s i a lt e

J
,

gramatic
lecturi

de exerciii
si teste

K m m r o s fM '& f \ - m e w n ^ s + in fe l !
% ,
un J ^ 3 9 s^9 *on'c ? aerisit prin labirintul anglo-saxon

un '1,'*1 ideal pentru toi cei care au nvat

engleza cndva i... au uitat-o
Ecaterina Comisei
/

Doina Milos9
Proiect editorial i realizare: C o m p a n i a

Ilustraia copertei: planul m etroului londonez (detaliu) i vedere cu Brooklyn Bridge din N ew York

Redactarea: C arm en erbnescu

Corectura: N icoleta Dasclu, Adina Kenere, M aria M uuroiu

Procesare computerizat: Bogdan C onstantinescu

Procesare film e: Z O O M -S oft

Tiprit la : ARTA GRAFIC

Autoarele volumului

Ecaterina Comiel profesoar de lim ba englez, gradul 1, a u to are de m anuale i cu rsu ri

Doina Milos p rofesoar de lim ba englez, g radul I, a u to are a u n o r culegeri de teste

ISBN: 973-99223-4-1

com pania, 2000 (ediie conform program ei M EN)

Str. Prof. Ion Bogdan Nr. 16, Sector 1, 7 1 1 4 9 B ucureti

T el: 211 59 6 4 Fax: 2 11 59 48

e - m a il: com pania@ fx.ro http://freew eb.fx.ro/com pania

 COPIM NS
I R I A F M n j_F.7............... .... ... ............. _..............
LR_A_M-A XJjCLA........... ............... .................... ....................... 1 0
S u b s ta n tiv u l 10 ' 1 Pluralul substantivelor 10 Exprim area posesiei 13 i A r tic o lu l 15 A rticolul h o trt the 1S
A rticolul n eh o trt a / an 16 A rticolul zero 18 l i A d je c tiv u l 20 Adjective sim ple 20 Adjective com puse
24 P r o n u m e le 26 P ronum ele personal subiect 26 P ronum ele personal co m plem ent (direct sau indirect)
27 81 Adjectivele i p ro nu m ele posesive 27 Pronum ele reflexiv i de n trire 27 P ronum ele dem onstrativ 28
Pronum ele neho trte 29 P ronum ele reciproce each other i one another 29 It / There 31 It p ro n u m e
personal 31 It im personal 31 There 33 V e rb u l 35 T im purile verbale 35 M odaliti de exprim are
a viitorului 44 D iateza 51 Subjonctivul 53 Verbele m odale 56 Can i could 57 May i might 58 Must 59
Shall i should 60 Will i would 61 ; Neednt have i didnt need to 62 ; Tem porala i condiionala 66 11 Vorbirea
indirect 7 0 & Schim barea tim p u rilo r verbale 71
I F Ir 77
Cuvinte care dau btaie de cap 77 u Prieteni fali 82 Verbe dificile 83 * Verbe cu particul adverbial 85
Verbe neregulate 92

T E I S , . : ^ J D J l :JE,A,sXSJZ}, M^LMMSQ,.^^ S,Jo.

l A C l i M r J-FS_T F J~A_.t .A _F X--A.fi/LF-- !------- -..
Advanced (profilul bilingv, 5-7 o re p e sptm n) Proba oral 106 Advanced Proba scris 113 Upper-intermediate
(profilul intensiv, lim bi strine i filologie) Proba oral 121 Upper-intermediate Proba scris 128 Intermediate
(p en tru celelalte profiluri, 1-2 ore pe sptmn) Proba oral 137 Intermediate Proba scris 145 Pre-intermediate
(p en tru m in o riti i lim ba a IlI-a ) Proba oral 151 i Pre-intermediate Proba scris 153

SXLLJLXXLt
*
Soluiile exerciiilor de gram atic 157 ! Soluiile testelor Textsfo r reading comprehension 165 Soluiile testelor
ca la exam en 166 H Advanced Proba oral 166 Upper-intermediate Proba oral 167 Upper-intermediate Proba
scris 168 Intermediate Proba oral 171 Intermediate Proba scris 173 Pre-intermediate Proba oral 176
Pre-intermediate Proba scris 176

..... ..............................................1 7
T e m e le de s+wdiw
C artea este stru ctu rat n p a tru p r i :
1 o prezentare succint a p ro b lem elo r eseniale ale gram aticii lim bii engleze, cu suficiente exem ple p e n tru a le
face nelese. Fiecare tem gram atical este nsoit de exerciii care te ajut s-i lm ureti acele construcii
care prezint dificulti.
~ 1 o selecie de stru c tu ri gram aticale m en it s corecteze greeli frecvente
1 texte de citit i de com entat, n so ite i ele de exerciii care te pregtesc p e n tru diferitele teste i exam ene
: exem ple de subiecte posibile la exam enul de bacalaureat
P entru c O K ! BAC la englez este co n cep u t ca u n m aterial p e n tru studiu individual, am inclus i o list cu verbe
neregulate, p recu m i soluiile exerciiilor.

M an u alele p e care le ai la d isp o ziie p en tru a p regti exam en u l d e b acalaureat sunt u r m to a r e le :

~ 1 p e n tru clasele cu program bilingv i cele cu program intensiv (la acestea din u rm sunt valabile num ai
prim ele trei m anuale)
-> English My Love (clasa a IX-a) a u to r i: R. Blan, . Colibaba, C. Coer, V Foceneanu,
V Stan, R. Vulcnescu, EDFJ ediia 1994 i urm toarele (far ediia 1999 revizuit)
-> Perspectives on English (clasa a X-a) a u to r i: R. Blan, M. C arianopol, . Colibaba,
C. Coer, V Foceneanu, V Stan, R. Vulcnescu, OUP, 1997
-> News and Views (clasele a -a i a X II-) a u to r i: . Colibaba, C. Coer, V Foceneanu,
V Stan, R. Vulcnescu, OUFJ ediia 1998
Crossing Cultures a u to r i: R. M arinescu, T. M inculescu, Cavallioti, 1998
-i Real Views a u to r i: Traci Parks, Patti M cLaughlin, 1996
1 p e n tru clasele cu 1-2 sau 3-4 o re p e sptm n, lim ba I
- English My Love (clasele a IX-a i a X-a)
m anual p e n tru clasa a X I-a a u to r i: . Cojan, R. Surdulescu, A. Tnsescu, EDFJ
ediia 1991 i urm to arele
- 1 m anual p e n tru clasa a X II- a u to r i: S. D orr, R. Surdulescu, M. Tatos, ED f
ediia 1993 i urm to arele
~ 1 p e n tru clasele cu 1-2 sau 3 -4 o re pe sptm n, lim ba a Il-a
English My Love (clasele a IX-a i a X-a)
m anual p e n tru clasa a X I-a a u to r i: . Cojan, R. Surdulescu, A. Tnsescu, HDFJ
ediia
> 1991 si > urm toarele

1 p e n tru m in o riti i lim ba a IlI-a
-> m anual p e n tru clasa a V III-a, EDJ ediia 1991 i urm toarele

T em atica p en tru ex a m en u l d e b acalaureat este urm toarea :

>Teme generale de com unicare :

Travelling
- Hobbies
- Music
>Food
-I Cinema
-< Fashion
Books
Sports

1 Teme de cultur i civilizaie din spaiul anglo-saxon :

- p e n tru clasele bilingve : tem ele incluse n seciunea Culture and Civilisation
din m anualele indicate i tem ele studiate din m anualele Crossing Cultures i Real Views
-> p e n tru clasele intensive : tem ele incluse n seciunea Culture and Civilisation
din m anualele indicate
- p e n tru celelalte tip u ri de clase : tem ele cuprinse n Stream A ale m anualelor indicate

La exam enul de bacalaureat se evalueaz capacitatea candidailor de a folosi co rect i adecvat stru ctu rile lexicale,
m orfologice, sintactice i sem antice studiate n m anualele indicate p e n tru fiecare profil n parte.
Ce tre b u ie sa s fii
Exist trei tip u ri de subiecte, n funcie de n u m ru l de ore de lim b englez studiate la clas i de num rul
de ani n care s-a studiat lim ba englez :
~_l p e n tru profilul bilingv (5-7 ore pe sptm n)
~ 1 p e n tru profilul intensiv, lim bi strine i filologie (3 -4 ore pe sptm n)
~ 1 p e n tru celelalte profiluri, p e n tru m in o riti i lim ba a IlI-a (1-2 ore pe sptm n)

E xam enul d e b acalaureat d in an ul 2 0 0 0 va avea u rm toarea structur :

~ 1 pro b a oral (prob obligatorie) cu u rm to arele tip u ri de cerine :
I. Read the text and comment on it (textul oferit va fi necunoscut)
II. E xerciiu de tran sfo rm are sau de com pletare a propoziiilor
III. E xerciiu care i cere candidatului s povesteasc, s descrie, s analizeze i s susin
u n p u n c t de vedere p o rn in d de la u n su p o rt scris
~1 p roba scris p e n tru prim ele dou profiluri, cu u rm toarele subiecte :
I. a) Text n ecunoscut pe care candidaii trebuie s-l rezum e n tr-u n nu m r dat de cuvinte
b) C om entariu asupra textului pe o tem dat
II. E xerciiu de retroversiune, literar sau neliterar
III. Eseu argumentativ, narativ sau descriptiv (aproxim ativ 250 cuvinte)
~ 1 p roba scris p e n tru celelalte profiluri, p e n tru m in o riti i lim ba a IlI-a
I. U n te x t cu spaii lacunare (cloze)
II. E xerciiu de retroversiune
III. Eseu (aproxim ativ 2 50 cuvinte)

S - f a + u r i + r u t r a t a r e a s u b i e c t e l o r
Proba oral
P entru a realiza com entariul textului, i recom andm s respeci urm toarele etape :
-> gsete ideea principal a textului i sintetizeaz-o n tr-o fraz
rezum textul cu p ro p riile cuvinte
- scrie care este prerea ta despre tem a respectiv
~1 P en tru susinerea unui p u n c t d e vedere p o rn in d de la un su p o rt scris, i recom andm :
-> s analizezi m ai n ti afirm aia i s gseti cuvintele-cheie
-> s analizezi cuvintele-cheie, explicnd nelesul fiecruia
-> s gseti argum ente n favoarea i contra afirm aiei, prezentnd i exem ple

Proba scris
~11 P en tru realizarea unui rezum at su n t necesare u rm toarele etape :
dac textul este fo rm at d in tr-u n singur paragraf, gsete ideea principal
i reform uleaz-o n m o d original
-> dac textul con in e m ai m u lte paragrafe, gsete ideea principal a fiecruia,
selecteaz elem entele im p o rtan te i rezum textul cu propriile cuvinte,
evitnd folosirea stru c tu rilo r din text

~1 C om entariul scris p e care urm eaz s-l realizezi treb u ie s cuprind pro p ria ta prere asupra dom eniului
m en io n at n text. C hiar dac aceasta este asem ntoare cu cea a autorului, nu rep eta stru ctu rile i form ulrile
din fragm entul literar. Fii o rig in a l!

~ ' La retroversiune, elem entele care se noteaz s u n t :

- 1 stru ctu rile gram aticale
-> folosirea unui vocabular adecvat textului dat
ortografia

1 Eseul de aproxim ativ 250 de cuvinte p oate fi narativ, argum entativ sau descriptiv.
In cazul unei naraiuni, n u n cepe s povesteti n ain te de a-i fi schiat u n plan de idei.
A m intirile care p ar spontane su n t cele m ai elaborate. N u uita c ele im plic sentim ente, iar acestea
treb u ie redate n tr-u n limbaj literar. A tenie la folosirea tim p u rilo r ! O rice am intire nseam n
o aciune din trecut. D ac n u -i am inteti nim ic fascinant din copilria ta, inventeaz !
N u se puncteaz conform itatea cu realitatea, ci bogia vocabularului, claritatea organizrii
i corectitu d in ea exprim rii.
Eseul argum entativ se bazeaz pe o stru ctu rare foarte clar a poziiilor c e ru te : argum ente
n sprijinul i m potriva afirm aiei. S tructura unui astfel de eseu ar putea fi u rm toarea : in tro d u cere
prezentarea general a tem ei puse n d isc u ie i; cuprins prezentarea cu exem plificri a argum entelor
 n favoarea i m potriva a firm a ie i; ncheiere o idee general care reia poziia predilect a autorulu i
eseului sau o alt idee care deschide noi perspective de abordare a afirm aiei.
-> Eseul descriptiv te oblig s foloseti u n vocabular adecvat, ct m ai bogat, i stru ctu ri literare
(com paraie i descriere) care s ajute la crearea atm osferei.

A te n ie ! N u se ad m it stru ctu rile contrase (don't, didn't, isn't, hasn't etc.) n nici u n tip de eseu.
O rtografia am erican este acceptat d o ar dac folosirea ei este consecvent.

C u m HVe+i s i n g u r
Exist o m are varietate a stilurilor de a nva. C te b ordeie, attea obiceie ! , spune o vorb din popor.
Tu te cunoti cel m ai bine ! Ii vom sugera d o ar o m odalitate care a dat rezultate bu n e de-a lungul anilor.
Citete cu atenie fiecare capitol de teorie, apoi rezolv exerciiile. N um ai dup ce i-ai dat toat osteneala,
verific-te cu aju to ru l soluiilor de la sfritul volum ului. D ac rspunsurile tale coincid, totul este O K !
Dac nu, recitete cu atenie capitolul respectiv, zbovete asupra exem plelor i apoi n to arce -te la exerciii.
Prim ul contact cu textul literar nu este suficient p e n tru a rezolva toate cerinele, de aceea trebuie s citeti
nc o dat textul cu m ult atenie. N u intra n panic dac nu ai neles vreun cuvnt. Sensul m u lto r cuvinte
se poate deduce din context, cu condiia s te strduieti s gseti elem entele ajuttoare (clues).

S u cces!

E caterina C om isei
D oin a M ilos>
si

compania
 6 RsA-M A-TlCA

wish - wishes
S u b s t a n t i v u l watch - watches
box - boxes
In lim ba englez, substantivele p o t fi num rabile Substantivele care se term in n consoan +
(countable) i nenum rabile (uncountable). transform la plural semivocala n -ies.
lady - ladies
Substantivele num rabile p o t fi preced ate de a / an
city - cities
i adm it form a de plural. Cele nenum rabile
Substantivele n -f, -fe fac pluralul n -ves.
nu accept a / an i n u au form de plural.
leaf - leaves
wife - wives

P lu r a lu l su b -s+ d w + iv e ltfir
A te n ie !
D e regul, pluralul se form eaz p rin adugarea U nele substantive term in ate n -f accept -s la plural,
term inaiei -s la form a de singular a substantivului, roof - roofs
book - books cliff - cliffs
car - cars belief - beliefs
cake - cakes proof - proofs
toy - toys chief - chiefs

P entru substantivele care se term in la singular n -o, la

BJLux a I I_ s jll b s t a n t i v e l o r s i m p ie
plural avem dou situ a ii:
Substantivele term in ate n -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x adaug la ~ 1 term inaia -es tom ato - tom atoes
plural term in aia -es. potato - potatoes
bus - buses hero - heroes
class - classes
 term inaia -s kilo - kilos datum - data
radio - radios crisis - crises
photo - photos In lim ba englez exist i substantive care au num ai
piano - pianos form de p lu ra l: glasses, binoculars, scissors, pliers,
Exist substantive cu plural neregulat (irregular plurals) tw eezers, pyjamas, jeans, trousers, tights, pants, shorts.
care schim b vocala (sau vocalele) din ultim a silab, Form a de singular a acestora se realizeaz cu ajutorul
man - men sintagm ei one pair of.
foot - feet I need a new pair of glasses.
woman - women
tooth - teeth A te n ie !
goose - geese O ne pair of se folosete i cu substantivele gloves, socks,
mouse - mice shoes p e n tru a exprim a singularul.
U nele substantive au aceeai form la singular i la
plural.
sheep - sheep
R i u r a l u l s u b s t a n ii.w e .lo x c o m p u s e
deer - deer D e regul, substantivele com puse form eaz pluralul prin
aircraft - aircraft trecerea la aceast form a ultim ului elem ent,
means - means a grown-up - grown-ups
series - series a tin-opener - tin-openers
species - species a toothbrush - toothbrushes
an alarm clock - alarm clocks
This means of transport is cheap. a forget-me-not - forget-m e-nots
Both these means of transport are cheap.
Substantivele com puse d in tr-u n alt substantiv i
co n stru cie prepoziionl adaug -s la prim ul elem ent,
O bservaie sister-in-law - sisters-in-law
Fish face parte din aceast grup. Pluralul fishes a passer-by - passers-by
desem neaz specii diferite de peti. D ac prim ul elem ent al substantivelor com puse este man
sau woman, pluralul se form eaz p rin schim barea
Substantivele m p ru m u ta te din lim bile latin i greac am belor elem ente.
pstreaz desinenele de plural din lim bile de a woman driver - women drivers
provenien. a man singer - men singers
phenomenon - phenomena
medium - media
 HProbleme de p r o n u n i e
Pluralul n 's se folosete p e n tru a exprim a : >Pluralul n -es al substantivelor term in ate
~ 1 pluralul literelo r alfabetului n [s], [z], tf], [3], [d3], [tj] se p ro n u n [iz].
She never spells "accommodation" with tw o buses [bAsiz]
cs and tw o m's. quizzes [kwiziz]
brushes [brAjiz]
- 1 pluralul u n o r date : in the 1990's sau the 1990s (n anii
watches [wotjiz]
90)
m essages [mesid3iz]
_1 pluralul u n o r prescu rtri bridges [brid3 iz]
Should w e have more or fewer MP's (or Mps). Substantivele term in ate n vocale surde [t], [d],
[], [f], [], [h] form eaz pluralul cu -(e)s care se
O bservaii
> p ro n u n [s].
Substantivele homework, advice, knowledge, information, maps [maeps]
luggage, furniture, money, progress n u p o t avea form a de roofs [ru:fs]
plural n lim ba englez. cloths [cbGs]
Students have lots of homework to do. = spots [spots]
Elevii au m ulte te m e de iacut. cooks [kuks]
We need some more information. = Avem Substantivele term in ate n vocale i consoane
nevoie de m ai m u lte inform aii. sonore, cu excepia acelora n [d], [b], [g], [v],
Where's your money ? = U n d e -i su n t banii ? [m], [n], [rj], [1], [6], [r], form eaz pluralul
Cuantificarea acesto r substantive se face cu ajutorul u n o r n -(e)s care se p ro n u n [z].
plays [pleiz]
sintagm e ca : an article of, an item of, a piece of, a word of.
clothes [kbu5z]
a piece / word of advice
a piece / an article of furniture Pigs [pigz]
boys [boiz]
a piece / an item of information
bands [baendz]
claims [kleimz]
U nele substantive au form de plural (news, measles, bees [bi:z]
mumps, economics, politics, mathematics, physics, statistics, bills [bilz]
billiards, gymnastics, athletics), dar acordul se face cu songs [sorjz]
verbul la singular. Cteva substantive au p ro n u n ie aparte la plural.
No news is good news. baths [ba:6z]
Politics is an interesting subject. houses [hauziz]
Measles is a catching disease. mouths [mau6z]
 paths [:] P r o b l e m e de s c r i e r e
truths [tru:5z] i p r o n u n i e
1 Substantive la singular + 's
E x p v i p o s e s ie i my brother's T-shirt

In lim ba englez posesia se p o ate exprim a n dou ~ 1 Substantive cu plural neregulat + 's
the children's room
m oduri.
~ 1 Substantive la plural + '
my grandparents' house
...S the candidates' speeches
the boys' game
Aceast m odalitate de a exprim a posesia se folosete mai
11 Substantive la singular (m ai ales num e strine)
ales atunci cnd poseso ru l este o persoan, u n anim al, o
Socrates' ideas
ar sau o organizaie.
1 'S se p ro n u n ca i n cazul pluralului n -s
my friend's name
Lesley's answer al substantivelor.
a sparrow 's nest teacher's [tiitjbz]
Africa's oil reserves girl's [:1]
Tom's [tomz]
In unele cazuri, atunci cnd este vorba despre biroul,
M adge's [masdgiz]
cabinetul, m agazinul cuiva, obiectul p o sed at p oate lipsi
Isaac's [aizsks]
cu totul, subnelegndu-se.
Charles's [tjailziz]
She w ent to the doctor's.
M a r/s [m esriz]
Rosie is at the hairdresser(s).
D e asem enea, obiectul posed at p oate lipsi i atunci cnd
nelesul propoziiei este foarte clar. Po s e s i v u l ! oi
W hose is that bag ? It's Jack's.
Se folosete atunci cnd :
~~1 posesorul este u n substantiv n e u tru : the pages
A te n tie !
of the book, the cover of the magazine
Posesivul n 's p o ate fi folosit i p e n tru a exprim a :
~ l denum irile geografice sunt u rm ate de u n num e
>ideea d e p ro d u s de : cow 's milk, sheep's wool
p ro p riu : the Sea of C rete ; the Strait of Dover
~ 1 m sura tim pului, a distanei sau a v a lo rii: tw o dollars'
~ 1 num ele p ro p rii sunt form ate d in tr-u n substantiv
worth of popcorn, a day's journey, yesterday's newspapers,
cu apoziie : the reign of queen Victoria
tw o hours' wait
~ 1 subliniem a u to ru l unei o p ere : the plays of George g) Is it the original draw ing o r is it a copy ?
Bernard Shaw h) A w olf is a wild anim al th a t looks like a dog.
~ 1 subliniem durata unei a c iu n i: the destruction
of the rain forests, the establishm ent of a new college
A Write the correct form of these sentences.
a) H is knowledges o f English are very good.
A tenie b) You m u st do your hom ew orks first.
In unele situaii p u tem form ula posesia p rin am bele c) Physics are difficult to study.
m o d a lit i: d) She has lots o f luggages.
the earth's gravity sau the gravity of the earth e) H ere are th e 8 o clock news.
the president's speech sau the speech of the
president
A
Correct the mistakes.
England's history sau the history of England a) F or m o re inform ations please w rite to M r Smith.
b) H e has caught tw o beautiful fishes.
c) H ow m uch m oney have been w ithdraw n from my
. cXercijH ! account ?
d) All luggages m ust be checked in one h o u r before
Complete the blanks with the plurals of the following departure.
nouns. e) W h at tim e are the news on BBC ?
table m atch glass f) We all learn by experiences.
foot gas- victory g) H e died a h ero e s death.
th ie f policem an analysis h) T he m ain political partys in th e U nited States are the
po tato valley fis h - D em ocrats and the Republicans.
radio fox

Write these sentences in the plural.

knife
Rewrite these sentences and put the apostrophe 0
where necessary.
a) A bus is th e cheapest way o f getting into town. a) Have you m et your friends parents ?
b) T he child was w aiting for you. b) Tom w orks in my fathers office.
c) This tom ato has gone bad. c) She p u t her hope in the doctors hands.
d) A m ale d e e r usually has h o rn s o n its head. d) H e needs a couple o f days rest.
e) H e lost one fro n t to o th in th e fight. e) I know his bro th ers nam e b u t I forgot his sisters.
f) T hey ve published a series o f readers for students o f f) W here has she p u t the childrens new toys ?
English. g) H e can t h it th e target at a miles distance.
h) She b o rro w ed Jam es bike. 1 n faa unui substantiv bine d eterm in at
i) H e was a friend o f m y fathers. The people I met there were very friendly.
j ) H e w en t to the newsagents to buy a magazine. The house at the end of the street belongs to my
uncle.
~ l n faa substantivelor care denum esc ceva unic
(o singur persoan sau un singur obiect)
A - r+ ie o lu l the sun the moon the Bible the Pope
the Q ueen the pyramids the North Pole the tow n centre
Articolul este u n d eterm in an t, u n m ijloc ~ 1 n faa unui substantiv la singular, p e n tru a denum i o
de individualizare a o b iectelo r i fenom enelor ntreag specie
d intr-un context. In lim ba englez exist articolul The whale is an endangered species.
notrt i nehotrt, i articolul zero. ~ 1 n faa unui substantiv folosit n sens g e n e ra l:
the weather, the sky, the environment, the human present,
the past, the future, the wind
A n r+ ie o lu l K o + v it fine

