodontically treated teeth restored with fiber-reinforced custom posts and cores: a 97-
month study. Int J Prosthodont 20:633-639.
Rasimick BJ, Wan J, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS (2010). A review of failure modes in teeth
restored with adhesively luted endodontic dowels. J Prosthodont 19:639-646.
Torbjorner A, Karlsson S, Odman PA (1995). Survival rate and failure characteristics for two
post designs. J Prosthet Dent 73:439-444.
compared to a natural tooth: a 3D static linear finite elements analysis. Dent Mater 22:1035-
1044.
Figures
Figure 1
Randomization Procedures
57
Figure 2
Figure 3
Kaplan-Meier survival graph for success of different posts (A) and position of tooth in mouth
(B).
59
Item Reported
Section/Topic No Checklist item on page No
Title and abstract
1a Identification as a randomised trial in the title 43
1b Structured summary of trial design, methods, results, and conclusions (for specific guidance see CONSORT for abstracts) 44
Introduction
Background and 2a Scientific background and explanation of rationale 45
objectives
2b Specific objectives or hypotheses 45
Methods
Trial design 3a Description of trial design (such as parallel, factorial) including allocation ratio 46
3b Important changes to methods after trial commencement (such as eligibility criteria), with reasons 46
Interventions 5 The interventions for each group with sufficient details to allow replication, including how and when they were 47-48
actually administered
60
Outcomes 6a Completely defined pre-specified primary and secondary outcome measures, including how and when they 46
were assessed
6b Any changes to trial outcomes after the trial commenced, with reasons NA
Randomisation:
Allocation 9 Mechanism used to implement the random allocation sequence (such as sequentially numbered containers), 46
concealment describing any steps taken to conceal the sequence until interventions were assigned
mechanism
Implementation 10 Who generated the random allocation sequence, who enrolled participants, and who assigned participants to 46-48
interventions
Blinding 11a If done, who was blinded after assignment to interventions (for example, participants, care providers, those 46
assessing outcomes) and how
Statistical methods 12a Statistical methods used to compare groups for primary and secondary outcomes 48
12b Methods for additional analyses, such as subgroup analyses and adjusted analyses NA
Results
Participant flow (a 13a For each group, the numbers of participants who were randomly assigned, received intended treatment, and 49
61
Baseline data 15 A table showing baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for each group NA
Numbers analysed 16 For each group, number of participants (denominator) included in each analysis and whether the analysis was 49
by original assigned groups
Outcomes and 17a For each primary and secondary outcome, results for each group, and the estimated effect size and its 49
estimation precision (such as 95% confidence interval)
17b For binary outcomes, presentation of both absolute and relative effect sizes is recommended NA
Ancillary analyses 18 Results of any other analyses performed, including subgroup analyses and adjusted analyses, distinguishing NA
pre-specified from exploratory
Harms 19 All important harms or unintended effects in each group (for specific guidance see CONSORT for harms) 49
Discussion
Limitations 20 Trial limitations, addressing sources of potential bias, imprecision, and, if relevant, multiplicity of analyses 50-51-52
Interpretation 22 Interpretation consistent with results, balancing benefits and harms, and considering other relevant evidence 50-51-52
Other information
Registration 23 Registration number and name of trial registry
62
Clinical Comparison of Endodontically Treated Teeth Restored With Fiber Posts or Cast Metal Post NCT01461239
www.clinicaltrials.gov
Funding 25 Sources of funding and other support (such as supply of drugs), role of funders NA
*We strongly recommend reading this statement in conjunction with the CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration for important clarifications on all the items. If
relevant, we also recommend reading CONSORT extensions for cluster randomised trials, non-inferiority and equivalence trials, non-pharmacological treatments, herbal
interventions, and pragmatic trials. Additional extensions are forthcoming: for those and for up to date references relevant to this checklist, see www.consort-statement.org.
63
5 Conclusão Geral
A literatura sugere que o uso de cimento resinoso autoadesivo promove maior
resistência de pinos de fibra vidro ao canal radicular. Além disso, após 3 anos, tanto
os pinos de fibra viro como os núcleos metálicos fundidos apresentaram
performance semelhante.
64
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75
Apêndices
76
Projeto de Extensão
1. Paciente: _________________________________________________________________
4. Endereço:__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Telefones: Residencial:______________Celular:________________
Trabalho:______________ Parente próximo:_______________
Questionário de saúde
Sofre de alguma doença: ( ) Sim ( ) Não - Qual(is)______________________
Está em tratamento médico atualmente? ( ) Sim ( ) Não.
Gravidez: Sim ( ) Não ( ) Usa anticoncepcional? ( ) Sim ( ) Não
Hábitos: __________________________________
Antecedentes Familiares: _____________________________________________
HIGIENE BUCAL (utiliza):
( ) fio / fita dental ( ) interdental ( ) escova macia / média / dura
( ) unitufo / bitufo ( ) palito ( ) creme dental: ________________________
- CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS DENTES A SEREM TRATADOS NO PROJETO ProDENTE
N faces restantes
N contatos proximais
Suporte periodontal
(anotar a inserção óssea em mm / desvios
normalidade)
Perda de Inserção MV MV
6 sítios V V
(mm) DV DV
ML ML
L L
DL DL
Profund. MV MV
de sondagem V V
6 sítios DV DV
(mm) ML ML
L L
DL DL
Presença de mobilidade
(0 ou 1)
Uso de pino
(sim ou não)
Tipo de pino
(Fibra, NMF)
Tipo de Cimento
(RelyX U100)
Diâmetro do pino
(0.5; 1.)
78
- TRATAMENTO ENDODÔNTICO
Realizado no ProDente? ( ) sim ( ) não
OBS: Se o tratamento for realizado no ProDente, preencher ficha específica.
Prof.
79
FACULDADE DE ODONTOLOGIA
PROTOCOLOS DE ATENDIMENTO
- Limpeza do pino com álcool 70° - ATENÇÃO: não é permitido tocar no pino
após limpeza, o mesmo deverá ser manipulado com pinça ou similar;
- Remoção dos excessos do cimento com pressão digital sobre o pino por 5
min;
- Remoção dos excessos do cimento com pressão digital sobre o pino por 5
min;
- Repreparo;
- Escolha de cor;
Perda do dente
Parâmetros Periodontais
( ) 1 = presença de PV
( ) 9 = ignorado
( ) 1 = presença de SM
( ) 9 = ignorado
1 2 3 4 5
Propriedades Estéticas
Manchamento – Superfície
Manchamento – Margem
Estabilidade de Cor/Translucidez
Forma Anatômica
Propriedades Funcionais
Adaptação Marginal
Exame Radiográfico
Propriedades Biológicas
Resposta Periodontal
87
Mucosa Adjacente
Avaliações Adicionais
Se sim, especifique:
( ) dor à percussão
( ) dor em função
( ) dor espontânea
4. Descreva o antagonista:
( ) Dente ( ) MC ( ) RC ( ) RA
Avaliação radiográfica
( ) sem alterações
Desfechos
OU
Fratura da restauração
2. Cárie Secundária
( ) presente ( ) ausente
3. Descimentação do Pino
( ) não ( ) sim – tempo em meses _______
4. Fratura do Núcleo
( ) não ( ) sim
5. Fratura do Pino
( ) não ( ) sim
6. Fratura Radicular
( ) não ( ) sim
89
Por meio deste termo o(a) senhor(a) está sendo convidado a participar
do projeto de pesquisa intitulado “Comparação do sucesso de duas estratégias
de cimentação de pinos reforçados por fibra de vidro: ensaio clínico
randomizado multicêntrico”. Este trabalho tem por objetivo comparar duas
técnicas de cimentação de pinos dentro do canal e avaliar ao longo do tempo,
se uma é melhor que a outra.
Pelotas, ____/____/______
________________________________________
Assinatura do paciente
_____________________________
____________________________________
92