Are dou pro n u n ii, n funcie de sunetul cu care ncepe A te n tie !

substantivul d e te r m in a t: In cazul n care ne referim la o situaie particular,
~ 1 the se p ro n u n [] atunci cnd st n faa cuvintelor se folosete articolul n eh otrt a / an :
care ncep cu o consoan (the car, the floor, the coat) I could hear the wind. There's a biting
sau cu o semivocal e, o, u, w, (the European, the north wind.
one, the university, the week, the year)
the se p ro n u n [] atunci cnd cuvintele ncep cu o ~ 1 n faa nu m elo r p ro p rii la p lu r a l : the Brysons
vocal (the activity, the effort, the office) sau cu h m u t (familia Bryson)
(the honour, the hour) ~ 1 n construcii n care apar cuvintele union, united,
republic, empire sau dynasty
The United States
F 1,,1.^. r t i c o l u , i u i .. h o LxJL h e The United Arab Republic
The People's Republic of China
Articolul the se folosete n u rm to arele s itu a ii: The Roman Empire
~ 1 n faa unui substantiv m en io n at an terio r The Han Dynasty
A man and a woman were sitting in front of us.
The woman was smiling but the man seemed to
be very angry.
N

O bservaie ~ l1n faa adjectivelor p e n tru a le substantiviza: the rich,

In engleza am erican, the se folosete n num ele u n o r the elderly, the unemployed, the Japanese, the Germans
c l d iri: the Museum of Natural History, the Smitshonian, ~ 1 n construciile superlativului adjectivelor : the best,
the Gallery of Modern Art, the White House, the World Trade the biggest
Centre. In engleza britanic, denu m irea principalelor ~ 1 n faa in stru m en te lo r muzicale, atunci cnd se
cldiri i organizaii din ora n u este p recedat de sugereaz o activitate :
articolul h o t r t: Oxford University, M anchester Airport, He plays the violin. She is learning the piano.
Liverpool Football Club D a r : He has just bought a guitar.
- 1 n faa num eralului o rd in a l: the first, the second
~ 1 n denum irile p erio ad elo r istorice : the Renaissance,
the Industrial Revolution, the Stone Age, the Middle Ages A te n ie !
' n num ele u n o r ziare : The Times, The Daily News, In anum ite expresii, the nu se folosete cu num eralul
The W ashington Post o rd in a l:
~ 1 n denum irile geografice : It was love at first sight.
-I num e de p u n cte cardinale : the North, At first glance, it looked like the right one.
O n second thought, his idea seems quite useful.
the South
n u m e de r u r i : the Mississippi, the Nile,
the Danube A rr+ ic o lw l *\1\>+ + a / av\
- n u m e de m ri i oceane : the Pacific
Ocean, the Dead Sea Form a a a articolului neh o trt se folosete n faa
-> n u m e de d esertu ri i g o lfu ri : the Sahara, cuvintelor care ncep cu o consoan (a book, a teacher,
the Gulf of Mexico a voyage) sau o sem iconsoan (a European, a one-week
-> n d en u m iri ale u n o r insule, lacuri, holiday, a U-turn, a window).

lanuri m untoase, r i : the Philippines, Form a an se folosete n faa cuvintelor care ncep cu
the Azores, the Great Lakes, the Rocky o vocal (an artist, an elephant, an orange) sau cu h m u t
M ountains, the Alps, the Carpathians, (an hour, an honest man, an heir).
the Netherlands
~ 1 num e de g r d in i: the Bronx Zoo, the Botanical Gardens O bservaie
>
~ 1 n denum irea u n o r gru p ri, organizaii, dep artam ente Abrevierilor p ro n u n a te ca un cuvnt sunt precedate
g u v ern am en tale ; the American Red Cross, de form a a a articolului n e h o t r t: a NASA scientist,
the fire departm ent, the police, the board of education, a FIFA decision.
the tow n council
In cazul n care abrevierilor se p ro n u n p e litere, ~ 1 n expresii referitoare la tim p, distan, c a n tita te :
se folosete form a an. three times a week, once a month, tw o dollars a pound
an MA [ em ei] ~ 1 n unele expresii uzuale
an FBI agent [ e f bi:ai eic^snt] all of a sudden
to have a good time
in a hurry / rush
P I O S I X&a ti r t i C 0 .1 ti.1Li:
as a matter of fact
it's a shame

Articolul n eh o trt se foloseste n u rm to arele s itu a tii: in a good mood

~ atunci cnd nu tim nim ic despre substantivul

respectiv sau cnd acesta este m en io n at p e n tru O b servaii
prim a dat U n eo ri p u te m avea a / an sau one. A tunci cnd folosim
There was a man in front of the door. one p u n em accent p e num r.
Do you have a car ? They'll be away for one (or a) year.
p e n tru a ne referi la u n m e m b ru d in tr-o clas He scored one (or a) hundred and sixty points.
A teacher m ust be very patient.
A spider has eight legs. A rticolul a plasat n faa lui few i little confer acestora
~ 1 n faa unui substantiv n u m e de profesie u n plus de cantitate.
She is a doctor. Jack has few friends. He is often lonely.
He w ants to become an architect. (few = not many, almost none)
- 1 n faa n u m erelo r i a fraciilor : a hundred, a thousand, Tom has a few friends in England.
(a few = several)
a fifth of the am ount
My sister has little money. She cant afford a
- 1 n num ele u n o r boli vacation this year, (little = not much, a very small
an allergy, a cold, a headache, a sore throat, quantity, not enough)
a tum or dar : toothache, earache, backache, John has a little money. He is going to buy a
stomachache new bicycle, (a little = some, enough)
~ 1 dup adverbele quite, such, what, rather, without, as, half,
many u rm a te de un substantiv la singular
Such a nice g irl!
W hat a lovely d a y !
He is quite a gentleman !
 atunci cnd substantivele bed, church, harbour, hospital,
A rr+ ie o lw l
jail, market, school etc. sunt folosite n scopul p e n tru
N u se folosete nici u n fel de articol n urm toarele care au fost fcute
c a z u ri: It's la te ! Go to bed.
~ 1 substantive n u m e de m aterii D a r : She put her toy on the bed.
Butter is fattening.
We need air to breathe.
Water is very important for life. Si
~ 1 n num ele u n o r b o l i : appendicitis, rheumatism, AIDS,
cancer, tuberculosis, leukemia W hat is the correct pronunciation of the in the
_ substantive abstracte nedefinite following examples ?
Beauty is only skin-deep. a) the balloon g) the E uropean
The aim of this activity is to promote friendship. b) the re d house h) the Indian
War is horrible. c) th e answ er i) the um brella
~ 1 zilele sptm nii, lunile anului i anotim purile d) th e u n ion j) the university
They have English on Monday. e) the h o u r before daw n k) the year
It is very cold in February.
f) the long road 1) the w indow
It often rains in spring.
~ 1 n expresii referitoare la loc, tim p i m icare
Complete the blanks with a or an.
to / at / from school
a) w ild dog g) book
to / a t/ from university / college
b) old m an h) . unique event
to / at / from church
c) . hair 0- . orange
by car / bus / bicycle / plane / train / boat
d) . h o n est person j) . ice cream
on foot
e) . .. u n icorn k) . one-w ay road
~ l n anum ite e x p re sii : with knike and fork; arm in a r m ;
f>- ear 1)- . MA degree
from top to b o tto m ; day after day
~ 1 num e de m aterii de studiu, jo cu ri, sporturi
We learn English.

a)
Complete the blanks with the or a / an where needed.
Alps are i n ...........Austria a n d ......... Switzerland.
He likes basketball.
~1 num e de ri fo rm ate d in tr-u n singur cuvnt i orae : b) H ague is th e capital o f .........N etherlands.
Romania, England, London, Bucharest, Prague
c) Sunday is the first day o f the week.
d) I ts .........sham e th at you cant com e to my party.
e) She h a d .......... toothache all night long.
f) His father i s .......... engineer. f) W hy d o n t you go to see h e r ? It only takes y o u ..........
g) iMoby D ick i s .......... interesting book. hour.
Its ..........b est b o o k I ve ever read.
h ) They w e n t to v i s it.......... Smiths. If necessary, complete the blanks with an article.
i I M ary used to p la y .......... guitar. B y .......... N ovem ber 1776, W ashingtons badly m auled
j I We d o n t go to school o n .......... Saturday. arm y m ade cam p i n ......... Pennsylvania, a c ro s s .........
.<) My b ro th e r s tu d ie d ............ m athem atics. Delaware River from N ew Jersey. ........... Hessians w ent
. D octors hope to find a cure f o r ........... cancer. into w inter quarters at Trenton, o n .......... o th e r side o f
m) We e n jo y ..........literature. ........... river. O n ............Christm as night, H am iltons
n ) ..........tim e flies. com pany to o k p a rt in one o f .........m o st famous exploits
o) Canada is n o rth o f ...........U n ited States. o f ........... R evolutionary War. W h ile ........... Hessians
d I ..........M issouri River flows i n t o ............M ississippi w ere e n jo y in g .......... huge banquet, W ashington ferried
River. his troops a c ro s s ........... ice-clogged D elaw are River,
q I I go to ........... chu rch o n Sunday. about eight miles above Trenton. H e split his forces into
I She h a d .......... stom achache, b u t it was n o t ........... tw o colum ns, one u n d e r .............G eneral Jo h n Sullivan,
ippendicitis. ..........o th e r u n d e r .............. G eneral N athanael G reene.
> .......... Renaissance began in Italy d u r in g ............. They descended on Trenton and c a u g h t............ Hessians
rourteenth century. com pletely b y ........... surprise. Colonel Rahle was killed
t) ............ R om anians have a m arvellous folksong and nine h u n dred Hessians taken p ris o n e rs ...........victory,
tradition. after so m any m o n th s o f defeat, d i d .......... great deal to

0 Complete the blanks with a / an or one.

re v iv e ........... spirits o f .............. w eary Americans. It also
encouraged e n lis tm e n ts ............ following spring.
a I She was looking f o r .........shop w here she could buy Alexander Hamilton by W illiam W ise
som ething to drink.
b It was Saturday a fte rn o o n .............shop was o p en b u t
all the others w ere closed.
) I asked f o r .......... slice o f bread. I d id n t n eed th ree of
them .
d I .Ml the students passed th e exam , w ith j u s t .............
exception.
e 1 W ould you like m e to t a k e ........... p h o to o f this
beautiful old building ?
 W inter is colder than autumn.
A -d je c+ iv u l This story is more interesting than the one
I read last week.
Adjectivul exprim o calitate a unui obiect, a unei stri G radul superlativ are urm toarele dou fo rm e :
sau a unei situaii. ~ 1 superlativul re la tiv : the + adjectiv + sufixul -est sau
the m ost + adjectiv (cel m ai...)
John is the youngest of them.
A rd je e + iv e s im p le This is the m ost difficult problem we have
to solve.
In funcie de n u m ru l de silabe co n in u t de adjectivele
~ 1 superlativul a b so lu t: adverbele extremely, fantastically,
sim ple, acestea respect anum ite reguli de form are
highly, impossibly, incredibly, infinitely, really, remarkably,
a com paraiei.
terribly, very etc. + gradul pozitiv al adjectivului
They were confrunted with extremely low
temperatures.
o p 3. 3. l d j..0 t i &10 - s i m -16
She is remarkably tall for her age.
G radul pozitiv reprezint form a de baz a ad jectiv elo r:
tall, difficult, old etc. D e regul, adjectivele m onosilabice form eaz
G radul com parativ se folosete atunci cnd se com par com parativul i superlativul cu ajutorul sufixului -er,
nsuirile a dou substantive : respectiv -(e)st, n tim p ce adjectivele din dou sau mai
~ 1 com parativul de egalitatea se exprim p rin as ... as m ulte silabe form eaz com parativul i superlativul cu
(to t aa de ... ca ...) ajutorul lui more i the most,
Mary is as tall as her friend. high - higher - the highest
Lesson tw o is as difficult as lesson three. dangerous - more dangerous - the m ost dangerous
11 com parativul de inferioritate se exprim p rin not as / low - lower - the lowest
so ... as (nu aa de... ca...) sau p rin less ... than... sensitive - more sensitive - the m ost sensitive
(mai p u in ... dect...)
Grandma is not as old as Grandpa. U nele adjective bisilabice (common, gentle, handsome,
My English is less accurate than hers. mature, narrow, pleasant, polite, simple, stupid, subtle etc.)
~ 1 com parativul de superioritate se exprim p rin adjectiv p o t form a com parativul i superlativul cu ajutorul
+ sufixul -er + than, n cazul adjectivelor
am belor reguli.
scurte , sau more + adjectiv + than, n cazul
adjectivelor lu n g i (m ai... dect...)
Exist adjective neregulate care au form e diferite p e n tru
com parativ i su p erlativ :
 good - better - the best This needs further discussion.
bad - worse - the w orst They asked for some further information.
little - less - the least - 1 adjectivul late are dou form e d o ar la superlativul
much / many - more - the most relativ
late - later - the last
Let's look for a better restaurant. I think this is the latest
the best restaurant around here. I didn't read the last chapter of the book.
He's recovering from a bad accident. In fact, it (ultim ul, dup care nu m ai urm eaz nim ic)
was worse than he thought. It is the worst Have you bought Metallica's latest album ?
accident he has ever had. (ultim ul, cel mai recent)

n m p a.r.Al-i.a ._a.ri.j.e r j j / ^ JLoj :

a e x e ,g u ia te 3 ff j p t i v p I n r
_ iteva adjective au dou form e la com parativ P en tru a ntri ideea exprim at de un adjectiv se folosesc
i superlativ : sintagm ele much sau far naintea form ei de com parativ a
~ 7 adjectivul old adjectivului sau by far dup aceasta.
old - older - the oldest This is a much more interesting alternative.
elder - the eldest It is quicker by far to go by train.
F irm ele elder i the eldest se folosesc far adverbul than,
C o nstrucia din ce n ce m a i + adjectiv se red
iranci cnd se face referire la m em b rii aceleiai familii.
p rin dou com parative u n ite cu ajutorul lui and.
My elder sister is a student.
Its getting harder and harder to find time
Who is the eldest in your family ?
for everything you w ant to do.
This lecture's getting more and more boring.
adjectivul far C onstrucia cu c t + com parativ + cu a t t
far - farther - the farthest
se red n lim ba englez p rin dou com parative
further - the furthest
p recedate de the.
: =rther i the farthest se folosesc atunci cnd se face
The higher the price, the better the product.
reierire la distan.
They live tw o miles farther away from here
than I do.
Further este folosit cu sensul de a d iio n a l ,
suplim entar .
 P r o b l e m e de s c r i e r e a A te n ie !
1 Exist i adjective term in ate n -ing care nu provin
a d j e c t i v e l o r la c o m p a r a t i v
I din verbe : appetizing, balding, cunning, enterprising,
I 1 Adjectivele te rm in a te n tr-o consoan precedat neighbouring.
1 de o vocal scurt dubleaz consoana final.
hot - hotter
Adjectivele n -ing se folosesc p e n tru a exprim a ceea ce
big - bigger
sim im fa de un obiect, o persoan etc.
thin - thinner
The noise was very annoying.
2
sad - sadder
The film was disappointing.
j ~ 1 Adjectivele te rm in a te n - p reced at
I de o consoan tran sfo rm - n -i.
happy - happier
easy - easier
pretty - prettier Adjective term in ate n -ed au o form similar cu aceea
j ~~1 Adjectivele te rm in a te n -e m u t l p ierd naintea a participiului tre cu t al verbelor regulate (alarmed,
I sufixului -er. am used, bored, delighted, disappointed, disillusioned,
safe - safer em barrassed, puzzled, surprised, tired) sau neregulate
large - larger
i (drawn, hidden, known, paid, torn, written).
She was a worried old woman.
They have just bought a furnished flat.
Mind the broken glass.
Exist un m are n u m r de adjective derivate din verbe U nele adjective n -ed nu sunt suficiente p e n tru a
cu ajutorul sufixului -ing (participial adjectives). clarifica sensul substantivului, de aceea ele sunt
Aceste adjective p o t avea att funcie sintactic de precedate de u n adverb (superbly cut suit, highly developed
atribut, ct i de n u m e predicativ. technology, perfectly worded statem ent).
She stopped in front of a charming house.
Adjectivele n -ed se folosesc p e n tru a descrie anum ite
The instructions were confusing.
stri.
Adjectivele n -ing form eaz gradele de com paraie dup
I was annoyed by the news.
regulile com paraiei adjectivelor cu mai m ulte silabe.
They were disappointed by the film.
Its a very frightening thought.
They spent a really pleasing evening
at the theatre.
He couldn't be more confusing.
Her husband is the most boring person
I've ever met.
A d j ' 1 1-V -Si' i d v i*1-6 i i i Probleme de t o p i c
Adverbele n -ly provin din adjective sim ple la care
se adaug sufixul respectiv. Ca regul general, adjectivele stau n faa
happy - happily su b stan tiv elo r : a difficult problem, a new dress,
strange - strangely an interesting story.

A te n ie !
Exist unele adjective precu m afraid, alike, alone,
Exist ns i adjective sim ple care se te rm in n -ly :
ashamed, asleep, awake, content, glad, ill, likely, well
cowardly, daily, fatherly, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely,
care se poziioneaz dup anum ite verbe (appear,
Tionthly, weekly
be, become, feel, get, look, sound, smell, taste).
Aceste adjective n so ite de sintagm e prepoziionale de
renul fashion, manner sau way se transform n adverbe.
Im glad to hear he's feeling better.
He greeted me in a friendly way.
Now that he had apologized, she looked
content.
Unele adverbe adm it p e lng form a sim pl i p e cea Snow showers are likely in the next hours.
in sufixul -ly. Cele dou fo rm e au acelai neles.
She speaks very loud(ly). Adjectivele care exprim m rim ea, durata sau vrsta
I promise to be there as quick(ly) as possible. (broad, deep, high, long, old, tall, wide) stau dup
Cteva adverbe au n elesuri diferite p e n tru cele dou substantive.
. The road is six feet broad.
They arrived late for the the meeting. The building was more than tw o hundred
I haven't met them lately (recently). years old.
I can't sing that high.
His films are very highly regarded, (people praise Atunci cnd m ai m ulte adjective determ in un
them) substantiv, ordinea lor este, de obicei, urm to area :
quality, size, age, shape, colour, origin / place, material.
The window was wide open so the burglar w ent
straight in.
it was a nice, large, green, plastic bag.
You can easily find the book, it is widely
available, (in many places) She was wearing a beautiful, navy, Scottish,
woollen jacket.
He has always worked hard.
His younger brother hardly does anything at all.
(his younger brother is very lazy)
A rd jec+iv'e e o w p iA se
Adjectivele com puse su n t form ate din dou sau mai
m ulte cuvinte i se scriu de obicei cu cratim n tre ele. Complete the blanks with the comparative and
a good-looking girl superlative forms of the following adjectives.
a low-paid job
a) cheap ....................................................................
Adjectivele com puse su n t form ate din :
b) w i d e .......................................................................
~ 1 un adjectiv sim plu sau u n num eral i u n adjectiv n
c) small .....................................................................
-ed : a long-haired person, a six-sided object
d) sad ............................................................... .........
~ 1 u n adjectiv sau u n adverb i u n participiu t r e c u t :
e) bad ........................................................................
a short-lived relationship, a well-known story
f) u s e f u l.....................................................................
~ 1 u n adjectiv, adverb sau substantiv i u n participiu
g) self-su fficien t.......................................................
p re z e n t: a long-lasting material, a mouth-watering aroma
h) cool .......................................................................
U n nu m r lim itat de adjective com puse se form eaz
i) n a r r o w ...................................................................
din m ai m u lt de dou cuvinte care se scriu cu cratim
j) little ........................................................................
n tre ele.
a dow n-to-earth person
the day-to-day administration Use the following words to make sentences with
a comparative adjective and than.
Adjectivele com puse care accept grade de com paraie
a) Bucharest, big, Ploieti.
form eaz com parativul i superlativul dup regula
b) My brother, old, m e.
general a com paraiei adjectivelor form ate din mai
c) H e r w atch, expensive, m ine.
m ulte silabe.
She was even more open-minded than d) T he crop this year, good, last year.
I expected. e) Life in the country, healthy, life in a town.
He is the m ost absent-minded person f) H e, generous, I thought.
I've ever met. g) It is, bad, I expected.
In cazul adjectivelor com puse d in tr-u n adverb i u n h) Rom e, far from London, Paris.
adjectiv care i pstreaz sensul, adverbul suport
gradele de com paraie. Choose the correct adjective to complete the blanks.
ill-tempered - w orse-tem pered - a) W eve had a very (tired / tiring) day at the office
the worst-tempered today.
well-known - better-known - the best-known
b) It was a terrib le film and I was (bored / boring)
from start to finish.
 i I was com pletely (confused / confusing) w ith th e rules
:: the game. Translate the following sentences into English.
I The m ap was very (confused / confusing) and they a) Program ele de televiziune sunt din ce n ce mai
^ot lost. interesante.
e Jane looked calm b u t Im sure she felt really b) Este din ce n ce m ai frig i zilele sunt din ce n
terrified / terrifying). ce m ai scurte.
c) Povestea aceasta este din ce n ce m ai plictisitoare.
fV .-t Complete the sentences using the comparative or the d) Cu ct m eciul era m ai palpitant, cu att m ai tare
: -sedative form of the adjective in brackets. strigau spectatorii.
i They chose this hotel because it was (good) in the e) C u ct se antrena m ai m ult, cu att m ai puine
tow n and (cheap) th an they expected, greeli facea.
r M ona Lisa is (fam ous) painting in m y opinion,
I do n t know w ho is (old) in th e ir family b u t Im Use the correct form.
snr th at Tom is (young) than his sister, a) H e cam e in and sm iled friendly / in a friendly
d H e is considered (popular) p o p singer. Definitely, way at everybody.
be is (popular) by far th an any o th e r p o p singer in his b) H e kicked th e ball highly / high over th e goal.
country. c) She w orked hardly / hard and passed the exam.
e Travelling by car is (com fortable) th an by b us b u t d) They havent visited us late / lately.
: ou are in a hurry, go by plane. I ts th e (fast).

Where necessary, write the correct form of these

sentences:
: I havent read th e latest ch ap ter o f this book.
: Are th ere any fu rth e r questions ?
Tom is eld er th a n his brother.
1 This house is m uch m o re spacious than th e flat
we used to live in.
e Travelling by train is least tirin g than driving.
: >he seem s to b e getting th in e r and thiner.
^ It was by far th e b ad d est tim e o f m y life,
h ! W hat an excited idea !
 If anyone w ants to attend this course,
P r o H i A w e l e they m ust write their name on this list.
P ronum ele personal la persoana a I l l - singular it l
P ronum ele este p artea de vorbire flexibil care se folosim atunci cnd :
substituie u n u i substantiv, prelu n d u -i categoriile ~ > ne referim la u n obiect, anim al, loc, organizaie
gramaticale. sau la o n o iu n e abstract
I've just bought a new coat. It was very
expensive.
P ro w u w e le p e rso n a l ~ ^ w b iee+ We visited Paris. It was very crowded.
Do you listen to the BBC when it broadcasts
P ersoana Singular Plural
the news ?
I 1 we We started earlier. It was not a good idea.
a Il-a you you ~ 1 ne referim la or, dat sau vrem e (n acest ultim caz,
a Ill-a he it are funcia de subiect p e n tru verbele im personale)
she they It is very hot here.
it It is half past eleven.
It is January 10th.
P ronum ele personal I se scrie n to td eau n a cu liter m are. It was very cold and rainy.
Spre deosebire de lim ba rom n, n lim ba englez ~ 1 n principal avem pronum ele n eh otrte nothing,
subiectul u nei propoziii treb u ie m en io n a t n totdeauna. everything, something i anything
I am busy. (Eu) su n t ocupat. Everything happens when you don't w ant it to.
Folosim persoana a Il-a singular he atunci cnd ~ l identificm persoane
ne referim la u n b rb at sau biat, iar she la o fem eie W ho's the girl in black 7 Its Rosie Lewis.
sau o fat.
My brother is a student. He studies civil
engineering.
Jane came in. She was wearing a very short
dress.
D up p ro n u m ele n eh o trte somebody, someone, anybody,
anyone, atunci cnd n u p u tem specifica dac este vorba
despre u n b rb at sau o fem eie, folosim they p e n tru
persoana a IlI-a singular.
Pronum ele p e rs o n a l - c o m p le m e n f A rdjee+iv/ele .si p r o n u m e le
( .d ir e c t S u in d ir e c t p o se s \ve
Persoana Singular Plural A djectivele p osesive
me us my your his her its
i Il-a you you our your their
a III-a him Pron u m ele p osesive
her them mine yours his hers its
it ours yours theirs

Can you help me with this problem ? I've got a new bike. This is my bike. Its mine.
He likes you. Youve got tw o letters. These are your letters.
He sent her a long letter. These are yours.
I'm looking for my cat. Have you seen it ? They have their books. They have taken theirs.
They invited us to their w edding anniversary.
I haven't told them the news. A te n tie !
Pronum ele posesiv preced at de prepoziia of se folosete
Areste form e ale pro n u m elu i personal se folosesc
n e x p re sii : a friend of mine, a book of yours, a student
in rspunsurile scurte (registrul familiar) sau dup
of hers.
>i than.
W hos going to try ? Me.
She's got the same am ount as him. P r o n u m e le r e - f le x iv
Pr . r.umele personal n cazul dativ este p reced at
s\
> de n + a r i r e
i e Drepoziia to atunci cnd urm eaz u n substantiv
sau u n p ro n u m e n cazul acuzativ. Pronum ele reflexiv i cel de n trire au aceeai form .
Give him the bike!
Persoana Singular Plural
Give the bike / it to him !
I myself ourselves
a II-a yourself yourselves
a III-a himself
herself themselves
itself
 IFO ..-5>. l"'G 5. p " 0 U Ttl Q 1 LX.!..*: d-6.: .-'.|

P ronum ele reflexiv arat c aciunea exprim at de verb P ronum ele de n trire st fie im ediat dup cuvntul
se rsfrnge asupra subiectului (subiectul i p e care l ntrete, fie la sfritul propoziiei, n cazul
com plem entul d irect sun t identice). n care se refer la subiectul acesteia.
/ helped myself to another piece of cake. Do you like the cake ? I myself made it.
He stretched himself out flat on the floor. The doctor said so himself.
She fell and hurt herself. She told me the new s herself.
D e asem enea, el poate nlocui p ro n u m ele personal dup The house itself is nice but it is too far
sintagm ele as, like, but (for) i except (for). to the city centre.
People like yourself (or like you) still prefer Tom and M ary paid for it themselves
reading to watching TV
Everybody flattered her except myself.
P ro m A w ele dew ow .s+va+ iv'
P ronum ele reflexive din expresiile by oneself i on my own
au rolul de a sublinia c o aciune este fcut de subiect A p rop iere D eprtare
singur, far aju to ru l altcuiva. Singular this that
She says she can run the business by herself / Plural these those
on her own.
Chris was sitting on his own / by himself in the This is a difficult problem.
corner of the pub. That's Mike at the bus-stop.
Those look riper than these.
A te n ie !
M ulte verbe care n lim ba ro m n su n t reflexive n u sunt In lim ba englez this i these se folosesc num ai p e n tru
u rm a te n lim ba englez de p ro n u m e reflexiv : complain, a desem na ceva din im ediata apropiere a vorbitorului,
concentrate, feel, remember, dress, relax, shave, wash. att n tim p, ct i n spaiu.
She complains all the time.
He feels better today.
A te ntie !
You should try to relax.
They washed, dressed, had breakfast and w ent F orm ula de prezentare a unei persoane este :
to school. This is Linda.
This is Mr and Mrs Baker.
Folosim pe this chiar dac prezentm m ai m ulte
persoane.
 ~1 p ronum ele care ncep cu some, every i no sunt
P r o n u m e le + +
folosite n propoziii afirm ative
s.. oody everybody nobody somebody Someone rang while you were out.
ar> everyone no one someone Everthying is so expensive these days.
anything everything nothing something Nobody could help her.
There was nothing we could do to make
r.ir2cteristicile p re n u m e lo r n eh o trte : her change her mind.
~ je acord cu verbul la singular ~ 1! pronum ele care ncep cu any se folosesc n propoziii
Everything is ready. interogative i negative
Does anyone know the answer ? Was there anything under the table ?
rro n u m e le cu sufixul -thing se refer la obiecte, idei, I cant see anybody outside.
situaii, activiti >n propoziiile afirm ative anyone i anybody se refer
Was there anything on the table ? la oam eni n general
There's something interesting on the front page. Anyone can answ er this question.
The doctor said there was nothing wrong
with me.
rro n u m ele cu sufixul -body i -one se refer la P r o n u m e le r e c i p r o c e each
oersoane i a c c e p t 's p e n tru exprim area posesiei o + k e r s> i o n e dno+lfver
Someone from your office phoned.
W hen I arrive there was nobody at home. Each other este pro n u m ele reciproc care se folosete
She would appreciate anyone's opinion. atunci cnd ne referim la dou persoane.
This m ust be somebody's business. Betty and M ary are jealous of each other.
reluarea sau explicitarea unui p ro n u m e n eh o trt
se face folosind p ro n u m ele personal la plural O ne another se folosete atunci cnd ne referim la mai
Everybody was enjoying themselves. m ulte persoane.
Ask anyone. TheyW tell you the same thing. The students in my group always help one
Nobody bothered to help her, did they ?
another.
pronum ele n eh o trte asociate cu else fac referire
'a o alt persoan / o b iect
He couldnt think of anybody else.
If you dont need it, give it to somebody else.
Tom and Jane asked for soup. Nobody else
w anted it.
 b) Betty w rote a m ore interesting essay th an M ike did.
W V f l o u ^ eXeirciyii!. c) T he B rysons garden is m o re beautiful th an o u r
garden.
^ ^ Replace the underlined words by pronouns.
a) Jane gave th e m oney to Jeremy. Complete the sentences using on my own / by myself etc. S
b) Tom bo u g h t som e flowers for R ebecca. a) The luggage was too heavy for m e to c a r r y ...................
c) My b ro th e r and I to ld a sto ry to o u r little sister. b) She d o esn t like straw berries w ith cream . She prefers
d) You and I m u st show M r Brow n th e way to the t h e m ...................
station. c) D o you like w orking w ith o th e r students o r do you
e) H en ry an d Jo h n gave a CD to m e and m y frien d . p refer w o rk in g ........................
f) Give this b o n e to th e dog. d) We are happy you decided to com e w ith us.
We w o u ld n t like to g o ..........................
Choose the correct word.
a) Let m e in tro d u ce m y friends. This is / T hese are M r Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning
and M rs King. and contains the word / words given.
b) T here is anything / n o th in g to eat. a) T here was nothing we could see.
c) Anyone / Som eone b ro k e into th e house. We c o u ld n t ........................................
d) D o you know anything / noth in g ab o u t it ? b) We are all coffee drinkers here.
e) Ted was asking hisself / him self th e sam e question. E v ery b o d y .........................................
f) Ask anyone. H e / They will tell you. c) W hen I p h o n ed th ere was no answer.
N o o n e ..........................................................
Change these sentences. Use possessive adjectives and d) N o one caught th e last bus yesterday.
pronouns whenever possible. Everyone .......................................................
M o d e l: e) Are we going to be intro d uced there ?
M r Brow n plays a m o re im p o rta n t p a rt in local politics Is a n y o n e .......................................................
th an Mrs Brown.
His p art in local politics is m o re im p o rtan t than h er Translate these sentences.
part. a) Cei doi tineri se uitau unul la altul i preau c
His p a rt in local politics is m o re im p o rtan t than hers. nu neleg nimic.
b) Cine altcineva ar vrea s m part prjitura cu noi ?
a) M ike bought a m o re sophisticated c o m p u ter than c) Ea se plnge c n u aude bine.
w e did. d) nsui / C hiar docto ru l i- spus s nu mai fumeze.
e I Trebuie s te culci m u lt m ai devrem e.
1 + im pev.s w al
: N im eni nu a ajutat-o. A tre b u it sa te rm in e
proiectul singur. It ndeplinete funcia sintactic de subiect p e n tru
* Ct e ceasul ? verbele im personale.
- E mai frig dect m ateptam .
1 O S 1 S ^ i * t i r i t i ti O

Cazurile n care p u tem folosi aceast stru ctu r sunt

u rm toarele :
1+ / T k e r e ~ 1 p e n tru a descrie u n loc sau o situaie
It's nice here.
In .im ba englez o problem delicat o constituie >
1 p e n tru a vorbi despre vrem e
>:4osrea stru c tu rilo r care ncep cu it sau there. It has been raining.

O bservaie
If prow w w e fersov\A\ Atunci cnd descriem vrem ea p u te m folosi it m p reu n
t este p ronum ele personal care se folosete atunci cu urm toarele verbe im personale :
c n d se face referire la u n obiect, u n loc, o organizaie, to drizzle a ploua m ru n t, a cerne,
o noiune abstract, u n anim al sau chiar la u n copil mic. a b u rn ia
Have you listened to the concert ? Yes, it was to hail a cdea, a bate grindina
fabulous. to pour a ploua torenial
W hen Pongo the dog was brought home it kept to rain a ploua
to its corner without moving for tw o days. to sleet a cdea lapovia
to snow a ninge
t se folosete i n cazul identificrii unei persoane. to thunder a trsni
W ho's that over there ? Its Helen Cook.
Hello. It's Christine Black, (form ula de ~"1 p e n tru a spune ct este ora
prezen tare la telefon) It's seven o'clock.
~ 1 p e n tru a vorbi despre o anum it perioad de tim p
It's tw o weeks since you last wrote.
1 p e n tru a exprim a data
It's Saturday, the 23rd of December.
- 1 p e n tru a vorbi despre distane It took an hour to get to the village.
It's 200 miles to London. It takes a great man to build such a company.
It took the crow a month to build its nest.

P n ln c irp a c t r n r t i u i i
iLnJnjsi Ini it ( i m . 1)
i : : * \f: I3 :

Aceast stru c tu r se folosete atunci cnd :

It poate avea funcia sintactic de co m plem ent
~ 1 ne referim la o situaie care a fost descris m ai nainte
Hes never come to see his parents. It's m ost atunci cnd d o r im :
~ 1 s exprim m sentim ente (cu ajutorul verbelor hate,
strange, isn't it ?
like, adore, dislike, enjoy, loathe, love, prefer)
com entm u n evenim ent, o situaie sau u n fapt
He knew they would have hated it if
It costs so much to get there.
he had said no.

O bservaie ~1 s scoatem n eviden o p a rte de propoziie

P entru acest caz se m ai folosete i stru c tu ra it + to be (cleft sentences)
My aunt took the child to Paris yesterday.
+ a d je c tiv / substantiv + that...
In propoziia in trodus p rin that verbul este should + It was my aunt who took the child to Paris
infinitivul scurt dac adjectivul / substantivul exprim : yesterday (not my mother).
~ 1 im portan a aciunii It was the child th at my aunt took to Paris
It's im portant that she should listen to her own yesterday (not the cat).
conscience. It was to Paris that my aunt took the child
It is his wish that w e should all come on time. yesterday (not to London).
~ 1 o reacie personal It was yesterday that my aunt took the child
It's astonishing that she should be so stubborn. to Paris (not last year).
It was a surprise that they should come
to m eet us. O bservaie
A tunci cnd u n p ro n u m e este scos n eviden, exist
-1 exprim m efectul unei aciuni asupra unei persoane
dou posibiliti de exprim are :
It surprised / shocked / pleased him to realise It is I who am responsible, (formal English)
he had won a lot of money. It is me thats responsible, (informal English)
~ 1 indicm de ce anum e este nevoie p e n tru realizarea It is you who are right, (formal English)
u nei aciuni (tim p, tip de persoan, bani) It is you that's right, (informal English)
~ s I exprim m opinia unei persoane sau a unui g rup
r.especificat de oam eni (cu aju to ru l verbelor accept,
There are funcia de subiect al propoziiei care introduce
acknowledge, agree, appear, argue, assum e, believe,
o noiune nou, subiectul logic fiind plasat dup verb.
conclude, decide, expect, find, discover, estimate, explain,
There were thirty boys in the class.
'eel, happen, hold, know, look, mention, notice, predict,
There are three reasons why w e should listen
ealize, recommend, remember, report, seem, state, think, to her.
understand) There is a car in the street.
He found it hard to believe his eyes. Aceste construcii se folosesc i atunci cnd se face
We thought it wrong to pay the ransom.
referire la u n evenim ent care a avut sau va avea loc.
It is assum ed that all children will be happy at
There was a knock at the door.
Christmas.
There will be a general election next year.
It was said that he could speak Chinese.
In engleza britanic, n stilul literar, there apare n so it
It seem ed that he was the right person for
the job. de verbele exist, remain, arise, follow i come p e n tru
It appeared that w e had taken the wrong a sugera existena.
decision. There remained the m atter of Johnson.
It looked as if he knew everything. There followed a great flood of indignation
It happened that Paula could not be found in the newspapers.
at home that very day. There comes a time when you forget about
your troubles.
51 sugerm o idee venit n ultim ul m o m e n t
It occured to him that he hadn't talked to his
colleagues since the day before Christmas.
It crossed my mind to ask you about your plans.
It struck me to tell you how lucky we had been
to leave before the flood. Fill in the following sentences with it is or there is.
You may need the plural, the negative, the past or the future
of these structures.
T kere
a) W h ats the tim e ? ................3.30.
In funcie de pronu n ie, acest cuvnt are dou n e le s u ri: b) H ow far is it to L ondon ? .....................60 miles.
there [] este adverb i nseam n n acel loc c) all sorts o f stories about this castle.
W hat's the green thing over there ? ................said th a t an old lady hid her dow ry in here
~ there is [6ariz] / there are [:] nseam n and t h a t ...................... an u n d erground passage leading
exist , se afl to the church.
d) D oes M ary have any child ren ? Yes....................a
daughter, L u c y ................. Lucy w ho answ ered Rephrase the following sentences so that the meaning
the p h o n e yesterday. stays the same by using it is or there is.
e ) very cold last night. Yes, .......................snow a) Today is really muggy ! .....................................today !
storm s all over th e country. b) To learn is never too late............................. to learn.
f) a garage b eh in d th e building, b u t c) T he train hasnt arrived, w hich is strange.
I d o n t t h i n k .................any ro o m for y our car. hasnt arrived.
g) Can I have a p o u n d o f apples, please ? Im afraid d) C rying over spilt m ilk is no use................. spilt milk.
any left. e) N ear the hotel is a m all...................... n ear the hotel.
h) It was very w indy yesterday. .................im possible f) You w e n t to Spain n o t your sister.
to go for a walk. ...................... to Spain.
i) g ing to b e a bus strike tom orrow . g) Craiova is a long way from h e re ................. to Craiova.
j) C om e on, children ! .....................tim e to get up ! h) You w ro te to us tw o weeks ago...................... last
w rote.
Emphasize the underlined elements by using
it is / it was. Finish the following sentences.
a) Jo h n m e t one o f his friends in th e stre e t yesterday. a) It surprised h i m ............................................
b) M r W h ite d id n t get a seat on his train this m orning. b) It was his w is h .............................................
c) T he first tim e V ictor heard this sto ry had been c) H e takes it for g r a n te d ...............................
after C hristm as d in n e r. d) Paul found it h a r d .........................................
d) I w ould o ften clim b trees w hen I was a boy. e) I t was th e c a t ................................................
e) Sydney had only tw o topics o f conversation. f) It takes a m o n t h ..........................................
f) Every dish is aim ed a t th e eye as well as at th e palate. g) It h a p p e n e d ....................................................
g) Som eone has left a parcel for us outside th e front h) It was am a z in g .............................................
door. i) It crossed my m i n d .......................................
h) For H ogan, th e results have been devastating. j) H e considers it n e c e ssa ry ...........................
i) Shes very anxious for h e r daughter to succeed.
j) M uch o f the m oney has found its way into th e pockets Translate into English.
o f a few thousand. a) C red c o s ning la noapte.
b) D ac m erg pe jos, o s fac o or pn acolo.
c) Ii era greu nvtoarei s cread povestea Emiliei.
d) N u iese fum far foc.
e 1 Sunt trei zile de cnd am p lecat de acas. X ii.e_S j-rn -p J.fiB_r p g p n t Taji se
: E nevoie de m u lt curaj p e n tru a rm ne u n om cinstit
Persoana A flrm ativ In terogativ N egativ
in zilele noastre.
1 sg 1 drink do 1 drink ? 1 do not drink
; \ ine o vrem e cnd e bine s lupi p e n tru drepturile tale.
a Il-a sg. you drink do you drink ? you do not drink
- La u este u n b rb at n alt i cu barb care are un
a I l l - sg. he/ she / does he / he/ she /
r.ichet m are n brae.
it drinks she / it drink ? it does not drink
Peter este cel care a spart geamul,
a Pe mas se afl o vaz cu trandafiri. I pi. we drink do w e drink ? we do not drink
a Il-a pi. you drink do you drink ? you do not drink
a IH -a pi. they drink do they drink ? they do not
drink

V e rb u l
1 P r o b l e m e de s c r i e r e
Verbul este acea p arte de vorbire care exprim aciuni, a v e r b u l u i lal p e r s o a n a
- - -rese, stri. El are u rm to arele categorii gram aticale :
1 a III- a s i n g u l a r
, aspect, num r, persoan, m o d i diatez.
Cele m ai m ulte verbe adaug term inaia -s.
like - likes
T u n p u r ile v e r b a le start - starts
read - reads
Ir. :mba englez, tim p u rile m odului indicativ prezint feel - feels
ou form e, n funcie de d u rata i desfurarea play - plays
m tim p a aciunii exprim ate de verb : aspectul sim plu, Verbele care se term in n consoan + schim b
care arat o aciune general sau repetat, i aspectul semivocala n i i adaug term inaia -es.
: r.iinuu, care arat o aciune n e n tre ru p t , desfurat try - tries
intr-o perioad de tim p bine definit. fly - flies
Verbele care se term in n -s, -z, -ch, -x adaug
term inaia -es la persoana a IlI-a singular,
cross - crosses
buzz - buzzes
catch - catches
wash - washes
mix - mixes
 ~ 1 Exist cteva verbe care au form e speciale, ~11 rezum area aciunilor u n o r cri, filme sau prezentri
be - is tablourilor istorice
have - has In Chapter 1, Hellen m eets her foster parents
go - goes and agrees to return to school.
do - does The Civil W ar begins-.

P r o b l e m e de p r o n u n i e
a terminaiei -( e) s Acest tim p se form eaz din verbul to be + infinitivul
P ronunarea term in aiei -(e)s depinde de sunetul care scurt al verbului de conjugat + sufixul -ing.
;
o preced. Regulile de p ro n u n are a verbelor la
persoana a I l l - singular sunt sim ilare cu acelea ale A firm a tiv In terogativ
substantivelor la plural. I am drinking am I drinking ?
you are drinking are you drinking ?
he / she / it is drinking is he / she / it drinking ?
Folosirea.lui Sim ple Present Tense w e are drinking are w e drinking ?
Acest tim p se folosete p e n tru a exprim a : are you drinking ?
you are drinking
~ 1 un adevr general they are drinking are they drinking ?
Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius.
A molecule of water has tw o atom s
of hydrogen and one of oxygen. N e g a tiv
I am not drinking
~ 1 aciuni obinuite, rep etate
I usually go to work by bus. you are not drinking
He gets up at 6 o'clock every morning. he / she / it is not drinking
Do you smoke ? we are not drinking
She doesn't take sugar in her coffee. you are not drinking
~1 sentim ente i opinii they are not drinking
I think this is their house but I'm not sure.
She likes strawberry ice cream but prefers
chocolate. *. " P r o b l e m e de s c r i e r e
~~1 com entariile sportive de la radio i televiziune a v e r b u l u i n -i ng
John passes to Smith, Smith to Tony,
Tony intercepts and ... it's a g o a l! ~~1 In cazul n care verbul se term in n tr-u n e m ut,
acesta dispare.
 have - having He goes to work by bus but today he is walking.
write - writing At the moment they are living in a very
drive - driving small flat.
E x c e p ii: be - being o aciune planificat s se desfoare n viitor
see - seeing (i n aceast situaie se folosete un adverb de tim p)
agree - agreeing Paul is going on a trip to Australia next month.
Verbele m onosilabice care se te rm in n tr-o Are you doing anything on Saturday night ?
consoan preced at de o vocal dubleaz I'm going to a concert,
consoana final. o aciune repetat n m o d frecvent (n aceast situaie
sit - sitting sunt folosite adverbele forever, all the time, always
stop - stopping cu sensul de very often)
dig - digging
He's always making silly mistakes.
swim - swimming
Verbele te rm in a te n - pstreaz semivocala,
O bservaii
indiferent dac este p recedat de o vocal
Exist verbe care se folosesc destul de rar la prezentul
sau de o consoan,
co n tinuu i care au un alt neles la acest tim p fa de
try - trying
form a de infinitiv.
fly - flying
play - playing D in aceast categorie fac parte :
say - saying 1 verbe care exprim o activitate m intal sau o em oie
Term inaia -ie a verbelor se tran sfo rm n -. believe love see (= understand)
lie - lying doubt hate feel (= have an opinion)
die - dying suppose prefer think (= have an opinion)
imagine realise understand
know recognise w ant
rc.os ireal u iJke&eatXaritmuQ us Jfe n s e (dis)like remember wish
Acest tim p se folosete p e n tru a exprim a : verbe care exprim percepii senzoriale
: aciune care este n curs de desfurare n appear sound seem
m om entul vorbirii (de obicei este folosit i u n adverb look (= seem) hear see
smell taste
ie tim p now, right now, at this moment)
The child is watching a cartoon right now. ~ 1 verbe care genereaz reacii
Listen ! Somebody is knocking on the door. agree deny impress
please satisfy astonish
~ d schim bare de scurt d urat n tr-o activitate
disagree mean promise
obinuit
surprise
 alte verbe I feel so sad about it. I'm feeling so sad about it.
be deserve measure (= have length) She looks very well. She's looking very well.
belong fit need
concern include ow e
consist involve own The J u e jL s.e
contain lack possess
In funcie de form a pe care o au verbele la trecutul
depend matter weigh (= have weight)
sim plu i la participiul trecut, ele se m p a rt n dou
c a te g o rii: verbe regulate i verbe neregulate.
Aceste verbe p o t exprim a o aciune (action verbs) sau
Verbele regulate form eaz trecutul sim plu p rin aduga
0 stare (state verbs) i au neles diferit.
term inaiei -(e)d la form a de infinitiv scurt.
wash - washed - washed = a spla a splat splat
state verbs
We have an old car. (= own)
1think you are right (= believe) A firm a tiv In te ro g a tiv
He comes from Germany. (= lives in, was born in) I walked did I walk ?
I see your point. (= I understand) you walked did you walk ?
he / she / it walked did he / she / it walk ?
action verbs we walked did w e walk ?
We are having dinner. (= eating)
you walked did you walk ?
Im thinking about her behaviour. (= analyzing)
they walked did they walk ?
He's coming from Germany.(= travelling from)
I'm seeing a doctor.(= go to)
N e g a tiv

U nele verbe care exprim stri p o t fi folosite la I did not walk

prezentul con tin u u atunci cnd se refer la o perioad you did not walk

scurt de tim p. he / she / it did not walk

Holidays cost a lot of money. - a permanent w e did not walk
state you did not walk
This voyage is costing us a lot of money. - they did not walk
a short period of time
F orm a scurt la negativ este I didn't walk.
In cteva situaii p u tem folosi acelai verb att la
prezentul sim plu, ct i la p rezentul continuu,
far s existe vreo diferen de sens.
 f-i-osirea lui Simple Past Tense P r o b l e m e de s c r i e r e
I r e s t tim p se folosete atunci cnd :
a verbelor regulate
' rbim despre o aciune care s-a p e tre c u t n tr-u n
interval de tim p b ine definit din tre c u t i care
la S i m p l e P a s t Tense
s -a ncheiat ~ 1 Cele m ai m ulte verbe regulate prim esc
My sister cooked lunch yesterday. term inaia -ed.
The Prime Minister visited Cluj last Monday. end - ended
My friend graduated two years ago. look - looked
m ~ nescriem o situaie sau o aciune care s-a desfaurat watch - watched
;r - a lungul unei perioade de tim p n trecu t open - opened
My grandma lived in a small village during her help - helped
last years. w ant - wanted
Lots of strikes were organized throughout 1999. ~ Verbele term in ate n -e m u t adaug num ai -d.
~ rse referim la o activitate care s-a p e tre c u t n m od hope - hoped
repetat
i
n tre c u t believe - believed
Regularly every Christmas M ary w ent to visit her ~ 1 Verbele term in ate n tr-o vocal accentuat
grandparents. i o consoan (cu excepia lui w i y) dubleaz
Ob-servatii consoana i adaug -ed.
stop - stopped
Ifc ele would i used to se folosesc p e n tru a exprim a
plan - planned
jctruni care s-au p e tre c u t n m o d re p e ta t n trecut.
refer - referred
W hen he was younger he used to argue a lot
admit - adm itted
with his parents.
During the holidays w e would m eet at the beach ~ 1 Verbele term in ate n tr-o vocal + pstreaz
every morning. semivocala naintea term in aiei -ed : play - played
~1 Verbele term in ate n consoan + schim b pe
Lseo to se folosete p e n tru a descrie obiceiuri din trecu t
n i i adaug -ed.
care nu mai su n t valabile n prezent. study - studied
He used to drive to work but now he goes cry - cried
by bus. ~ l Verbele term in ate n - prim esc term inaia -ked :
buld nu se folosete cu verbe care exprim stri. panic - panicked
He would own a house in the mountains.
~ ' In engleza britanic, -I final se dubleaz dup
incorect
o vocal, chiar dac aceasta nu este accentuat :
He used to own a house in the mountains.
travel - travelled
corect
 Probleme de p r o n u n i e A firm a tiv In terogativ
I was walking was I walking ?
n funcie de sunetele care p reced term in aia
you were walking were you walking ?
-ed, aceasta se p ro n u n a s tfe l:
he / she / it was walking was he / she / it walking ?
~ 1 [d] dup vocale i consoane sonore were w e walking ?
w e were walking
(cu excepia lui d)
you were walking were you walking ?
hurried [bvrid]
they were walking were they walking ?
arrived [-raivd]
screamed [skriimd] N e g a tiv
~ ' [t] dup consoane surde (cu excepia lui t) I was not walking
laughed [la:ft] you were not walking
watched [wotjt] he / she / it was not walking
looked [lukt] w e were not walking
stopped [stopt] you were not walking
crossed [krost] they were not walking
~ [id] dup d i t
needed [ni:did]
Folosirea lui Past Tense Continuous
w anted [wontid]
Acest tim p se folosete atunci cnd :
~ 1 exprim m o aciune care s-a desfaurat n e n tre ru p t
P en tru form a de Simple Past Tense a verbelor
n tr-o perioad de tim p bine definit din trec u t
neregulate, consult lista acestora. I was doing my homework at five o'clock
yesterday.
My brother was sleeping when I came home
P s t l e n * s * e - ( Zo n 1 1 n u o u s
last night.
Se form eaz din verbul to be la Simple Past Tense + ~ 1 accentum faptul c o aciune s-a desfaurat
participiul prezen t (form a n -ing) al verbului de p e o perioad m ai lung de tim p
conjugat. The baby was crying all day yesterday.
I was sleeping. They were having fun the whole time they
You were working. were together.
~ 1 exprim m o aciune de durat desfurat n trecut
i n tre ru p t de o alt aciune din trecu t
When the guests arrived I was still cooking.
She was sleeping when the phone rang.
 She has broken her leg. = Her leg is broken.
Have you learnt the lesson ? = Do you know
Se :: rmeaz din verbul to have la Simple Present Tense + the lesson ?
, :-i-:dpiul tre c u t al verbului de conjugat. ~ 1 o aciune este nedefinit n tim p
I have written. She has done a lot for me.
She has gone. Have you bought a new car ?
~ 1 redm tiri referitoare la evenim ente recente
A firm a tiv In te ro g a tiv Here is the 12 o'clock n e w s : The Prime Minister
I have walked have I walked ? has approved the new year's budget. The
you have walked have you walked ? number of unemployed has reached tw o million.
-e / she / it has walked has he / she / it walked ? A tunci cnd se detaliaz o afirm aie se folosete Past
we have walked have w e walked ? Tense, form a sim pl sau continu.
you have walked have you walked ? I've lost my wallet. I remember I had it when I
they have walked have they walked ? paid the train ticket but then I couldn't find it.
N e g a tiv
I have not walked A te n jtie !
you have not walked D ac se precizeaz m o m entul n care s-a p etrecu t
he / she / it has not walked evenim entul, se folosete trecutul simplu.
we have not walked There was a fire at W indsor Castle last night.
you have not walked
they have not walked In engleza am erican, p e n tru a transm ite inform aii
se folosete trecutul simplu.
Did you hear it? "Senate Bean Soup" is served
?c.asirea lui Simple Present Perfect Tense
daily in the Senate dining room.
t e s t tim p se folosete atunci cnd :
~ : aciune trecu t are legtur cu prezentul
I can't buy anything else because I have spent ~ l aciunile n cepute n tre cu t au efect i n prezent
all my money. (folosim adverbele ever, never, before, already, ye)
She is lying in bed because she has broken I'm sure Ive seen her before.
her leg. Have you ever travelled by plane ?
construcie cu verbul la Simple Present Perfect She has already published three articles
in a very popular magazine.
>r poate transform a n tr-u n a cu verbul la prezent,
1 o aciune s-a p e tre c u t de m ai m ulte ori pn
I- in d acelai sens.
n p rezent
 She has made several phone calls since coffee Folosirea, lui The Present Perfect,C ontinuous
break. Acest tim p se folosete p e n tru a exprim a :
How often have you been abroad so far ? 1 o aciune nceput n tre c u t care se continu
I've listened to this story three times.
n prezent
~ 1 apar sintagm ele this / it / that is the first / second / best /
I have been teaching English for a long time.
w orst etc.
(= I started teaching English a long tim e ago
This is the first time they have come to
and I'm still teaching this language.)
Bucharest.
It is the second time they've asked him to resign. ~1 o aciune care se term in n tre c u t i are efecte
n prezent
"You look thrilled."
p r b r f n n t i n i m n c "I know. I've been watching a very amusing
movie."
Se form eaz din verbul to be la Simple Present Perfect +
participiul p rezen t al verbului de conjugat (form a O bservaii

n -ing). Att Present Perfect Continuous, ct i Simple Present
I have been playing the piano since I was five.
sau Present Continuous se folosesc atunci cnd o aciune
It has been raining since tw o o'clock.
care a n cep u t n tre c u t continu i n prezent.
Folosind ns Present Perfect Continuous, se pu n e accent
A firm a tiv In te ro g a tiv
p e ideea de pn acum .
I have been walking have I been walking ?
I help him with his German lessons every
you have been walking have you been walking ?
tw o weeks.
he has been walking has he been walking ? I've been helping him with his German lessons
we have been walking have we been walking ? every tw o weeks, but I think I'll make it every
you have been walking have you been walking ? Monday from now on.
they have been walking have they been walking ?
For i since se folosesc cu Present Perfect Simple sau
N e g a tiv Continuous.
I have not been walking ~ 1 For este u rm a t de o perioad de tim p.
you have not been walking He's been very busy for three days.
he it nas not been walking I've known them for ten years.
w e have not been walking She has been cooking for tw o hours.
you have not been walking ~ 1 Since este u rm a t de m om en tu l n care a n cep u t
they have not been walking aciunea.
 He's been very busy since Monday. ~ 1' folosim adverbele hardly, scarcely i no sooner
I've known them since 1990. I had hardly / scarcely fallen asleep when the
She has been cooking since 11 o'clock. telephone rang.
He had no sooner arrived than he had to leave
again.
Ip P g1 P p r f p r t T p n x s
A te nJtie !
S r r rm ea/. din had + participiul tre c u t al verbului A tunci cnd apar adverbele hardly, scarcely i no sooner,
: conjugat. propoziiile secundare su n t in troduse de when
(corespunztor p rim elo r dou), respectiv de than.
A f ir m a tiv In te ro g a tiv N e g a tiv
- id walked had I walked ? I had not walked n stilul literar sau n cel form al se obinuiete s se fac
pH -ad walked had you walked ? you had not walked inversiunea.
etc. Hardly had i fallen asleep when the telephone
rang.
No sooner had she agreed to quit the job than
she started to regret it.
b ^ s ir e a J u i The Simple Past P erfectJen se
tim p se folosete atunci cnd :
exprim m o aciune trecu t anterioar unei alte
iciuni to t din trecu t Se form eaz din had been + participiul p rezent al
I knew / I was sure I had m et her.
verbului de conjugat (form a n -ing)
When w e arrived a t the station the train had
W hen I got home my friend had been waiting
already left.
She had done her lessons by six o'clock for about half an hour.
yesterday.
She had lived in this house since 1990 when I A firm ativ In terogativ
moved in. I had been walking had I been walking ?
in vorbirea indirect verbul din propoziia principal you had been walking had you been walking ?
este la u n tim p tre c u t
"I've seen the film", Tom said. Tom said N e g a tiv
he had seen the film. I had not been walking
you had not been walking
etc.
Folosirea lui The Past Perfect Continuous n vorbirea cu rent se folosesc form ele scurte : I'll, you'll,
Acest tim p exprim o aciune de lung durat, care shan't, wont etc.
a co n tinuat pn n tr-u n an u m it m o m e n t din trecut.
He had been waiting in the rain for half an hour
when she arrived. * uxl
At that time w e had been working on the project
Se folosesc atunci cnd :
for six months.
1 anticipm aciuni despre care nu tim cu certitu d in e
c vor avea loc
A te n ie !
Liverpool will win tomorrow.
Form a continu se folosete atunci cnd accentul
Perhaps it will rain tonight.
se pu n e p e aspectul de co n tin u itate a unei aciuni,
~ 1 facem sugestii sau exprim m intenia / oferta /
n tim p ce form a sim pl se folosete atunci cnd se
prom isiunea / am eninarea
evideniaz term in area unei aciuni. Shall I drive ?
I had been watching horror films and my mind I'll hit him if he does that again.
was full of terrifying images. Ill make som e sandwiches to take with us.
I had watched lots of horror films and was I shall be in touch with you again.
beginning to get scared.

A te n ie !
M o d a lifa + i de e x p r im a r e Shall este folosit foarte rar n engleza am erican i este
to t mai des n locuit cu will i n engleza britanic.
A V ii+tf>rttlui
In lim ba englez exist m ai m ulte m odaliti de La form a negativ se folosesc form ele contrase shan't i
exprim are a viitorului. won't. In vorbirea curent att shall, ct i will se folosesc
la form a scurt II.

SH 1..*>.si..
* W-111 n propoziia tem poral viitorul se red p rin prezent.
A firm ativ In terogativ N egativ We'll m eet you at the airport when you arrive.
I shall / will shall / will I ? I shall / will not I'll get up when the alarm goes off tomorrow
morning.
you will will you ? you will not
As soon as this lesson ends, Tom will go
etc.
out to play.
 S X JU X t Are you going anywhere this weekend ?
(p e n tru a afla despre un aranjam ent viitor)
k s a s t stru ctu r se folosete p e n tru a sugera c aciunea
Are you going to go anywhere this weekend ?
i fcst planificat.
(p e n tru a ti ce s-a hotrt)
The President is to visit Israel next January.
He was nervous because he was to go on
a dangerous mission for the first time.
f Li t 0 " : :CZ:0 tl-IT ILiO Li 5
ie
Se form eaz din shall / will + be + verbul n -ing i se
f t g n i H g to + i 111,,,,1.. y-axim iuJ fo lo se te :
M ary is going to buy a new car. ~ 1 p e n tru a exprim a o aciune ce se va desfur n tr-u n
My friends are going to move house. m o m e n t precis din viitor
3e goi ig to este fo lo s it : This time next week I'll be lying on a hot sandy
pentru a exprim a o aciune care a fost p rem ed itat beach.
I'm going to lend him the money he needs. Good luck with the t e s t ! Ill be thinking of you.
W hen are you going to have your hair cut ? ~ 1 p e n tru a ne referi la o aciune sigur din viitor,
~ r-entru a anticipa o aciune atunci cnd ne bazm planificat dinainte (n aceast situaie se folosete
pe ceva sigur i u n adverb de tim p)
Jane is going to have a baby. Professor Charles Alderson will be giving a
Look o u t! He's going to shoot you ! lecture on testing at this time next Tuesday.
Shell be performing on Saturday and Sunday
at the Royal Festival Hall.
U l Pr e 56 n t Co n t i n u u s
i t folosete p e n tru a exprim a p ro iecte personale.
We're going abroad next summer.
,..B.ejrix,cl..,1,&,
Jb.ii.Lfi1
I'm meeting Lesley this evening. Se form eaz din will have + participiul tre c u t al verbului
I'm having a party. Would you like to come ?
de conjugat i se folosete p e n tru a exprim a o aciune
din viitor care se va desfur naintea unei alte aciuni
iie n ie !
din viitor.
**rsent Continuous se folosete atunci cnd vrem s
The builders say they'll have finished their work
: m em accent p e ideea de aran jam en t , iar going to by next Saturday.
:i cnd exprim m intenia u nei aciuni viitoare. By this time next month I'll have lost a lot of
weight.
E i LLux.fi.,. . . i n ...t i y e ^ - E a s t

A tunci cnd ne referim la aciuni p osterioare

Use the "cue" words to write questions and answers.
M odel :
m om entului din tre c u t despre care vorbim , folosim
You / look after your p e t / yes
viitorul n trecut. Astfel, is going to va deveni was going
D o you look after your p e t ?
to, iar will se va transform a n would.
Yes, I do.
Last time I saw him, he was going to buy
a new house. a) your neighbours / have a dog / yes
In 1990 she arrived in Bucharest where she b) the dog / bark at m idnight / yes
would spend the next five years of her life.
c) your cat / like the dog / no
We knew they would be fam ous before long.
d) th e cat / chase the dog / no
e) they / fight w hen they m ee t / yes
f) you / like your neig h b o u rs dog / no

Write these verbs in the third person singular.

@ Fill in the blanks with the Present Continuous
of the verbs.
speak w rite g play
a) My p la n e ............................... right now. (take off)
read try have do
b) N ex t w eek w e ..................... to London, (fly)
h u rry be eat miss
c) T he b u s ........................... in ten m inutes.(leave)
bru sh buy w atch see
d) This w eek I ........................to my office, (walk)
ill
In this story there are many errors in the use of the e) h e ........................ in N ew York now ?
Simple Present Tense. Whenever necessary, write the correct (sightsee)
forms. f) Y o u .................... alw ays...................... about my cookin
Insp ecto r X always use th e sam e m eth o d . H e read th e (com plain)
new spapers an d listen to th e news. H e never m iss stories g) My favourite t e a m ............... n o t ......................this
about crim es. H e like strange crim es. If th e explanations evening, (play)
in the p ap er m akes no sense, he becom es interested. h) I .......................... for a drink, (die)
O fte n the police brings difficult cases to him . Som etim es
th e victim finds his way to In sp ecto r X s apartm ent. Choose the m ost suitable tense.
N o m a tter how hard the crim inal trys to escape, a) G o straight on. T hen, you tu rn / you are tu rn in g
he has no chance. right.
b) I usually go / am going to school by bus.
 : I think / I am thinking this is th e ir car. f) T he f o o d ..............good and the w a ite r ............................
: The children w atch / are w atching a cartoon all th e tim e, (be, smile)
it now. g) We re a lly ................... lunch there a n d ................... to
Every sum m er she visits / is visiting Britain to ourselves to visit th e place again, (enjoy, prom ise)
rove her English.
H ow often does th e postm an com e / is th e p ostm an Write the Simple Past Tense of the verbs in brackets.
ing? In 1867, M ark Twain (have) enough m oney to go
The great R om anian gym nast w ins / is w inning. W hat abroad. H e (go) to France, Italy, Spain and Palestine.
ic to r y ! N ew spaper accounts o f his trip (be) revised and
* That isnt tru e . I d o n t believe / Im n o t believing i t ! published as The Innocents Abroad, his first im p ortan t
book.
Put each verb in brackets into the m ost suitable Shortly after he (retu rn ) from his trip, Twain (fall) in
;ent tense. love w ith Olivia Langdon. They (get m arried) on
i I (hear) th a t you have b een elected chairm an. February 2, 1870 and (move) to H artfort, C onnecticut.
Tongratulations ! Twains literary success (bring) him fame and m oney and
She cant see you right now. She (teach) a lesson. he (build) a m ansion for his family. M ark and Olivia
: W hat you (do) in th e evenings ? (make) freq uent trips to E urope and (enjoy) a happy life
) Physics is hard. I (n o t u n derstand) it. together.
: Nobody (get) up early for fun. It was in H artford, betw een 1871 and 1891, th at Twain
I (think) ab o u t m y friend. (write) his two m asterpieces, The Adventures o f Tom Sawyer
I (think) they are away. and The Adventures o f Huckleberry Finn. Many critics (feel)
I (apologise) for th e delay in replying to y our letter. th a t these novels, to g ether w ith o th e r Twain w ritings o f
th e period (mark) the beginning o f m o d ern Am erican
Complete the sentences with the simple past forms literature.
the verbs.
Yesterday w e .................... to go to a restau ran t for Write "wh" questions to find out what exactly this
~h. (decide) suspect did yesterday.
T he w a ite r ...................... to speak English, (try) Example : I left hom e early yesterday m orning.
W e ......................... for soup and som e m eat and W hat tim e... W h at tim e did you leave hom e ?
tables, (ask) a) I m et somebody. W ho...
W e ...................... w hite coffee, (want) b) We spent som e tim e together. H ow m uch tim e...
W e a ls o .........................som e very nice cake, (have) c) We saw a movie. W hich movie...
 som ew here for lunch. W here... g) At this tim e yesterday he (phone) and (thank)
e \Ve s it : ir. r.; in th e restau ran t for one o r tw o us for th e invitation.
5. H o w long...

h) We (n o t go) o u t yesterday because it (rain ).
f I w en t h o m e in th e aftern o o n . W h e n ..
IB!
Complete the blanks with would or used to. In some
cases both are possible.
w Use the "cues" to describe w hat you have done or
haven't done in your life so far.
a) Visit Australia
a) H e ...................... sm oke, b u t he gave up last year. b) See an Australian movie
b) W e ..................... play th a t gam e for hours w hen we c) Speak to an A borigine
w ere younger. d) See a real live kangaroo
c) W hen I was a child lots o f t r a i n s ........................... stop e) H ear about th e Sydney O lym pics
in this little village. f) Take p a rt in a com petition
d) My g r a n d p a ........................... d rin k coffee, b u t n ow he g) Clim b a m ountain
prefers tea. h) Travel by plane
e) Every m o rn in g was th e same. W e ...................... tu rn
o n th e radio and listen to th e new s w hile w e w ere Use some of these v erb s: find, read, be, pass, write,
drinking o u r coffee. use, manage, buy, m eet to ask your friend if he / she has
f) O u r re la tiv e s..................... live in th e house at th e end already done this.
o f this road. a) Have y o u ............................... to understand English
speaking tourists ?
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Use Simple b) Have y o u ..............................a good English b o ok ?
Past Tense or Past Tense Continuous. c) Have y o u ..................... to an English speaking country
a) I (go) to see w hat th e baby (do) and found it (cry). d) Have y o u ..............................a good way o f learning a
b) She (study) law w hen she (m eet) h e r husband. foreign language ?
c) W h at you (do) w hen you (hear) th e knock on the e) Have y o u ............................... exams in English ?
door ? f) Have y o u .....................English in your studies o r worl
d) It (happen) in Ju n e w hile w e (spend) som e tim e g) Have y o u .......................a good monolingual dicionar-
in th e m ountains.
e) W h en I (lift) th e arm ch air I (feel) a sudden pain Put the verbs in the Simple Past Tense or the Present
in my back. Perfect.
f) We (have) a p u n ctu re w hen w e (drive) o n the a) H ere is the news. A small passenger plane (crash)
m otorway. in Peru.
 A ccording'to eyewitnesses, th e plane (hit) a tre e while
a s-ing in to land. - Use suitable verbs in the Present Perfect Continuous
0 I (have) a terrib le day a t th e office today. I (w rite) to describe activities which started in the past and are still
reports and (go) to th re e im p o rtan t m eetings. in progress.
I n He (not m ake up his m ind) yet, b u t he will tell you Exam ple : Jo h n w e n t to the skating rin k at 4 o clock
i Ihs decision soon, (skate).
et This is th e first tim e I (leave) my luggage unatten d ed . H e s b e en skating since 4 o clock.
- ne price o f houses (rise) dram atically in re c e n t years.
a) G eorgiana m oved to Los Angeles in 1990 (live).
I (know) h e r for five years.
b) Miss Baines to o k over as p ro ject m anager tw o years
They (grow) so m uch since w e last saw them .
ago (manage).
She (arrive) at H eath ro w A irp o rt at 8 o clock this
c) H e began to invest in o u r co u n try six m onths ago
ning.
(invest).
d) They started building this road last su m m er (build).
Complete the blanks with since or for.
e) My b ro th e r w en t to bed two hours ago (sleep).
Ive know n t h e m ............... ages.
f) My m o th e r w e n t into th e kitchen at 11 o clock (cook).
Shes been h e r e ................ ten o clock.
Shes had this j o b ................ 1990. m
Use when or after to make a sentence for the following
We havent seen t h e m ................ six m onths.
situations.
The old m an h asnt eaten a n y th in g ...................
Exam ple : I studied English for th ree years.
rday m orning.
( H es been in h o s p ita l................ a m onth. T h en I visited England.

Finish each sentence so that the meaning stays the same.

a | 7 ne last tim e I saw A nne was in 1998.
A fter / W h en I had studied English for th ree
years, I visited England.
a) I told her the tru th . T hen I felt m uch b e tte r about
1 h a v e n 't ............................................................. everything.
j Ive never eaten octopus before. b) I read W ar and Peace in 1995. I w atched th e film
T s is i s ................................................... in 1990.
d She last spoke to M ike w hen she bo rrow ed his car. c) H e w ro te an article for a newspaper. T hen he listened
S u r hasnt .............................................. to m usic fo r an hour.
Im on the third page o f my essay. d) My father w e n t to th e car park. T h en he realised th at
S ; tar I .................................................... he lost the keys.
I I havent been abroad for ages. e) I saved m oney for five years. T hen I bought a new car.
.................. .
 d) By the year 2100 com puter; v - J t ; r will
Use these pairs of verbs to complete the sentences. have taken over m any o f the jo b s tr o t e i : t jday.
Use Past Perfect and Past Tense as appropriate. e) W hen I ll see / see him . I'D te d - v
bake, eat / write, send / eat, thank / enter, stop / check, go f) T he do cto r says she will ha\ e is ; :.r. t : nave a baby !
a) A ter t h e y .................... the sandwiches, t h e y ......................
us and w ent away. Put each verb in brackets M o a s a b H e tense.
b) As soon as s h e ...................the cake s h e ....................... a All sentences refer to past time.
piece. "I (have) different ways o f occttr -tr ~ while I
c) W h en M rs B r o w n ................. th a t all th e w indow s (lie) awake. I (think) o f a tro u t - t r r i ~ I r_-.t along
w ere closed, s h e ....................to bed. w hen I (be) a boy... I (s to p 1 ' ' ; i t r. r. eat my
d) A fter J a n e ...................the card, s h e ...................... it to lunch, som etim es on a log over th e streirr. ;: m etim es
her friend. on a high bank u n d er a tree, and I ah' i - e it) my lunch
e) As soon as s h e ...................... th e ro o m , th e children very slowly and (watch) the streirr.
........................crying. O ften I (run) o u t o f bait because I taxe) : r_v ten
w orm s w ith m e in a tobacco tin w hen I r_irt .

X P Put the verb in brackets into a form of will, going to or W h en I (use) them all I (have) to ::rd m ore w orm s,
Present Continuous. and som etim es it (be) very difficult in the bank
a) Im so rry I cant see you o n Saturday night. I (go) o f the stream w here the cedar tree; .<eer : ..t the sun
to a co ncert w ith m y friend. and th ere (be) no grass b u t onh the bare n : :> earth
b) Perhaps it (rain) tom orrow . and oten I (can) find no w orm s."
c) Look o u t ! The child (knock) that glass off the table ! E rnest Hemingwav Sow I Lay Me
d) Steaua definitely (win) n ext Wednesday.
e) The; (have) a party o n Saturday. Have they invited you ? Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense.
f) T he b o at is tu rn in g over ! W e th in k it (sink). Injured girl is rescued from incom ing tide. A teenager
yesterday (thank) the rescuer w ho (stav) w ith her as she
Choose the correct verb in each sentence. (lie) trap p ed on a C ornish beach and unable to move
a) This tim e n ex t w eek, I will sit / will be sitting because o f suspected spinal injuries. Rhea W illiams, 16,
my finals. (be throw n) from h e r horse, falling on her head and
b) W ait for him . H e ll be ready / h e ll have b een ready neck and (be) in a great deal o f pain. R obert Stott, one
in no tim e. o f her riding com panions, (hold) her head clear o f the
c) W h at will you do / will you be doing in tw o years rising water. T he accident (happen) w hen Air S tott and
tim e ? Miss W illiams, w ho (to ride) since she (be) four, (cross)
Gannel E stuary o n th e n o rth Cornw all coast. was / were + PP We were asked about it.
Miss W illiam s said : I (be) in a lo t o f pain w hen I (fall) Past Continuous
was / were being + PP He was sure he was being followed.
b u t Rob (be) w onderful. I (n o t forget) w hat Rob (do)
Present Perfect
for m e .
have / has been + PP Jane has been shown w hat to do.
Past Perfect
had been + PP I was sure I had been watched.
D i a t e z a
Future
Este categoria gram atical verbal care exprim raportul will be + PP He'll be identified soon.
Future Perfect
d intre subiect i aciunea verbului.
will have been + PP The house will have been built
by next month,
going to am / are / is going to be + PP
,7.3,.-axJLuta
They are going to be asked
Verbul este la diateza activ atunci cnd subiectul to do it.
gramatical svrete aciunea.
John showed us the way to the village. C om plem entul de agent se om ite atunci cnd :
1 este exprim at p rin tr-u n pro n u m e
The window was opened (by her).
Di a te za p a s i v ~ 1 este evident din context
The doctor's instructions were ignored (by the
Verbul este la diateza pasiv atunci cnd subiectul
patient).
gramatical sufer aciunea svrit de com plem entul
- 1 nu este im p o rtan t
direct.
The old man was killed in the accident.
We were shown the way to the village by John.
S tructura propoziiei la diateza pasiv este urm to area :
Att com plem entul direct, ct i cel in direct p o t deveni
subiect + be + participiul trecu t al
subiecte ale u n o r propoziii la diateza pasiv.
verbului de conjugat (PP) + com plem entul de agent He gave Mary a present.
M ary was given a present.
Simple Present A present was given to Mary.
am / are / is + PP German is spoken here. In cazul n care avem o propoziie completiv,
Present Continuous
transfom area la diateza pasiv este posibil cu ajutorul
am / are / is being + PP The room is being cleaned.
pronum elui im personal it.
Simple Past
They think that w e are guilty.
It is thought that we are guilty.
In aceast situaie subiectul com pletivei p oate deveni
m
subiectul ntregii propoziii. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Use the
We are thought to be guilty. passive voice.
Scandal has hit th e close-knit w orld o f sheep racing.
A te n tie ! D e rw e n t Devil, one o f the c o u n try s b est p erfo rm ers,
La diateza pasiv, atunci cnd verbul este u rm a t de o (kidnap) and dyed red in an ap p aren t revenge attack.
prepoziie, aceasta este pus im ediat d up verb. David Skelton, the ow ner and trainer,(devastate)
Active Voice: They are bringing the witness in.
by the disappearance o f w hat he believes is B ritains
Passive Voice: The witness is being brought in.
fastest sheep over 100 m eters. H e feared th at D erw e n t
Devil (tu rn ) into chops.
H e searched in vain for a w eek b u t on M onday the
sheep m ysteriously (retu rn ) to its paddock in M orland,
Match the parts.
It appears the ren t is sp en t o n cigarettes,
C um bria dyed bright red. M r Skelton (relieve) now b u t
D e rw e n ts peers are refusing to m ix w ith it.
T he old city centre have been sold, The Times, Thursday, May 27 1999
All the books has n o t b een paid.
An en o u rm o u s am o u n t Complete the blanks with the verb in brackets. Use the
o f m oney will be looked after, appropriate tense and voice (active or passive).
H un d red s o f trees w ere u prooted, R uth Rendell (win) ......................... the Sunday Tim es
D o n t w orry, th e children is cu rrently being Literary Award in 1990, and in 1991 she (award)
rebuilt. ........................the C rim e W riters Association C artier
D iam ond Dagger for outstanding con trib u tion to the
Change these sentences into the passive. genre. In 1996, she (award) .......................... the CBE,
a) N obody has noticed the old m an s absence. and in 1997 (make) ...................... a Life Peer.
b) C onnex m ade big profits last year. H e r books (translate) ............................... into twenty-five
c) M any tourists have visited th e D anube D elta. languages and (publish) ...................... to great acclaim in
d) By the end o f th e year o u r publishing house th e U nited States.
will have sold a m illion books. R uth Rendel (be m arried) ......................................., (have)
e) A good d o c to r can solve y our problem . ............................. a son and two grandsons, and (live)
f) They will hold th e interview s n ex t Monday. ............................... in L ondon.
g) All his friends approved of his decision. R uth Rendell The Keys to the Street
h) A car radio breaks u p th e m onotony o f a long drive.
 He has come to my house so that my husband
StAbjonc+ivul
should notice his new blue Jacket.
Subjonctivul prezint o aciune posibil, atunci cnd
aceasta este pro iectat s se desfaoare n viitor, sau Se folosete form a care coincide cu Past Simple Tense
ireal, atunci cnd ea trebuia s aib loc n trecut. p e n tru a exprim a o situaie imaginar, o dorin
im posibil sau o cerere politicoas.
I wish I were here.
F n i n.c i h j n n r f i u n l n i

Se folosete form a de (should) + infinitivul scurt n Se folosete form a care coincide cu Past Perfect Tense
urm toarele p ro p o z iii: p e n tru a exprim a o aciune anterioar celei exprim ate
1 subordonate in troduse de that, p e n tru cazurile n care de verbul din propoziia principal sau o situaie ireal,
n propoziia principal este exprim at o im posibil.
recom andare, decizie, ru gm inte, surprindere, John wished he had not been so impulsive.
speran sau in ten ie p e n tru viitor
It is necessary that the secretary (should) inform In lim ba englez folosirea subjonctivului este im pus de
the com m ittee of the decision. prezena u n o r anum ite stru ctu ri gram aticale :
They suggested that the new theatre (should) be - 1 it is time / it is high time
built next to the Town Hall.
It's time w e left. (E tim pul s plecm.
The police insisted the car (should) be removed
E deja trziu.)
immediately.
1 verbul to wish
i wish I had a new bike. (Tare a vrea s am
O bservaie
biciclet nou, dar nu am.)
Iat cteva din verbele, adjectivele i substantivele care se
I wish I had had a new bike. (Tare a vrea s
folosesc n co n stru cii de felul celor m enionate m ai sus :
fi avut o biciclet nou.)
- 1 verbe : insist, suggest, request, order, recommend, propose,
I wish I was / were going on holiday this
think etc.
summer. (m i doresc s m erg n vacan vara
~ 1 adjective : advisable, essential, desirable, preferable etc.
~1 substantive : decision, insistance, demand, requirement, aceasta, dar nu m erg.)
I wish you would stop singing in the bathroom.
condition etc.
~11 subordon ate de scop intro d u se de in order that / (Tare a vrea s nu m ai cni n baie.)
so that / lest (in case) / for fear 1 I'd rather / I'd sooner (n cazul n care exist i al doilea
I'll give him a call in case / lest / for fear he subiect n propoziie)
should forget w hat to order.
 I'd rather / I'd sooner you wore the dress The government m ust take immediate action,
I bought you. lest the problem of child poverty grow worse.
Id rather you came home earlier. If + should sugereaz faptul c este p u in probabil s se
D ar : I'd rather stay home than go out. ntm ple ceva.
1 as if / as though If you should see my brother, tell him to call me.
He speaks as if / as though he knew everybody Subjonctivul verbului to be este were la toate persoanele,
in the room (but he doesn't). indiferent de numr.
1 verbul to suppose If the minister were here, he would no doubt
Suppose / supposing they told you I was d e a d ! refute the allegations.
verbul to imagine Totui, lim ba vorbit accept i form a was p e n tru
Imagine we won the pools I persoana a IlI-a singular, excepie fcnd urm toarele
~ 11 if only s tr u c tu r i: if I were you sau were + subiect + infinitiv.
If only I had time enough to read the whole te x t ! I w ouldn't argue with her if I were you.
(express regret) Were the vote to go against me, Id resign.
If only I hadn't drunk so much !
~ l expresii cum ar f i :
far be it from me = d ep arte de m ine
gndul / intenia de
So be i t ! = Aa s fie (precum spui) ! Choose the right form.
be that as it may = oricum o fi a) I am tired. I w ish I get / got som e rest.
suffice it to say = e destul / suficient s b) If only w e had / w ould have som e tim e to visit
spunem th e monastery.
come w hat may = n tm pl-se ce s-o c) Supposing you will find/ found a b e tte r job,
ntm pla w ould you take it ?
heaven forbid = D oam ne ferete s d) Id rath er you stop / stopped smoking.
Long live the Q ueen / King! = Triasc e) It is necessary th a t the school m istress had / have
regina / regele ! som e patience w ith th e children.
f) T he officer suggested they to o k / take th e bus.
A te n ie ! g) I ts high tim e they will go / w e n t to bed, its alm ost
In engleza b ritanic de azi, n u se m ai folosete lest, m idnight.
ci sinonim ele acestuia in case, for fear that sau in order h) They left hom e earlier for fear they will be late /
that... not. should be late.
i) G randpa invited his friend so th a t they are going to If only I .....................................................
talk / should talk. e) Sally doesnt w ant to be a translator b u t a teacher.
j) M other to o k an extra blanket in case th ere will be / Shed r a t h e r .............................................
should be very cold. f) H e started explaining the problem to everybody
although he d id n t u n derstand it.
Fill in the following sentences with the right word/s. H e started explaining the problem as if
a) I cant tell you how m u ch I wish the d o c t o r ..........
here to see d ie p a tie n t healthy again. g) I ts nine o clock.The children should have gone to
b) Im agine you ......... com pletely blind ; how wOuld it bed. Its high t i m e .................................................................... .
affect your life ? h) If they had left on tim e they should have arrived
c) I ts tim e y o u .............. able to take full responsability already. If only t h e y ....................................................................
for your ow n life. i) I told him the secret and now he is upset.
d) It is advisable P e t e r ........... th e su m m er holidays H e wishes I ..................................................................................
w ith you. j) I regret you d o n t take this into account.
e) I d rath e r you .......... talking so loudly, if you I wish y o u ..................................................................................
d o n t m ind.
f) If only l i f e ..........so sim ple for all o f us. Correct the errors.
g) It is essential his f r i e n d ........... on tim e ! a) Just imagine you will n o t eaten for a week o r two
h) She insisted th a t I ........... to h er friend first. and w ere absolutely starving and the only food th a t is
i) You talk as if you r e a lly ..............it. available to you was a trapp ed ra t th at you d o n t have
j) If I ..........you, I w o u ld n t do it. no way o f cooking anyway, w ould you be tem p te d ?
b) W hile trying to sail ro u n d the w orld in a small boat,
Rephrase the following sentences so that the meaning H arry, Sandy and Joe w ere shipw recked one night.
stays the same. I wish there is an island nearby , H a rry said. By
a) U nfortunately I have to leave to n ig h t! m orning, they w ere w ashed up on to a desert island.
I w is h ......................................................... For six m onths they lived on fish, nuts and fruit.
b) Jack doesnt know all the people in the room , O ne day, they saw a bo ttle on the shore. If only it will
although he p retends to. contain a n o te or so m e th in g ! Sandy said. They opened
Jack a c t s .............................................. it and a genie appeared. Its high tim e som eone to
c) Im so rry they d o n t visit m e anym ore. open that bo ttle ! th e genie gasped. Im so grateful,
I w i s h .......................................................... Ill give you one wish each. You first the genie said,
d) W ith m ore help I could have solved the problem . pointing to Harry. T h a ts easy, H a rry said. I wish I
was w ith m y family. A nd w hoosh, he disappeared.
M e to o Sandy said. If only I should can be in dear V e rb e le moda le
old Glasgow. A nd w hoosh, o ff he w ent. And you, sir ?, Verbele m odale sunt o categorie special de verbe
the genie asked Joe. I w ish I had my friends back ! auxiliare. Ele su n t folosite p e n tru a exprim a sugestii,
Jo e said. oferte, cerine, d orine, intenii, politee, tact.
A dapted from L. G. A lexander In cele mai m ulte gram atici ale limbii engleze,
Longman English Grammar Practice urm toarele verbe su n t considerate m odale :
can may shall will m ust
Translate into English. ought to could might should would
a) Este u im ito r ca o persoan cu educaia ta s se lase
pclit att de uor. C aracteristicile verbelor m o d a le :
b) I- fost fric s vorbeasc de team ca el s n u -i nu sunt precedate de to
recunoasc vocea. 1 sunt u rm ate de infinitivul scurt (far particula to)
c) Tare a vrea ca el s se trezeasc mai devreme dim ineaa. al verbelor de conjugat
d) Vorbea de parc era singurul care fusese plecat n Cigarettes can damage your health.
excursie. You may choose another book.

e) O fieru l insist ca to i cei care doresc s plece n ~ atunci cnd su n t u rm ate de auxiliarul be i un verb
perm isie s com pleteze fo rm ularul A. la participiul prezent, verbele m odale indic o aciune
f) Ar vrea ca rezultatele fiului su s fie pe m sura prezent sau viitoare
She is busy. She must be cooking.
ateptrilor.
I don't know w hat's he doing. He may be
g) E vrem ea s facem ce n i s-a ceru t, altfel rm nem
watching TV
fr lem ne de foc. He is not in, but he will be coming back soon.
h) A prefera s n u fi aflat tu povestea naintea m ea We ought to be leaving now.
i s nu o fi spus tu tu ro r p rieten ilo r notri. ~ 1 atunci cnd sunt u rm a te de auxiliarul have i un verb
i) Ce n -a r da M aria s gseasc inelul de aur ! la participiul trecut, verbele m odale indic o aciune
j) D eparte de m ine gndul s-i stric plcerea, d ar cum trecut
s-a n n o p tat, e tim pul s plecm . She must have finished the essay.
The plane may have landed already.
1 nu prim esc term in aia -s la persoana a III-a singular
i nu au form de Past Tense sau participiu p rezent
I can speak English.
He can speak English.
 I m ust hurry up. He can play the piano.
He must hurry up. I can't open this door.
~ 1 form a interogativ se realizeaz p rin aezarea verbului Can you ride a bike ?
m odal n faa subiectului, fr aju to ru l auxiliarului do I could read when I was 4 years old.
Can he speak English ? ~ 1 o posibilitate
Must I write it again ? Can pelicans fly ?
Could you type this letter for me ? You can join us, if you w ant to.
Ought she to do anything for them ? ~ 1 o probabilitate
~1 la form a negativ, not st im ediat d up verbul m odal The situation was such that anything
I cannot swim. could happen.
We must not litter the place. It could snow later on this evening.
They may not leave earlier. 1 o perm isiune
Such thinghs ought not to be allowed. You can borrow my CD if you w ant to.
~ 1 se folosesc n ntrebrile disjunctive (question tags) ~ 1 o cerere
He can drive, can't he ? Can I have some more ice cream ?
You would like to come, wouldrft you ? Do you think you could help me translate
Shell be home by this time, won't she ? this article ?
~ 1 atunci cnd se rep et o idee, verbele m odale ~ l o sugestie
se p o t folosi fr auxiliar If you haven't anything else to do you could
If they cannot lend me the money I'll find do the ironing.
someone w ho can. ~~1 o im posibilitate, atunci cnd avem form ele de negativ
She must answer about it. The knock's too loud. It can't be the little boy.
I suppose she must. It was to o early. Surely that couldn't
have been Jack.
O bservaie
>
In vorbirea curen t will i would preced ate de un
t o J Q ^ J x e a !J j u i ^ , c a . J i ^ 4 J - x , o u X d
p ro n u m e su n t folosite la fo rm a scurt.
I'm sure she'll send you a card. Aceste verbe m odale se folosesc p e n tru a exprim a :
If it stopped raining itd be much better. ~ 1 o aciune din viitorul foarte ap ropiat (can)
Let's have dinner together. We can go to a
Chinese restaurant.
C av\ s \ could
P entru tim pul viitor, n locul lui can se poate folosi i
Sensurile verbelor can i could su n t urm toarele : expresia echivalent will be able to.
1 o abilitate He'll be able to ski better in a couple of days.
 She can't speak French now but she'll be able to
in a few months.
May s\ m ig k f
~ 1 o aciune trecu t (could) Sensurile verbelor may i might sunt urm toarele :
My grandfather could speak Latin and old Greek. - 1 o cerere sau o perm isiune (can i could sunt
P en tru a sugera c cineva a reuit s fac fa unei situaii m u lt m ai folosite n vorbirea curent)
folosim was / were able to, managed to, succeeded to. May I use your pen ?
The driver managed to stop the car just before I wonder if I might use your telephone.
he hit the fence. (n registrul form al / oficial)
After several days' trying, they succeeded to May I borrow your dictionary ? No, Im afraid
restore law and order.
you may not.
~ 1 m odul condiional (could)
~ 1 o posibilitate (might sugereaz o ans mai mic
If you answered this question you could get
de a se ntm pla ceva)
a better mark. "W here's Rebecca? - "I dont know.
~ 1 vorbirea in direct (could) She may be out playing."
"Can you do this sum in your head ?" She has a piece of paper with a Paris telephone
"W hat did she say ?" number. He may know somebody there.
"She asked if I could do that sum in my head." His latest novel might be as good as the others
~ 1 o aciune care a fost posibil, d ar nu s-a p ro d u s (could but I dont like it so much.
have + participiul trecut)
Im so sorry ! I could have helped the old man I
She had a marvellous voice. She could have sung ExlLolsJ,e a ..i.u i.. . i m i g h t
at the Metropolitan.
Aceste verbe m odale se folosesc :
Why did you kick the ball like that ? You could
- 1 n vorbirea indirect (might)
have broken a window.
"I may spend the weekend with my friends." -
Can i could su n t deseori n so ite de verbele see, hear,
She said she might spend the weekend with her
taste, feel, smell, understand, remember i guess.
I can see the village in the distance. friends.
We could understand everything the baby was ~ 1 p e n tru exprim area unei posibiliti
saying. (structura may / might + perfect infinitive)
Nobody noticed the prisoner's uniform outside.
But he might have worn the guard's uniform.
~ 1 n (con)texte oficiale p e n tru a exprim a o urare,
speran (may nu i might)
 May you both be very h a p p y ! We had to wait half an hour for a bus.
Long may she live to enjoy her fo rtu n e! Will have o, have (got) to i must se folosesc p e n tru
a exprim a o necesitate sau o obligaie n viitor.
A te n tie ! You'll have to / m ust get up early if you want
A tunci cnd vrem s exprim m faptul c n tre c u t am to catch the 6 o'clock train.
avut perm isiunea de a face ceva sau vrem s subliniem If you buy a TV set you'll have to buy a licence
for it.
libertatea p e care o aveam de a face ceva folosim can,
could sau be able to. May i might nu se folosesc n aceaste
situaii. ~1 o certitudine
I could / was allowed to use my parents' You m ust be hungry after your long walk.
car when I was twenty. Peter has worked here for ages. He m ust know
These days children are allowed to stay up late. the answer.
We weren't allowed to feed the animals
at the zoo. 1 o p resupunere
As you are his friend, you m ust know a lot
about him.
Mw.s+ Mrs Bains m ust know Paris very well. She has
lived there for tw enty years.
M ust se folosete p e n tru a exprim a :
~ l o necesitate
A te n ie !
W hen you enter the building you m ust show
M ust have + participiul trec u t se folosete p e n tru
the guard your pass.
I really m ust stop smoking. a exprim a o certitudine sau o presu p u n ere n legtur
cu o aciune trecut :
Mr. Smith couldn't find his car keys. He must
A te n ie !
have lost them.
Lipsa necesitii im pune folosirea verbelor do not
The door is locked. She m ust have gone earlier.
need to / needn't sau do not have to.
M ust poate fi folosit n vorbirea indirect dup un verb
We don't need to get a visa to go to Hungary.
la Past Tense.
She doesn't have to/doesn't need to work at
weekends. The doctor said that I must keep a diet.
Had to se folosete p e n tru a exprim a o obligaie sau
o necesitate din trecut.
As a primary school student I had to wear
a uniform.
 ~1 posibilitatea ca ceva s se ntmple
S ta ll .s i s h o u ld
W e should be there before dark.
Shallse folosete atunci cnd : The roads should be less crowded today.
se exprim o hotrre ~ 1 uneveniment sau o situaie posibil (dup if sau in
I shall write to you again. case i n propoziiile condiionale)
1 se cere un sfat (n propoziii interogative) If you should change your mind, do let
What shall I do now ? me know.
In case you should arrive earlier, please call me.
1 se face o ofert sau o sugestie
Shall I post this letter for you ? ~~1 un dubiu (cu verbele imagine, say, think etc.)
Shall we play tennis tomorrow ? "Do we have enough time ?"
Lets go for a swim, shall we ? "I should think so."
I should imagine it will take more than
1 se exprim o obligaie n contracte i documente
two hours.
oficiale (la persoana a IlI-a)
Candidates shall remain in their seats until >iritarea (n ntrebrile how) sau surprinderea
all the papers have been collected. (n ntrebrilewho, what)
The tenant shall maintain the property in good How should I know where you've put
condition. the train ticket ?
I got on the train and who should be sitting
next to me but an old friend of mine.
Should se folosete pentru a exprima :
~1 ceea ce este bine sau ru, potrivit sau nepotrivit n - 1 o dezaprobare a unei aciuni din trecut
(should have + participiul trecut)
anumite mprejurri (atunci cnd vorbim despre
She's feeling sick. She shouldn't have eaten
obligaii sau ndatoriri should este mai puin tare
so much ice cream.
ca must)
You shouldn't drink and drive.
W e should have checked the gas before we left. O bservaie
Applications should be submitted before In engleza britanic should se folosete i n propoziiile
January 15. that,dup verbe care exprim o sugestie sau o opinie.
~ 1 unsfat sau o recomandare (putem folosi ought to cu I suggest that he should reconsider his decision.
acelai sens) He recommended that we should take some
Should I phone her and apologise ? time off.
You should really go to St Ives, it's a fantastic
place.
It's really a good film. You should / ought to go
and see it.
 The Browns will have lived here for
Will Si
> Would
five years at the end of this month.
Ca verb modal, will se folosete pentru a exprima :
~1 certitudinea unor situaii prezente sau viitoare Forma de trecut a verbului will este would.
There's somebody knocking at the door. Aceasta se folosete pentru :
That'll be Jane.
~1 a formula oferte, invitatii
'5 si> cereri
They'll be home by this time.
(ntr-o exprimare politicoas)
~11decizia sau dorina vorbitorului de a face ceva Would you like a cup of tea ?
"White of black coffee ?" "I'll have black coffee, Would you do this for me, please ?
please." Would you like to sit here or would you prefer
I won't lend him any more money. to wait outside ?
1 o cerere ~1 a face o cerere politicoas
You'll water the plants while I'm away, won't you ? I'd like some information about summer courses,
If you'll just wait a minute, I'll show you around. please.
~1 un ordin ~1 a vorbi despre aciuni i evenimente repetate din
You'll do it this minute! trecut
~1 o ofert When my parents were away our neighbours
I'll wait for you here if you don't mind. would look after me.
~11o invitaie
Will you come to see use again ? A te n tie !
o ameninare Putem folosi att would, ct i used to pentru a ne referi
Stop making that noise or I'll scream ! la aciuni i evenimente repetate diri trecut.
~1 un obicei sau o trstur de caracter When we were children we used to / would play
He'll listen to music, alone in his room, for hours. hide and seek.
Tom is very kind. He'll always help old people. As a child she used to / would listen to our
~~1 refuzul de a face ceva (forma negativ won't) stories for hours.
We've asked him but he won't help.
Dar numai used to poate fi folosit pentru past states.
I tried hard but the door won't open.
M y uncle used to be a fireman. N u : M y uncle
would be a fireman.
O bservaie
She used to have long hair but she has changed
Will have + participiul trecut exprim o aciune ce se va her hair style now.
termina naintea unui moment precis din viitor.
 1 a reda vorbirea indirect I . V e r b e l e mo d a l e - c o n s o l i d a r e
He said he would come earlier,
j Datorit faptului c folosirea verbelor modale
a exprima refuzul (forma negativ wouldn't)
n limba englez reprezint o problem destul de
She wouldn't go to the dentist even though she
I dificil, am considerat necesar o recapitulare a
had terrible toothache.
; sensurilor pe care le poate avea aceast categorie
J de verbe.
O bservaie
Would se folosete dup verbul wish atunci cnd ateptm
s se ntmple ceva. Ability and capability

I wish it would stop raining. ~ 1 Can i could

Rosie is 12 but she can speak five languages.
The music next door is very loud. I wish they
I can't do this exercise
would turn it down.
Tom could swim like a fish when he was 6
years old.

Nee<W+ V&ve. s\ vseed +0

A te n tie !
Needn't have + participiul trecut se folosete pentru a Was / were able to se folosesc atunci cnd spunem
arta c o aciune desfurat nu era necesar. c cineva a reuit s fac fa unei situaii speciale.
You needn't have bought so much bread. The flames were all around, but he was able to
Nobody wanted it. (It wasn't necessary to buy get to the front and the police pulled him out.
so much bread but you did).
Didn't need to + infinitiv exprim o aciune care nu era
Permission
necesar (nu se precizeaz dac s-a efectuat sau nu).
j ~~1 Can
She didn't need to get up so early. (It was not
You can wait in here if you like.
necessary to come early; we don't know if she
~1 Could (se folosete pentru trecut sau pentru a
did or not.)
1 cere n mod foarte politicos permisiunea)
Could we leave our bags here, please ?
1May (folosit n contexte formale / oficiale)
>
May I use the telephone, please ?
 Possibility / impossibility I must finish this work today.
~ 1 May (n contexte mai formale) i might You'll have to get up early if you want to see
What he says may be true. the sunrise.
They might come and see you this week.
~ 1 Cani could (se folosesc pentru a exprima A te n ie !
posibilitatea teoretic de a se ntmpla ceva Must not se folosete pentru a spune c este imperios
ofer un grad mai mare de incertitudine) necesar s nu acionm.
That could be my handbag over there. You mustn't cross now. The light is red.
That might be my handbag: I left it there.
~ 1 May not / might not (exprim o posibilitate ~ 1 Don't have to (exprim lipsa necesitii)
negativ) You still have plenty of time. You don't have to
Jane may not be in the living room.
finish this paper today.
The weather is changing. We might not
go to the beach.
Necessity
(imposibilitatea logic
- 1 Cannot / could not
~ 1 Need
de a se ntmpla ceva)
He starts work late this week. He doesn't need
She cant have arrived. She has just called
to get up early.
from the station. Do I need to pay now ? / Need I pay now ?

I Logical probability Certainity

_1 Must, ought to i should Will i would (pentru a exprima certitudinea
Sally must / ought to / should be at work n legtur cu evenimente viitoare)
by now. Shes normally there at this time. She will be here in half an hour.
The journey wouldn't be easy on such
Prohibition a weather.
I
' Cannot imay not (n situaii mai formale)
You can't smoke here. Unwillingness
You may not take photos here. <Will not i would not (pentru trecut)
I tried hard but the door won't shut.
Obligation We tried to talk to them, but they wouldn't
~ 1 Must (implic obligaia i dorina vorbitorului / listen.

asculttorului) i have (got) to (care se refer la

fapte, la o obligaie extern)
Typical behaviour I may have left my gloves here - have you
1 Will i would seen them ?
He is a good little boy. He'll play quietly for ~~1 Must have + participiul trecut exprim
hours. I probabilitatea logic.
Before they got married, Tom would wait for This is a very nice dress. It must have been
Jane every evening after work.
very expensive.
I
Probability
~11Shouldi ought to (atunci cnd te atepi s se Si flClAtn. eXSKcifii !
ntmple ceva)
She should / ought to have received the letter
Choose the right modal verb and complete the blanks.
by now. I posted it last week.
a) I .................. (mustnt / cant / may not) play chess
very well.
Advice
b) (Shall / Could / Would) .............. I speak
~ 1 Should i ought to
to Mrs Cross, please ?
He should see a doctor if he doesn't feel well.
c) What (shall / must / may) I ............. buy him for
He shouldn't have / oughtnt to have said that.
his birthday ?
d) I dont work tomorrow I (mustnt / cant / neednt)
Valori ale v e r b e l o r modale get up early.
la t r e c u t e) Im not sure but I (should / may / must) ...................
take up skiing.
~ 1 M ay / might / could have + participiul trecut f) The doctor said I (wouldnt / couldnt / shouldnt)
exprim posibilitatea ca ceva s se fi petrecut (dar eat so much meat.
nu suntem siguri). g) We are not absolutely certain but they (must / will /
Wheres Jane's umbrella ? She may / might /
might) ............... arrive a little late.
could have taken it with her.
h) Mum says that w e (shall / ought to / will) .................
~ 1 Couldn't have + participiul trecut se folosete
show more respect.
atunci cnd este imposibil s se fi petrecut ceva.
She couldn't have gone by car. She cannot
Rewrite these sentences using must or cant.
drive.
Example : She looks so sad. Im sure shes unhappy.
~ 1 May have / could have + participiul trecut exprim
She must be unhappy,
nesigurana.
a) Im sure hes busy.
b) She is always wearing new clothes. Im certain
her husband makes a lot of money. Complete the blanks with modal verbs to express ability,
c) Im sure she isnt far away because I saw her five necessity or requests.
minutes ago. a) That c a t ................... to be fed.
d) Im sure youre joking. b) S h e ..................... type very quickly.
e) Theres absolutely no chance that he spends all the c) H e ................... saved more money, but he didnt.
money. Ill be with him all the time. d) I see the manager ?
f) Theres the doorbell. Im sure its Chris. e) You..................... to behave yourself.
f) My p arents..................... to build a house after saving

Rewrite the sentences using the modal verbs in brackets. for years.
a) Lets go to a concert tonight, (shall) g) She feels awful. S h e .................see a doctor soon.
b) Please open the door, (will) h) you mind switching on the light ?
c) Please, help me translate this, (could) i) You..................... to apply yet. Its too early.
d) These trousers dont have to be ironed, (need) j) W e ...........................easily see there was something
e) Its important that you hand in the report tomorrow, wrong with the watch.
(must)

f) Am I allowed to wait here ? (may) W Complete the blanks with modal verbs to express
g) I wish I had checked in this piece of luggage, (ought) obligation, possibility or prohibition.
h) When I was a child we always got up early and went a) I ..........................cut down on fats or else I would
fishing on Sundays, (would) have got overweight.
b) Theres no ashtray in this room. You.........................
Use appropriate modal verbs to rewrite these sentences. smoke in here.
a) Im sure it wasnt Jim who did it. c) He is not here now. H e .........................come later.
b) It isnt necessary for you to write this report. d) W e ...................... stay within the speed limit.
c) It would be a good idea to stop smoking. e) You...................... enter this room, they have never
d) Perhaps hell be waiting when we get there. allowed people here.
e) It was foolish of him to give up his job. f) T h ey ..................... crashed. Luckily, they didnt.
f) It is forbidden to walk on the grass. g) W e ..........................go to London for a meeting.
g) Im sure he is planning to quit his job. h) They no longer live here. T h ey .........................sold
h) The boys are likely to behave like this. their house.
^ S lF Identify the use of each verb in italics. T e m p o r a l a s i
a) He wasnt allowed to take his fathers car. (permission)
b) You should have stopped smoking. >
c) He will come tomorrow.
Propoziiile temporale i condiionale pun probleme
d) She worked hard. She must be very tired.
speciale n ceea ce privete folosirea timpurilor.
e) Shall I collect your mail ?
f) They dont have to employ more staff.
g) I had to wear glasses when I was five.
h) Would you like me to tell him ? de HK
i) Children will be children.
j) You ought to give her a helping hand, n cazul n care predicatul din principal este
k) Its 8 oclock. He must have arrived by now. la timpul prezent, n propoziia temporal putem
1) We invited her but she wouldnt come, folosi orice timp.
m) When the weather was fine, I would go walking Atunci cnd predicatul propoziiei principale este
in the woods. la timpul viitor, n propoziia temporal putem avea
n) We wont go there again before next summer. diferite tim puri:
~1 pentru a exprima simultaneitatea cu aciunea verbului
din propoziia principal, n propoziia
circumstanial de timp introdus de conjunciile
when, until i as soon as se folosete timpul prezent
I'll give him your message when I see him.
I'll read the newspaper until you get back.
We'll buy a new car as soon as we have
enough money.
~1 pentru a exprima un raport de anterioritate fa de
aciunea din principal, n secundar se folosete
Simple Present sau Present Perfect Simple
I'll lend you the book when I have finished it.
I finish it.
A
te njtie ! propoziia condiional de tipul I (condiie real)
In limba romn, verbul din propoziia temporal poate if + Present will + infinitiv
fi la prezent sau la viitor : M voi duce s m plimb cnd If it rains, we will cancel the picnic,
mi voi termina temele / cnd mi termin temele. Daca va ploua, vom amna picnicul.
If he asks me, I'll help him.
n situaia n care verbul din principal este la un timp Dac m va ruga, l voi ajuta.
trecut, n temporal putem avea :
~ 1 Past Tense pentru a exprima simultaneitatea propoziia condiional de tipul II (condiie ireal
She invited me to her new house when I met her. posibil)
The weather was fine when we went if + Past would + infinitiv
on that trip.
If it rained, we would cancel the picnic.
I was sure he would help you when he finished
Dac ar ploua, am amna picnicul.
his work I'd help him.
If he asked me,
1 Past Perfect pentru a exprima anterioritatea Dac m-ar ruga, l-a ajuta.
They bought a new car as soon as they had
saved enough money.
propoziia condiional de tipul III (condiie ireal
I was sure he would help you when he had
imposibil)
finished his work
if + Past Perfect would have + participiu trecut
If it had rained, we would have cancelled the picnic,
O bservaie Dac ar fi plouat, am fi amnat picnicul.
Atunci cnd temporala este introdus de after sau before, If he had asked me. I would have helped him.
verbul acesteia este la Past Tense sau Past Perfect Tense. Dac m-ar fi rugat, l-a fi ajutat.
I arrrived after he started / had started.
It was / had been some time before I realized
the truth.
De obicei, propoziia principal este urmat de condiional.
I would / I'd come out with you if I didn't
feel so tired.
PirOpOZi + i A G0 Ysd\f\0 V\A\A
Dac ordinea propoziiilor este invers, atunci ele sunt
Pentru a simplifica aceast problem de gramatic destul
separate prin virgul.
de complex, vom spune c exist trei tipuri de
If I didn't feel so tired, I'd come out with you.
propoziii condiionale:
F I s I r e o z i t i g i oo n d i t i o n i s If you will fill in this form. I'll give it to the
manager. = Dac vrei s completai acest
Pentru a exprima o condiie real, n propoziia
formular, i-1 voi da directorului.
principal se folosete indicativul prezent sau
If you would lend me some money, I would be
imperativul.
very grateful. =
Dac mi-ai mprumuta
I stay in bed if I don't feel well. = Stau n pat
nite bani v-a fi foarte recunosctor.
dac nu m simt bine.
~ 1 unless (cu sensul except if) are neles asemntor
She always smiles at me if I go near her desk. =
cu if... not
ntotdeauna mi zmbete dac m apropii I won't go on this trip unless you go too. = Nu
de banca ei. voi merge n excursia aceasta dac nu mergi
If metal gets hot, it expends. = Dac se
i tu.
nclzete, metalul se dilat.
You can't find accommodation unless you have
Try again if at first you don't succeed. =
a reservation.
ncearc din nou dac nu reueti
O bservaii
J
de prima dat.
Unlessnu se poate folosi :
Do not hesitate to ask for my help if you need it.
-11atunci cnd vorbim despre emoii
= Nu ezita s-mi ceri ajutorul dac ai
Your teacher will be very angry if you dont do
nevoie.
= Profesorul tu va fi foarte
your homework.
Construciile care cer o condiional sunt urmtoarele :
suprat dac nu-i vei face tema.
~ 1 if.... was / were se folosete pentru a exprima condiii
~1 n propoziii condiionale ireale imposibile
ireale, imaginare
If she hadn't gone to Paris, she would have gone
If he was / were to come now, what would you
to London. =
Dac nu s-ar fi dus la Paris ar
do ? = Dac el ar veni acum, -ai face ?
fi mers la Londra.
~ 1 should + infinitivul poate fi folosit n propoziiile
~1 n propoziii interogative
condiionale de tipul I i II pentru a exprima o
What will he do if he doesn't pass the exam ?
situaie puin probabil
= Ce va face dac nu va promova
If you should find the book, give me a ring. =
examenul ?
Dac s-ar ntmpla s gseti cartea, d-mi
Pot aprea i combinaii ntre cele trei tipuri de fraze
un telefon.
condiionale.
~ 1 if... will / would poate fi folosit pentru a exprima o
If you aren't very busy, I would invite you
rugminte sau pentru a formula mai politicos o
= Dac nu eti foarte
to the concert.
cerere
ocupat, te-a invita la concert.
 If she had worked hard she would be a
university student now. = Dac ar fi muncit w Complete the sentences using the correct form of the
serios, acum ar fi student. verb in brackets.
a) If I phone tonight, ..................you (be) at home ?
b) If it is fine tomorrow we.................... (go) on a trip.
1 c) If I were you, I ................... (giye up) now.

Complete the blanks with the right tense of the verb in

brackets.
d) Ill call the police unless h e .................. (leave) at once.
e) I would have noticed if s h e ...................... (come).
f) If she had known you ivere coming, s h e .................... .
a) I ............... (wash) the car when I ................. (have) (wait) for you.
some free time. g) He might have succeeded if h e ................ (try) harder.
b) W e ........................... (not start) the meeting until h) If I hadnt missed the train, I ................... (meet)
everybody...................... (arrive). you at 6.
c) H e .................... (have to) behave better when
h e ....................... (go) to school. Answer these questions.
d) T hey .................... (not go) away until she If you can choose a holiday place, where will you go ?
........................ (come). What will you do if the weather is fine tomorrow ?
e) The old w om an...................... (be) delighted when What would you like to see if you went on a trip
s h e ..................... (hear) the news. to London ?
f) My friends................... (buy) a new car when they What would you do if you won a lottery prize ?
.... (save) enough money. What would you have bought if you had had more

Match the two parts.

When all babies are grown as soon as he gets here,
money ?

Complete each sentence so that it means the same

in test tubes, as the sentence above it.
By the time we reach as soon as she had finished a) You wont get fired unless you do something foolish.
home, reading The Magus. If you dont ...........................................................
The airport will remain no one will naturally b) Sue was ill, so she didnt go to the party.
closed, belong to a family. Sue w ould............................................................
She borrowed a new book, the snow will have stopped. c) I cant help you unless you tell me what the problem is.
Let me know until further notice. Id h e lp ...................................................................
d) If you stop eating so many cakes, youll get slimmer.
You wont get slim m er.................................................. ~' de o alt persoan n alt loc
e) I left the map at the hotel, so I got lost in the town. 1 de o alt persoan, n alt loc i n alt moment.
If I ............................................................................... Mary told me last night that she would rather
f) I didnt make a shopping list and I forgot to buy sugar. stay home than go to the theatre.
I wouldnt ................................................................. Vorbirea indirect antreneaz dup sine schimbarea
g) Going to Paris by bus is cheaper than going by train. persoanei.
If y o u ........................................................................... M a ry : "I'd rather stay home than go to the
h) Mary had to ask for a day off or she wouldnt have theatre."
Mary told me that she would rather stay
got one.
at home than go to the theatre.
U nless..........................................................................
Schimbarea locului i a momentului antreneaz
schimbarea adverbelor de timp i de loc, precum i
Tick the right sentence and correct the wrong one.
a prenumelor i a adjectivelor demonstrative.
a) She will be happy if she will win the competition.
b) If I had been invited, I would go tonight.
Vorbirea direct Vorbirea ind irect
c) If you should see him, tell him I would like to talk
this that / the
to him.
these those / the
d) I would tell you her name if I would know it.
here there
e) Would you mind if I went first ?
now then
f) He would have a nervous breakdown if he goes
today that day
on working like this.
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next / following day
the day after tomorrow in two days' time
\Jorb\re t t d ir e e + last week the previous week /
the week before
Spusele unei persoane ntr-un anumit loc i ntr-un a year ago a year before / the previous year
anumit moment pot fi redate n vorbirea indirect :
~1 de o alt persoan
11 de o alt persoan n alt moment
 A tenie ! Vorbire d irect Vorbire ind irect
Adverbele de timp nu se schimb dect atunci cnd Present Simple Past Simple
exist o diferen ntre momentul vorbirii directe i cel She loves football. She said that she loved football.
al vorbirii indirecte.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
"Tomorrow I'll check my e-mail", John told me
Grandma is coming to Mother said that grandma
last week.
stay with us. was coming to stay with us.
John told me last week that he would check his
e-mail the following day. Present Perfect Past Perfect

Dar : "M r Jones is coming to see us tomorrow I haven't heard from him Mary said that she hadn't

morning." since 1997 heard from him since 1997

"W hat did you say ?" Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect
"I said that Mr Jones is coming to see us Continuous
tomorrow morning." He's been washing the car. Father said he had been washing
the car.

SelMwfeavea +iwpiAvilov verbele Future Future in the Past

They will be in Paris They told us that they would be
Schimbarea momentului atrage dup sine schimbarea
next week. in Paris the next week.
timpurilor folosite.
~1 Dac predicatul (the reporting verb) din propoziia Past Simple Past Perfect

principal este la prezent, timpul din propoziia The house was broken They reported to the police

redat n vorbirea indirect rmne neschimbat. in last night. that the house had been broken in
They are saying to the teacher: "You can't leave the night before.
us now at the end of the school year."
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
They are saying to the teacher that she can't
He was reading the They told me that he had been
leave them now at the end of the school year.
newspaper in the lounge. reading the newspaper in the
~ Dac predicatul din propoziia principal este la
lounge.
trecut, timpul din propoziia redat n vorbirea
indirect trece la trecut. O regul foarte simpl spune Past Perfect Past Perfect
c prezentul devine trecut, iar trecutul devine mai Father had left for work. They told the manager that father
mult ca perfect. had left for work.
Schimbrile care au loc n vorbirea indirect se produc Propoziiile interogative se transform n vorbirea
n funcie de tipul de propoziie. indirect n propoziii enuniative, respectndu-se
regulile de folosire a timpurilor verbale din acest caz.
n general, n cazul propoziiilor enuniative predicatul ~1 Se folosete if sau whether dup predicatul din
din principal (the reporting verb) este to say sau to tell propoziia principal exprimat printr-unul din verbele
somebody. Alte verbe care se pot folosi sunt urmtoarele : ask, want to know, wonder, didnt say atunci cnd se
to accept, to acknowledge, to admit, to agree, to believe, transform ntrebrile de tip yes / no
to claim, to conclude, to comment, to deny, to find, to gather, "Are you ready ?" said Helen.
to inform, to mention, to promise, remember, to think, to wish, Helen asked if / whether I was ready.
"Did they win the game? asked mother
to write.
when we came back home.
Atunci cnd se face o sugestie (cu ajutorul verbelor Mother asked us if / whether they had won
advise, agree, demand, direct, insist, intend, plead, prefer, the game.
propose, recommend, rule,suggest, urge), n vorbirea
indirect avem o propoziie introdus de that, A te ntie !
iar verbul este (should) + infinitivul scurt. Whether este preferat n urmtoarele cazuri :
John: "Let's start earlier!"
~ 1 dup verbe de tipul to discuss
John suggested they should start earlier
The committee discussed whether they should
Aunt M a ry : "Youd better change your job.
Aunt Mary advised her nephew that fire half of the staff the next month.
he change his job. ~~1 ntr-o ntrebare cu alternativ
I wanted to know whether they had promised
O bservaie
to arrive on Monday or cancelled their flight.
Cteva verbe pot forma structuri ce se folosesc pentru ~~1 dup prepoziii
a reda vorbirea indirect : suggest / advise / propose / They haven't settled the question of whether
recommend + V -ing. they should move house .
Peter: "Let's go the theatre instead!"
Peter suggested their going to the theatre
~ 1 Pronumele i adverbele interogative (who, what,
instead.
The Prime Minister said: "W e shall raise more
where, why, when, how, which, whom, whose) se
buildings to provide accommodation for young pstreaz n vorbirea indirect. Topica n propoziie
married couples." este cea a uneia enuniative.
The Prime Minister proposed raising more When did they arrive ?
buildings to provide accommodation for young The teacher wanted to know when they
married couples. had arrived.
 How could you leave your things behind ? A tentie

Mother wondered how I could leave my things Nu se folosete structura complement + infinitiv dup
behind.
verbele suggest i say.
Who brought the cake ?
Let's call Peter and ask for help!
The school mistress wanted to know who
They suggested that we should call Peter / our
brought / had brought the cake.
calling Peter to ask for help.
How many turned up at the meeting ?
You cant keep lying about your past!
The president wanted to know how many
The juge said that I couldn't keep lying about
had turned up at the meeting.
my past.
~1 ntrebrile negative redate n vorbire indirect
pstreaz auxiliarul do i exprim, de obicei, un Timpurile verbale rmn aceleai n trecerea la vorbirea
element de surpriz sau de emoie. indirect atunci cnd:
Don't you remember our first date ?
~1prezentul exprim o aciune repetat valabil i n
I asked him if he didn't remember our first date.
W hy don't you like the presents you've got ?
momentul vorbirii indirecte
He was surprised that she didn't like the "The Peters go to Brighton every summer ,
presents she had got. John said.
John said that the Peters go / went to Brighton
Promisiunile, ordinele, ofertele, rugminile, sfaturile every summer.
sunt redate n vorbirea indirect n structura ~11prezentul se refer la un fapt universal valabil, un
complement + infinitiv. adevr absolut
Be careful, I told Mary. - I told Mary "The sun rises in the East", the teacher told us.
to be careful. The teacher told us that the sun rises in the East.
Don't park here ! said the policeman. - The
~1 trecutul simplu se refer la aciuni repetate n trecut
policeman told Peter not to park there.
I went to football matches every week when I
Will you help me with this heavy suitcase,
lived in Piteti.
please. - She asked him to help her with that
heavy suitcase. He told me that he went to football matches
Shall I call the police ? - She offered to call every week when he lived in Piteti.
the police. ~1 nu exist raport de anterioritate ntre propoziia
I w on't listen to him, said Helen. - Helen principal i subordonat
refused to listen to him He liked all the paintings in the exhibition.
Remember to lock the door!, said mom. -
He told me that he liked all the paintings
Mom reminded her son to lock the door.
in the exhibition.
 1 avem structurile wish, it's high time, would rather Schimbrile suferite de verbele modale n vorbirea
I wish you spent more time on your homework, indirect sunt urmtoarele :
said the teacher.
The teacher told us that he wished we spent V o r b ir e a d ir e c t Vorbirea ind irect
more time on our homework.
can could
I'd rather you bought another dress, Mary
could could
admitted.
may might
Mary admitted that she'd rather I bought
another dress. might might
shall should
In cazul propoziiilor condiionale au loc urmtoarele should should

schimbri: will would

~1 condiia real devine ireal posibil would would
I'll buy you a red ball if you drink your glass must have / can / could have must have / can / could have
of milk, said mother. must (cu sensul de obligaie) had to / would have to
Mother told me that she would buy me a red must (deducie) must
ball if I drank my glass of milk. mustn't mustn't sau couldn't
- 1 condiia ireal posibil devine imposibil need need
If the car started they would go to
the skating-rink. O b s e r v a ie
Peter told them that if the car started they In vorbirea indirect predicatul din propoziia principal
would go to the skating-rink. poate exprima o aciune sau o parafraz a propoziiilor
If the manager had known that their products din vorbirea direct.
were in high demand on the market he would "Look, if I were you I'd sell this old car."
have increased the production. He advised me to sell the old car.
The reporter mentioned that if the manager had
known that their products were in high demand "Hi", he said.
on the market he would have increased the He greeted me.
production.
"Thank you, dear."
She thanked me.
"Well done, you've got the highest mark.
He congratulated me on my mark. Match Direct Speech sentences with Indirect
Speech sentences.
"Here's my best friend, Peter Gabriel." You may not believe it, but I took it.
He introduced his best friend, Peter Gabriel. Look, if I were you, Id start raising some money for my
studies.
"Merry Christmas!" I know, its silly but I cant remember your name.
They wished us Merry Christmas. Well, if you dont mind Ill have the fish pie.
How about our going to the swimming pool together ?
"Look, actually, tell her I'll drop by one
of these days." She claimed she took it.
He said he'd drop by one of these days. He decided to have the fish pie.
He admitted not remembering her name.
He suggested our going to the swimming pool together.
flcwry eXereifii! She advised him to raise some money for his studies.

Turn into Indirect / Reported Speech. Turn the following fragment into Indirect Speech
a) He said to her I have seen them today. Mrs Hale : I couldve come. I stayed away because it
b) The boy said Mother dont be angry. werent cheerful, and thats why I ought to have come.
c) I asked my friend Why have you come so late ? I Ive never liked this place. Maybe because its down
d) Tom said Hello, Mary. in a hollow and you dont see the road. I dunno what
e) The teacher asked the pupils Did you study it is but its a lonesome place and always was. I wish
Shakespeare last year ? I had come over to see Minnie Foster sometimes.
f) Mary told her mother Ill write to you every week. I can see now ...
g) The officer said Start digging, soldiers. Susan Glaspell Trifles
h) Yes, you are right, Peter said.
i) How much water do you have in that bottle ?, Turn the following sentences into Direct Speech.
the teacher asked. a) They said that the new fridge had arrived and asked
j) You must be ready by ten oclock, the assistant where they were to put it.
told him. b) The librarian asked her if shed like to borrow
the book but she thanked her and said she had already
read it.
c) Mother told her son that if he didnt like to take
the lift he could climb the stairs. Translate into English.
d) They offered me a raise in salary and I accepted . Ii era fric s deschid gura sau s ncerce, chiar
e) Paul suggested that all the boys should buy tickets n minte, s compun o fraz ct de ct corect. Dac
for the girls and invite them to the cinema. nu s-ar fi reinut, ar fi exclamat fr ndoial : Parc asis.t
f) The teacher congratulated his students on their la un teatru de prost gu st! De ce trebuie s utilizeze
results in the exams. cuvintele acestea att de patetic, de fals, cnd, far
g) The policeman explained to the driver that if his ndoial, are dreptate, spune un adevr ? De n-ar fi
car had gone a few inches nearer the edge, he would credina asta oarb ntr-o minune, n ceva care ar putea
have been dead by then. terge tot i toate i ne-ar obliga s rencepem viaa de
h) The customs officer inquired whether I travelled la capt, mai curai, mai cinstii... Asta simea, dar,
alone or with someone. n loc de gnduri, strnse pleoapele i se afund n
i) He asked what the weather had been like during pern, dorind s treac de ea, n somn, n linite.
the week we spent in London. Augustin Buzura Absenii
j) He wished us a happy new year and then apologized
for the delay.
 LEXIC
S nu ne speriem de dificultile limbii engleze ! Mai corect ar fi s le numim particulariti.
Omonimia, sinonimia, schimbarea categoriei gramaticale i particulele care modific aspectul verbelor
merit studiate ndeaproape i... apreciate pentru subtilitatea i creativitatea cu care nzestreaz limba.

hurt The hurt caused by her bitter words couldn't

CiAv'mfe care dau be explained.

bata te de c harm Gossiping about people does more harm

than criticising them in the open,
pain Take this tablet if you are in pain,
to hurt a pricinui durere, a lovi, a rni
ache Hes got stomachache after eating so many
She banged her head against the wall and
sweets.
hurt herself. Her head hurts.
a ofensa, a jigni alive viu, n via, plin de via, activ (se
Her bitter words hurt her husband's feelings. folosete n formarea predicatului)
to harm a aduce o pagub cuiva, a vtma He was kept alive by the doctors,

Smoking harms people's health. living viu, n via

a face ru All living creatures need water and air.

There is no harm in asking more questions live [laiv] viu (se folosete numai naintea
about the earthquake, substantivelor)
to pain a mhni, a ndurera Look o u t! There's a live lobster behind you.

It pains her to see her children suffering ~ broadcast / programme transmisie n

from hunger, direct
to ache a durea wire fir electric sub tensiune
M y legs ache after so much walking. to annoy a necji, a plictisi, a agasa, a tulbura
The fact that he didn't do his homework
annoyed her.
to bother a se necji, a se neliniti, a-i face griji bank mal, rm
Young men never bother to iron their shirts, The three of them tried to push the boat
to disturb a tulbura, a deranja, a incomoda, a away from the bank of the river.
tulbura banc
Sorry to disturb you, could I use your pen ? It's not safe to keep all your money in a
bank, the beggar said,
apart from afar de, far a mai socoti bench banc pentru ezut, banchet
Apart from buying his kids sweets evey now In spring all the benches in the park are
and then, what else is he he doing for them ? taken by old people.
except for cu excepia, n afar de cazul c
Except for one little girl, everybody got their canal canal construit de om
presents on time, The Suez Canal is a major source of trouble.
except + complement channel canal natural
cu excepia (nu se poate folosi la The Channel between Britain and France is
nceput de propoziie) always very busy with ships and boats.
The shop is open every day, except Tuesday. canal de televiziune
Have you watched Channel 4 ? I think it's
aroma (strong appetizing smell), arom, miros great.
plcut, parfum
The aroma of hot bread filled the car. chair scaun (cu speteaz)
scent (a delicate smell) miros, parfum, There are four of us, we'll need another chair.
mireasm place loc
The scent of roses was strong in the room, If you need my advice, the best place for
perfume (manufactured, sweet-smelling liquid) hanging the painting is just above the
parfum, mireasm, arom fireplace.
She loves wearing perfume, seat loc, scaun ntr-un mijloc de transport
flavour arom, parfum, gust
(that has that taste) sau ntr-o sal de spectacol
plcut, gust specific All the seats are taken for tonight's
Children prefer strawberry-flavoured ice-cream, performance, I am sorry.
taste (experience of flavour) gust, savoare
Nothing compares to the taste of fresh
oranges.
classic clasic, sobru, simplu, de bun calitate, patient pacient
tipic Am I the next patient, doctor ?
Sherlock Holmes is the classic example of the guest persoane cazate la hotel
perfect detective. The hotel takes care of its guests.
classical tradiional, stil clasic, legat de limbile
i literatura Greciei i Romei antice conscience contiin, cuget, fire, suflet
The only kind of music my father can stand It was his guilty conscience that made
is classical music. him bring the money back.
consciousness contiin, cunotin
clerk funcionar (de birou) After the blow, it took him five minutes
The job of a clerk is not well paid. to regain consciousness.
employee angajat, funcionar conscientious contiincios, scrupulos
All the employees present at the meeting A conscientious pupil is the joy of a teacher.
were thrilled to shake hands with the conscious contient, care i d seama
president of the company Everybody was conscious of how important
shop vnztor their work was.
assistant Who is going to hire you as a shop-assistant deadly mortal, de moarte,
with no qualifications ? Children are not allowed to handle deadley
attendant ngrijitor (n parcuri, muzee, la piscin etc.) weapons.
The attendant in the park kept staring at the fatal fatal, inevitabil, de nenlturat
children who were playing ball. Had he not been taken to hospital in time,
official persoan oficial, funcionar n poziii his injuries could have been fatal.
de rspundere mortal muritor, supus morii, mortal, ucigtor,
You are not allowed in there, it is only for funest, fatal
officials. As we are all mortal, we should enjoy the
moment, said the poet.
client client (al unui avocat, al unei bnci)
He left the Court in a hurry as he had an doubled dublu, ndoit
important meeting with a client. The Government has doubled its tax on
customer cumprtor roads.
Small shops rely on their regular customers. dubbed dublat, un film postsincronizat
Dubbed films were invented for blind people.
lined cptuit (despre haine) historical istoric, care ine de istorie, care trateaz
His jacket is lined with black silk. fapte istorice
folded ndoit Vlad epe is one of the historical figures
Keep your hanky folded, whispered mom to whose life and reign are still a mystery to
Tommy. most children.

footstep pas (zgomotul fcut de pai) to isolate a despri, a separa, a ine separat
I could hear footsteps behind me, Scientists have isolated the virus that causes
in the dark. influenza.
step pas, demers, msur to insulate a izola electric
Every step I took led me to the edge. Don't touch that wire.lt isn't insulated.
Their coming here was an important step
towards reconciliation, last ultimul
pace pas, mers, umblet, tempo, ritm Have you read Balzac's last novel ?
Nobody could keep that pace for long, latest cel mai recent
it's breathtaking. Have you read John Fowles' latest book ?
heritage motenire, monumente istorice, at last n cele din urm
obiceiuri i tradiii transmise de la o Here they are, at last.
generaie la alta at least cel puin
The "cluarii" dance is part of our cultural We cant get out of the house, but at least
heritage. we can listen to good music.
inheritance motenire (bani sau proprieti primite lately de curnd, n ultimul timp
la moartea cuiva) We haven't read anything interesting in the
Diana was happy as her inheritance made her papers, lately.
one of the richest girls in Europe. late defunct
historic important, de marc, de importan M y late husband left me his car.
istoric n ntrziere, ntrziat
The end of communism in Eastern Europe In my youth, trains were never late.
will be remembered as one of the historic
events of the 20th century.
to miss a rata, a eua, a pierde, a scpa to wave to a face cu mna n semn de salut
If we dont hurry we are going to miss the When leaving, she waved to us good bye.
train.
a simi lipsa shade umbr (zon protejat de lumina
W e really miss our good neighbours. soarelui)
to lose a pierde, a rtci, Come and sit with us in the shade.
Ive lost my glasses, I can't find them in the shadow umbr (lsat de obiecte)
house. Seeing the huge shadow on the wall I
to fail a nu reui, a eua started screaming.
They tried really hard but they failed to find
any evidence. spectator spectator la un eveniment sportiv
(de obicei n aer liber)
physician doctor Football matches usually attract many
Physicians work in hospitals. spectators.
physicist fizician audience spectator la un spectacol, pies
The best known physicist of our century is de teatru, film, concert
Albert Einstein. At the end of the play, the audience started
applauding.
revenge oneself a se rzbuna viewer telespectator
Hamlet had to revenge himself for his All viewers have turned into couch potatoes.
father's death.
avenge a rzbuna pe cineva underground metrou (Br. E.)
Hamlet avenged his father's death. The underground in London is called
the tube.
to salute a saluta militrete, a da onorul subway metrou (Am. E.), pasaj subteran (Br. E.)
The soldiers saluted the officer. To cross the railway you have to go by the
to greet a saluta, a da binee subway.
People in a small town greet one another
everyday in the street.
to welcome a ura bun venit
The air hostess welcomed us aboard.
 to resume a relua dup o pauz
Pr ie+eysi 13 i 5^ Will you be back in the room after a ten
minute break as we would like to resume our
In limba englez exist cuvinte care au form discussions.
asemntoare cu cele din limba romn, dar sensul lor to summarise a rezuma
nu este acelai. Lista prietenilor fali (false friends) The principle of summarizing is to keep the
este mult mai lung, dar am selectat doar acei termeni main ideas and get rid of the details,
care sunt confundai mai des. sensible raional, cu bun sim
I think that the most sensible thing we could
actual real, adevrat
do now is to go to sleep and forget about it
The way she interpreted the poem bore
until tomorrow morning,
no relation to the actual words.
sensitive sensibil, impresionabil, senzorial
present care exist n acest moment, curent
Her remarks showed that she was a very
The present chairperson is too nice to plan
sensitive child.
the future of the organization.
terrible ngrozitor, nspimnttor
cook a gti, buctar
I've heard about a terrible accident this
The best cooks for Chinese cuisine are
morning.
the Chinese themselves.
terrific minunat, nemaipomenit
cooker aragaz
The carpet that you've bought is terrific.
Children are not allowed to get near
the cooker. process toate etapele componente ale unei
data date tiinifice proceduri
Students find it hard to get used to all the
The data he offered to the board was / were
elements of the writing process.
not relevant to the project.
date dat calendaristic trial proces n justiie
What is the date today ? It's the 1st of May. All her neighbours were present at her trial

ntlnire prestabilit to support her morally.

He never misses a date with a beautiful product produs industrial, fabricat pentru
young lady. vnzare
economical economicos Product advertising costs a lot of money.
Small cars are supposed to be economical, produce produs agricol, natural
economic economic, legat de economie Farm produce is highly appreciated on the
You start studying economics by getting market.
the basics of any economic system.
proper corect, decent, respectabil, potrivit He didn't dare raise his eyes
That Mr Jones is not a proper doctor, when the stranger came in.
own propriu The new members raised the
He spends all his mornings in his own room, problem of pollution.
eventual final, definitiv They promised to raise our wages
Our eventual aim is to invest more money two months ago.
in education,
possible posibil bear, bore, born / borne a purta, a duce, a cra,
A possible way of investing money is a suporta ; a se nate,
in building new schools, a da natere
hard greu, din greu He was born on the 1st of
He has been working hard all his life but January.
now he's a millionnaire. She has borne him three
hardly cu greu, nu prea daughters.
He has hardly been working all his life and He was borne on a stretcher.
now he's as poor as a church mouse. It was borne in upon him that
his responsability was huge.
They couldn't bear the heat
Vev*be d i- fic ile anymore.
air-borne / sea-borne compui
Iat cteva din verbele care ridic probleme din punct de care arat mijlocul de
vedere al formrii (verb regulat, verb neregulat) i al transport folosit
nelesului.
hang, hung, hung a atrna, a aga
arise, arose, arisen a se ivi, a rasari He hung the curtains in the dining
The fog arose from the lake. room to help his mother.
rise, rose, risen a se ridica, a se scula, a se
nla hang, hanged, hanged a spnzura
The sun rises in the East. The criminal was hanged before
His spirits rose. the sherriff could stop it.
raise, raised, raised a ridica, a nla, a cldi, a
crete, a spori
lie, lay, lain a sta ntins, culcat; a zcea, a fell, felled, felled a dobor, a tia, a da jos (un
se afla, a fi ; a se ntinde arbore)
When I came in she was lying on They felled that huge tree as they
the sofa. needed some wood.
Romania lies in the South-East of
Europe. find, found, found a gsi, a da peste, a da de ; a
He took the newspaper and lay considera, a descoperi
back in his chair. They found their friends walking
lie, lied, lied a mini in the park.
He has always lied to everybody I've found that this engine is too
to get their pity. complicated for me.
lay, laid, laid a pune, a aeza Have you found my glasses ?
They laid the table for the guests. found, founded, founded a fonda, a pune bazele
Lay the vase down before you The magazine called The Quest
drop it ! was founded in the 19th century.
a oua
The hen laid an egg. bind, bound, bound a lega, a bandaja, a se lega, a
se obliga
ring, rang, rung a suna, a da telefon They bound his arms with ropes.
He rang the bell several times but This book is bound in leather.
nobody heard him. I am bound to say that you are no
Could I ring Paul up ? gentleman.
ring, ringed, ringed a ncercui, a nconjura bound, bounded, bounded a sri, a opi
They ringed number 1 on the He loved watching children bound
form. in the park.

fall, fell, fallen a cdea, a pica, a scdea, a see, saw, seen a vedea, a zri, a observa, a
cobor cunoate ; a avea o ntrevedere
The apple fell on the ground. I saw them crossing the street.
The criminal fell down dead. I'll see what I can do.
Prices will fall, they say. I'm seeing Thomas tomorrow.
saw, sawed, sawed a tia cu ferstrul
It took them a whole afternoon Verbe
to saw that log into fire wood.
cu +culS adverb\a\a
grind, ground, ground a mcina, a ascui, a freca,
be away a fi plecat (din localitate)
a scrni
The whole family were away for the weekend,
I love the aroma of freshly
be off a porni
ground coffee.
We're off now. Thanks for the meal!
When he is angry he keeps
be out a fi plecat, a nu fi acas
grinding his teeth,
He went out at 11 o'clock,
ground, grounded, grounded a menine la sol (despre
break away a scpa, a fugi
avioane), a se mpotmoli
They kissed and then she broke away from him
(despre nave), a interzice
and ran to the door,
unui copil s ias la joac
break down a drma, a nu mai funciona (fig.),
(drept pedeaps)
a se ubrezi (despre sntate)
The plane was grounded until
If you dont open the door I'll break it down.
the fog cleared.
The elevators in this building are always breaking
I saw a grounded ship on the
down.
Sulina canal.
If Tom carries on working like this, he'll break
The first time you are late, you'll
down sooner or later.,
be grounded for one week.
break in adomestici, a intra prin efracie,
a se bga n discuie
wind, wound, wound a (se) rsuci, a erpui,
Don't worry about doing the accounts, we'll
a nfur, a ncolci
break you in.
After he wound the string round
They broke in and took several computers.
his finger we followed the
Dad would occasionally break in with a
winding road.
suggestion.
Don't forget to wind your clock up.
break up a (se) sfrma, a lua sfrit (coala)
wound [wu :nd], wounded, wounded
Jim started to break the ice up.
a rni, a jigni
When do you break up for Easter ?
The man was wounded while
crossing the mountains.
call off a anula, a rezilia climb down a cobor
There is no rush now - the game's been called off. They climbed down the hill to get the bus
Rescuers had to call off the search due to station,
worsening weather, climb up a urea
call up a chema la telefon (Am. E.), a chema sub arme, He's too old to climb up the hill without
a evoca any help.
Has John called you up lately ? come across a da peste, a ntlni din ntmplare
I was called up three months after the war broke He has never come across a person quite like
out. Sheila.
He used to call up the spirits of the dead as a come down to a se rezuma la
pastime. It all came down to a choice between cutting
carry out a duce la bun sfrit, a ndeplini wages or cutting staff,
A survey is being carried out nationwide. come off a avea succes
We carried out her instructions to the letter, Irene did try, but her joke didn't quite come off.
catch on a prinde (a fi la mod) come out a iei la iveal, a iei (despre pete)
It was a popular style in Britain but it never The family resemblance comes out strongly in
really caught on in America, the wedding photos.
catch up with a ajunge din urm (i fig.) Ink stains will usually come out if you use a little
At the moment our technology is more methanol,
advanced, but other countries are catching come against a da de greuti
up with us. You've no idea what you are going to come
check in a se nregistra la hotel, a se nregistra la aeroport up against!
You have to check in one hour before the flight, do away with a scpa de, a distruge
check off a bifa, a nsemna The government has done away with free eye
Check off the names as people arrive, tests for everyone,
check out aachita nota i a prsi hotelul, a se asigura do up a renova ; a aranja prul, faa ; a nchide nasturii
c un lucru este adevrat They did up the house and sold it for
We checked out at noon. a vast profit.
W hy dont we check out the bar and see Sue spent ages doing herself up for the date.
if its OK ? Do up your coat or youll be cold.
check up a controla, a verifica
Are you trying to check up on me, or what ?
fall out with a se certa cu cineva go back on a nu se ine de cuvnt
She's fallen out with her friend, You can rely on Sarah, she wont go back
get along a se nelege cu cineva on her word,
If you two are going to share a room, you'd go off a se strica (despre mncare)
better learn how to get along, The milk's gone off.
get away with a scpa nepedepsit grow on a deveni din ce n ce mai plcut
I don't know how they get away with paying so His music is difficult but after a while it grows
low wages, on you.
get down to a trece la fapte, a se apuca keep away from a se ine la distan
After Christmas I'm going to get down to some Keep away from my daughter!

serious job hunting, keep on a continua

get on with a se nelege cu cineva I've told him to stop but he keeps on scratching it
keep up a continua
Gina gets on with her colleagues,
Keep up the good work!
give away a da pe gratis, a trda, a denuna
keep up with a merge n pas cu
I need to give away some of these old baby
Slow down ! Davey can't keep up with us.
clothes.
let down a dezamgi
I was afraid the kids were going to give the
I'm counting on you to support me - don't
whole thing away,
let me down!
give in a ceda, a capitula, a se supune
let in on a mprti un secret
They argued back and forth until finally Buzz
We decided not to let Mary in on our secret,
gave in.
look down upon a dispreui
They weren't a particularly good team, but they
Mr Garcia looks down on anyone who hasn't
refused to give in and accept defeat,
had a college education,
give off a rspndi, a degaja un miros look forward to a atepta cu nerbdare
Chives give off a delicate oniony smell, My mother says she's looking forward to
give up a abandona, a renuna meeting you.
Shaun is giving up his karate, he's bored with it. look into a considera o problem
go along with a corespunde, a se altura unei idei Police are looking into the disappearance of two
They were happy to go along with our children,
suggestions. look on a privi
Only one man tried to help us, the rest just
looked on in silence.
look over a examina, a cerceta, a trece n revist run down alovi cu maina, a se opri (despre un
Do you have a few minutes to look these mecanism), a critica
samples over ? Their daughter was run down by a car just
look up a cuta un cuvnt n dicionar outside their house.
Look up the word in the dictionary! We have to change the battery, it has run down.
look up to a admira pe cineva Paula is jealous of you, that's why she keeps
I've always looked up to Bill for his courage and running you down,
determination, run into a ntlni din ntmplare
make out a nelege cu greu, a pretinde Guess who I ran into in town today I
I can scarcely make out his writing. run out of a termina, a isprvi
She always makes out she's the only one The truck has run out of gas again,
who does any work, run up against a ntmpina (o problem)
make up a inventa, a confeciona, a se farda We ran up against some unexpected opposition,
I think they're making the whole thing up. see off a conduce (la gar, aeroport)
I plan on making this material up into a dress, I think they've gone to the airport to see their
make up for a compensa, a recupera, a nlocui daughter off.
That one weekend made up for all the see out a conduce la
disappointments I'd had. John, will you see Mary out, please,
We rehearsed all day to make up for lost time. set in a se instala (despre vreme)
What Jay lacked in experience, he made up for Winter seems to be setting in early this year,
in enthusiasm, set off a porni (o cltorie)
miss out a omite I wanted to set off early in order to avoid
Make sure you don't miss any details out. the traffic,
put off a descuraja, a ntrzia, a amna set up a ridica, a nfiina
The job sounded interesting but the idea of The Race Relations Board was originally
moving house again put me off. set up in 1965.
The meeting has been put off till next week, sit up a sta n capul oaselor
put up a oferi gzduire By the time I got there she was sitting up
They agreed to put two foreign students in bed and reading a book,
up over the summer, stand by a pstra o nelegere, a fi gata de aciune
put up with a tolera, a se obinui cu o situaie I stand by what I said earlier.
I don't know how you put up with their constant A rescue boat is always standing by in case
quarelling! of trouble.
stand out a iei n eviden turn out a iei la iveal, a se dovedi
Among mystery writers, P D. James stands out Don't worry. I'm sure everything will turn
as a superior storyteller, out fine.
stand for a reprezenta His statement turned out to be false,
What does the E. in Dean E. Johnson stand for ? turn up a se gsi, a sosi
stand in for a lua locul, a nlocui I couldn't find my watch for ages, but then one
You can stand in for Mary while she is on day it turned up in a coat pocket.
vacation. Steven turned up late as usual,
stand up to a rezista, a suporta stresul wear off a pierde din efect (mai ales medicamente)
He'll respect you more if you stand up to him. The effects of the anaesthetic were starting to
take in a pcli, a nela (la pasiv) wear off.
Don't be taken in by products claiming to help
wear our a (se) uza, a se roade
you lose weight,
I've worn out the soles of my shoes.
take off a decola, a scoate (haina etc)
As the plane was taking off, I remembered I
hadn't turned the iron off.
Take your coat off.
take over a prelua
Will you take over the driving when we reach
Choose the right word to complete the sentence.
a) Tell me where it (harms / hurt / aches / hurts),
Madison ?
said the doctor to his patient.
take to a plcea pe cineva
b) A (living / alive / live [liv] / live [laiv]) concert could
I took to Paul the moment I saw him.
take up a ncepe o activitate nou (un hobby) end in disaster due to power failure.
Glenn has taken up pottery,
c) He didnt even (disturb / annoy / disturbs / bother)
talk out of / into a convinge pe cineva s renune / s se to hide his anger.
apuce de d) They agreed to keep silent hoping the hijackers
Can't you talk them out of selling the house ? wouldnt (hurted / harm / pain / ache) their sister.
Try to talk Luis into buying a ticket, e) The (perfume / taste / aroma / flavour) of cinnamon
tell off a certa coming from the oven filled the whole kitchen.
My dad told me off for swearing, f) After w'ork, grandpa used to sit in a low (seat / place /
tie in with a fi n acord cu chair / sofa) by the fire, reading.
Marsden's conclusions tie in with our theory g) The museum (clerk / officer / official / attendant)
perfectly. watched them carefully not to spoil anything.
h) He has been a valued (customer / patient / guest / h) bank is a seat for pupils in a classroom
client) of our bank for many years. a long seat for two or more people in
i) The (pace / footstep / walk / step) he set was too fast a park
for the others. an institution where people or
j) The teacher began to (fail / lose / miss / lost) patience businesses can keep their money
with the naughty boys. i) historic important in history or likely to be
considered important in the future
Choose the right definition for each word. related to stories
a) physician an expert in physics legendary
a doctor j) channel a TV programme
a Physical Education teacher a river
b) heritage something somebody inherits a passage along which water or some
qualities, traditions or features of life other liquid flows
that have been continued for many
years and passed on from one Choose the right verb.
generation to another a) Gregory began to (rise / raise) his voice in protest.
the age of inheriters b) They (hung / hanged) the painting in the dining
c) to welcome to greet somebody in a friendly way room.
to come home well c) The conference (lay / laid) the basis for a series of
to salute in a military way annual gatherings.
d) a spectator a TV viewer d) I believe Louis (rang / ringed) you earlier about the
a person wearing spectacles tickets, didnt he ?
a person watching a sporting event e) The china (felled / fell) from her hands and shattered
e) to resume to make a resume to the ground.
to begin again after a break f) His teeth were clenched, and he (grounded / ground)
to make a sum again them the way people do during sleep.
f) to isolate to keep something / somebody apart g) She let her embroidery (lie / lay) where it fell.
to insult h) Bundles of five-pound notes were (bound / bounded)
to stay late in lots of twenty.
g) conscientious being aware i) Cortez (founded / found) Mexico City.
being awake j) She had been grieviously (wound / wounded) by her
careful about ones work words.
 e) Un doctor nu i pierde niciodat rbdarea cu
' Translate into Romanian. pacientul su, altfel nu reuete s afle adevrata cauz a
a) Ill be calm and sensible. bolii.
b) Eric wasnt particularly sensitive to clothes. f) Prefer s merg pe stadion ca spectator dect s stau n
c) He had raised his fork and was on the very point of faa televizorului ca telespectator.
opening his mouth, when the hum of many voices g) Toat lumea se adunase la umbra nucului n ateptarea
suddenly arose in the kitchen. miresei.
d) The raising of cattle was the great industry of the h) Un mod economicos de a cltori este autostopul.
country. i) Suntei binevenit n casa mea oricnd dorii.
e) I hardly know what I am saying at times. j) Ultima lui dorin a fost ca fiul su s-l rzbune.
f) Its hard to think that not so very many years ago he m
was just a little boy. 4,,;r Choose the most suitable word.
g) He naturally developed into a liar, but an economical a) They seem to have come up against a serious
and self-contained one. solution / problem.
h) Languages do not exist in a vacuum but are b) They are carrying out urgent seminars / repairs.
powerfully affected by social, political, economic and c) You agreed to go along with the road / decision.
technical change. d) How could you go back on your bike / word ?
i) In the past few days, fresh fish rose to record prices e) They were looking forward to visiting Paris / the
but consumers refused to buy it. painting in the library.
j) West Mallion was one of the historic houses of Sussex. f) When you run up against economic difficulties / a wall
you need good financial advice.
Translate into English. g) Do as I tell you and the shirt / the pain will soon
a) Paul simea o durere acut n oase dar se obinuise wear off.
ntr-att cu ea nct i continu lectura fr s se h) His beliefs / shoes didnt seem to tie in at all with
ntrerup. the reality.
b) Singurul lucru care l agasa la Peter era faptul c i) They couldnt talk him out of starting a new
schimba canalul la televizor far s-l ntrebe. talkshow/ the room.
c) Locurile din maina asta sunt mai confortabile dect j) Shes too weak to stand up to her competitor /
cele din autobuz. the heavy parcel.
d) nainte ca preurile s se dubleze, dl James Brown i-a
cumprat o hain cu cptueal din mtase roie i
ultimul roman aprut al lui John Fowles.
 f) Nu mai suport reclamaiile tale permanente !
Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the indicated g) Mirosul de ceap mi-a luat toat pofta de mncare.
word, and so that the meaning stays the same. h) Nu te lsa pclit de discursurile lui prea lungi!
a) Peter moved away from his friends and ran to catch i) Am nevoie de cineva care s m nlocuiasc la
the bus. (break) ceremonie.
b) They hoped that the strike would be cancelled, (off) j) Karen a promis c nu i va clca cuvntul.
c) While Mary was away on vacation, Paula took her
place, (stand)
d) After a month of living in the same house they started
V e r b e n e re g m l + e
to like Pamela very much, (to)
e) If babies put on very little weight at first, eventually
In f in it iv e P a ste Past
they wrill gain rapidly to replace what is missing, (make)
Tense P a r t ic ip i e
f) She was hit and injured just outside her office, (down)
g) They delayed signing the paper, (put)
abide abided abided a rmne, a sta,
h) What I didnt know I had to find out or invent, (up)
abode abode a zbovi
i) The natives have to tolerate gaping tourists, (with)
arise arose arisen = a se ridica, a se ivi
j) She was someone whose charm you started to like
awake awoke awoken = a trezi
more and more, (grow)
be was / were been = a fi
, K;
bear bore born = a purta, a duce,
Translate into English by using the phrasal verbs that you
have studied. a cra
beat beat beaten = a bate
a) Din prima zi i-a dat seama c nu va putea niciodat
become became become = a deveni
s recupereze timpul pierdut orict de mult i-ar dori
acest lucru. begin began begun = a ncepe
b) De fiecare dat cnd ntmpin o problem serioas behold beheld beheld = a vedea, a zri,
bunica sa l convinge s vad partea frumoas a a privi
lucrurilor i s spere ntr-o rezolvare miraculoas. bend bent bent = a ndoi
c) Dac Tom va continua s munceasc n ritmul acesta, beseech besought besought = a ruga, a implora
se va mbolnvi ct de curnd. beseeched beseeched
d) Atunci cnd dau un ordin, atept s fie dus la bet bet bet = a paria
ndeplinire. bind bound bound a lega, a nfa
e) Realizarea acestui spectacol a fost o idee bun, bite bit bitten = a muca
dar din pcate nu prea a arat succes. bleed bled bled = a sngera
blow blew blown = a sufla, a bate eat ate eaten = a mnca
break broke broken = a rupe, a sparge fall fell fallen = a cdea
bring brought brought = a aduce feed fed fed = a hrni
broadcast broadcast broadcast = a difuza, a transmite feel felt felt = a simi
(prin radio) fight fought fought = a lupta
build built built = a construi find found found = a gsi
burn burned burned = a arde, a pune pe foc flee fled fled = a fugi, a scpa
burnt burnt cu fuga, a disprea
burst burst burst = a plesni, a crpa, fling flung flung = a arunca, a azvrli
a izbucni fly flew flown = a zbura
buy bought bought = a cumpra forbid forbade forbidden = a interzice
cast cast cast = a arunca, a azvrli forecast forecasted forecasted = a prevedea, a estima
catch caught caught = a prinde, a apuca, forecast forecast
a se molipsi foresee foresaw foreseen = a prevedea,
choose chose chosen = a alege a anticipa
cling clung clung = a se ine de, foretell foretold foretold = a prezice
a se apuca de forget forgot forgotten = a uita
come came come = a veni forgive forgave forgiven = a ierta
cost cost cost = a costa freeze froze frozen = a nghea
creep crept crept = a se tr get got got = a primi, a obine
cut cut cut = a tia give gave given = a da
deal dealt dealt = a mpri, go went gone = a merge, a umple,
a distribui, a da a pleca
dig dug dug = a spa grind ground ground = a mcina, a rni
dive dived dived = a plonja, grow grew grown = a crete, a mri
a se scufunda hang hung hung = a aga, a atrna
do did done = a face have had had = a avea
draw drew drawn = a trage, a desena hear heard heard = a auzi
dream dreamed dreamed = a visa hide hid hidden = a ascunde
dreamt dreamt hit hit hit = a lovi, a pocni, a izbi
drink drank drunk = a bea hold held held = a ine (n mn)
drive drove driven = a conduce, a ofa hurt hurt hurt = a rni, a vtma
dwell dwelt dwelt = a locui, a rmne keep kept kept = a ine, a pstra
kneel knelt knelt = a ngenunchea pay paid paid a plti
knit knitted knitted = a mpleti, a tricota proofread proofread proofread a face corectur,
knit knit a citi n palt
know knew known = a ti, a cunoate put put put a pune
lay laid laid = a pune, a aeza quit quit quit a prsi, a lsa
lead led led = a conduce, a duce read read [red] read [red] a citi
lean leaned leaned a se nclina, rend rent rent a sfia, a rupe
leant leant a se apleca rewind rewound rewound a ntoarce (ceasul),
leap leaped leaped = a sri a depna
leapt leapt rid rid rid a debarasa, a elibera
learn learned learned = a nva ride rode ridden a clri
learnt learnt ring rang rung a suna
leave left left = a prsi say said said a zice, a spune
lend lent lent = a da cu mprumut see saw seen a vedea
let let let = a lsa, a permite, seek sought sought a cuta, a cerceta
a ngdui sell sold sold a vinde
lie lay lain = a sta culcat, a zcea send sent sent a trimite, a expedia
light lighted lighted = a lumina set set set a pune, a aeza
lit lit shake shook shaken a scutura, a tremura
lose lost lost = a pierde shine shone shone a strluci, a lumina
make made made = a face, a fabrica shoot shot shot a mpuca
mean meant meant = a nsemna show showed shown a arta
meet met met = a ntlni shrink shrank shrunk a se strmta
mistake mistook mistaken = a grei shut shut shut a nchide, a zvor
overcome overcame overcome = a nvinge, a birui sing sang sung a cnta
overhear overheard overheard = a surprinde, a auzi sink sank sunk a se scufunda,
fr s vrea a se afunda
oversee oversaw overseen = a supraveghea, sit sat sat a edea, a sta aezat
a controla slay slew slewn a ucide, a mcelri
overtake overtook overtaken = a ajunge din urm, sleep slept slept a dormi
a depi slide slid slid a aluneca, a glisa
overthrow overthrew overthrown = a rsturna, a trnti sling slung slung a arunca, a azvrli
smell smelt smelt = a mirosi swim swam swum = a nota
smelled swing swung swung = a se legna,
sow sowed sown = a semna, a se balansa
sowed a nsmna take took taken a lua
speak spoke spoken = a vorbi teach taught taught = a preda, a nva
speed sped sped = a grbi, a merge (pe alii)
repede tear tore torn = a rupe, a sfia
spell spelt spell = a spune pe litere tell told told = a spune, a povesti
spend spent spent = a cheltui think thought thought = a crede, a gndi
spill spilled spilled = a vrsa throw threw thrown = a arunca, a zvrli
spilt spilt thrust thrust thrust = a vr (cu fora),
spin spun spun = a toarce, a depna a bga, a nfige
spread spread spread a desface, a ntinde, tread trod trodden a clca (n picioare),
a rspndi = a trece peste
spring sprang sprung = a sri, a slta, undergo underwent undergone = a trece prin, a suferi
a izvor, a ni understand understood understood = a nelege
stand stood stood = a se ine pe picioare, undertake undertook undertaker1= a ntreprinde,
a sta n picioare a iniia
steal stole stolen = a fura undo undid undone = a desface, a dezlega
stick stuck stuck = a nfige, a vr, a lipi upset upset upset = a rsturna, a tulbura,
sting stung stung a nepa, a mpunge a neliniti
stink stank stunk = a pui, a mirosi greu wake woke woken a se trezi,
stunk a se detepta
strew strewed strewed, = a presra, a acoperi wear wore worn = a purta, a fi mbrcat
strewn weave wove woven = a ese
stride strode stridden = a pi, a clca cu pai weep wept wept = a plnge
mari win won won = a ctiga
strike struck struck = a lovi, a izbi wind wound wound a se rsuci,
string strung strung a lega cu sfoar a se nvrti
swear swore sworn a jura withdraw withdrew withdrawn = a retrage
sweep swept swept = a mtura wring wrung wrung a suci, a-i frnge
swell swelled swollen = a umfla, a mri, (minile)
a intensifica write wrote written 1= a scrie
TEXTS FOR* - COMPREHENSION

builders. In time the Roman empire covered western

^ ,
Europe, North Africa, and much of the Near East.
The Romans were also borrowers. ...fi. .......... And they
took a religion, Christianity, from people of the Middle
Five sentences have been removed from this text.
Choose from sentences a - g the one that fits each gap. East. The Romans combined these things into a new
There are two sentences you do not need. civilization.
Even after Romes power was gone, Roman culture
One reason why many Americans feel acquainted with remained strong.......Trr..r.....And many European
Europe is that many ideas, beliefs and traditions countries have a system of law based on Roman law.
originate in Europe, .r.lh:.....Western culture began
in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The civilization spread to lands along the
The first written records of European civilization came Mediterranean and Aegean seas.
from ancient Greece. One of the earliest Greek cultures T)) These things are known as Western culture,
was on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea. c) The nations that grew up in Europe remained
.... ........ In time other great civilizations developed small and divided.
along the coast of western Asia and on the peninsula 'cl) They borrowed ideas for building from the Etruscans,
of Greece. a neighbouring people in Italy,
............ ...... They also started new ideas and ways of e) The Roman empire fell about the year 5000.
thinking. They made beautiful temples and statues. f) Many European languages are based on Latin,
And they wrote great plays based on their beliefs and the Roman language.
way of life. g) The Greeks began an early form of democratic
The next great European civilization to appear was that government in Athens.
of Rome. The Romans were great soldiers, planners, and
 b) The longest river in the world has more than one part
Tick the sentences which are true. and more than one name the Nile, the Blue Nile and
the White Nile.
a) No European idea or tradition has ever been
c) Another part of the river, called the White Nile, starts
known in America.
near lake Victoria. The White Nile picks up no sand of
b) Ancient Greece is the birthplace of European clay, so the water is clear. And thats why its called the
civilization. White Nile.
c) Cretan civilization came to be known by people
d) The second longest river in the world is in South
inhabiting the lands along the Mediterranean and America. It was named after a band of women warriors
Aegean seas.
known as Amazons in a Greek legend. When Spanish
d) The Greeks were against any form of democracy. explorers discovered this river, they were attacked by a
e) Roman civilization is completely original. group of Indians wearing headdresses and grass skirts.
f) Christianity was also a Roman creation. The Indians reminded the explorers of the women
g) Roman law serves as a serious foundation for warriors in the legend. So, they named the river the
the law system of many European countries. Amazon.
e) One part of the river, called the Blue Nile, starts at
A Identify the nouns in the text. Write both the singular
lake Tana in Ethiopia. The Blue Nile travels so fast that
the clay and sand it picks up do not settle to the bottom
and the plural form. Check with the grammar compendium.
of the river. So the river is a brownish-blue colour. And
Example : reason reasons, American Americans, thats why its called the Blue Nile.
idea ideas, belief beliefs, tradition traditions...

Match the paragraph to the river.

The Blue Nile ............. " ^

A The White N ile.... .......... ' ^
% Arrange the paragraphs in the right order. You will learn
how the longest rivers got their names. The N ile ........... 7.':~............ _
The Amazon . .... ................ ; ' c
a) The Blue Nile and the White Nile join at Khartoum,
Sudan, where their waters become dark blue and
continue their journey to the Mediterranean Sea. The
word Nile means dark blue.
 deep roots in the ground where it has been created,
Answer the questions. folk music passed down from generation to generation
and musicians perform for listening and dancing being
a) Does the Nile start in one place only ? always present at religious or social events.
b) Why is the Blue Nile brownish-blue ? Many folk musicians serve as keepers of their peoples
c) Is the White Nile as white as milk ? history through music and song. Griots (oral historians),
d) W hat colour is the Nile ? for example, in West African countries learn hundreds
e) Which is the second longest river in the world ? of years of their peoples history in song and present it
f) Why did the Spanish explorers think of a Greek while accompanying themselves on folk instruments.
legend ? Most folk musicians learn to play their instruments by
watching and learning from older members of the

Refer to the adjective in the grammar

compendium and complete the blanks with appropriate
community. In this way music and songs are learned by
the oral tradition and they are passed along in
communities where playing instruments, singing and
adjective forms. dancing are regular parts of daily life.
a) .......................the longest In some communities, folk musicians learn to sing or
b) / ..............more ...................
play their music during work hours to help pass the time
c) short ..................... ...................
d) deeper ..................... or make manual labour seem less hard and boring.
e) dangerou/s ............................................................... For example, southern Italian agricultural workers sing
beautiful chores (group folk songs) while working
together in the fields. Italian and Romanian shepherds
play the flute while tending their sheep. Similarly,
jMsbUlL
Bulgarian goat keepers pass the time in the fields by
playing the guida, a type of bagpipe.
Choose an appropriate title for the following text There are many folk musicians in the United States.
(a, b or c). Native Americans continue to play the music, sing the
a) Making Music songs and dance the steps that have been handed down
b) Folk Music around the World over many generations, despite the fact that much of
c) Flistory in Songs their culture has been destroyed or lost.
Descending from Scots-Irish immigrants, fiddlers and
Traditional music has long been an important part of banjo players who live in both rural and urban areas of
community life in societies throughout the world. With the United States play string band music. Old-time
music developed over the years into bluegrass which is
played faster than old-time music and has become more Answer the following questions.
commercial.
African American traditional music includes both the a) How do most folk musicians learn to play their
sacred and the nonreligious music. Blues is an example instruments ?
of African American nonreligious music performed in a b) What part does traditional music play in community
variety of styles, such as Mississippi Delta blues or life ?
Chicago blues. c) Why do people sing during work hours ?
The more recent Hispanic, Asian and African d) What is blues ?
immigrants have brought their customs, their traditions e) Have more recent immigrants to the United States
and, of course, their music to the United States. Like added anything to the multicultural life of America ?
their predecessors, they play and sing for enjoyment and f) What musical instruments are mentioned in the text ?
during community events.
Though not as popular as rock and pop, folk music plays
an important role in peoples life connecting them to Identfy at least four passive constructions in the text.
their heritage.

J s s ts L lM .
m
Vi:- Which of the following points are not mentioned
in the text:
Read the text below. Is it part of an autobiography,
a) The names of folk music composers are very well a tale or a biography ?
known.
b) Native American songs and dances have not Thor liked to stand in front of a window watching the
completely disappeared from the United States. ships come and go through Oslo Fjord. He wondered
c) Children in West African countries can learn a lot where they went and what strange lands lay beyond the
about their peoples history by listening to songs. horizon.
d) Doinas are traditional Romanian folk songs. One winter day Thor went to watch blocks of ice being
e) Most folk musicians have non-music jobs during cut from a nearby lake. The ice was to be used in the
the week. brewery owned by Thors father, thor, happy tobe out of
doors, began to run excitedly about on the lake. He
jumped onto a block of ice that had been cut free from
the rest. Under the boys weight it tilted slightly. Arms
waving, Thor plunged into the icy water. Write the word for each definition. All the words are
Fear and shock of the cold water paralyzed him. Fie did in the text.
not know how to swim. Fortunately, the air trapped
inside his clothing kept him floating for a few moments. a) To make something move into a position where one
To the child, his mind black with terror, these moments side is higher than the other = ....................
seemed to last forever. b) To fall or to be thrown suddenly forwards or
A workman reached him, caught the collar of his coat, downwards = .........................
and pulled him to safety. c) To hold and keep gas, water etc. so that it can be used
The next summer Thors father tried to teach him to later = .............................
swim. But even the thought of putting his face beneath d) To gradually disappear = ..................... .....
the surface terrified Thor. Hell learn as he gets older e) To leave a job, school etc, especially because you are
his father said. annoyed or unhappy = .........................
But Thors fear of the water did not fade. Later his f) To employ someone for a short time to do a job for
father hired a professional swimmer to teach the boy. you = ..........................
Thor wanted to swim. He watched the teacher carefully.
He learned exactly what he was supposed to do. But as
soon as he stepped into the water, he would feel terror Fill in the blanks with the words above.

cold inside himself. And the instant his face went

beneath the surface, blind panic took over. a) The ta b le ...................... suddenly, spilling all the
This happened time and again. From his teacher Thor drinks.
learned everything there was to know about swimming b) Over the years her beauty h a d ....................... a little.
in theory. But in actual practice he simply could not c) Im ..........................a private detective to trace the
swim. Finally his teacher told Mr Heyerdahl, This boy criminal.
is never going to learn and quit. d) The rope broke and both the climbers
500 feet to their death.
e) These are panels th a t....................... the suns heat.
m f) Im tired of being treated like this, I .........................
%-W Which event in Thor's childhood marked his future
development ?
A Choose a suitable preposition to fill in the blanks
by a diverse range of institutions, including sixth forms
in secondary schools and sixth form colleges (in England
(beyond, beneath, under, before, near, through). and Wales only), general further education colleges, art
and design colleges, to mention only some of the
a) Brazil will face Italy this afternoon.............................. possibilities.
a crowd of 100 000 spectators. Schools and other educational institutions (such as
b) Tom was sitting.............enough to hear what they said. universities) existed in Britain long before the
c) The border territory lie s..................... the mountains. government began to take an interest in education.
d) They were suddenly plunged into darkness as the When it finally did, it did not sweep these institutions
train w e n t.................... the tunnel. away, nor did it always take them over. In typically
e) She would not speak to people she considered British fashion, it sometimes incorporated them into the
her. system and sometimes left them outside it. Most
f) She was carrying her handbag...............her arm. importantly, the government left alone the small group
of schools which had been used in the nineteenth
century (and in some cases before then) to educate the
+| V sons of the upper and upper-middle classes. At these
public schools (more recently called independent
A4 ii ' Read this text and write down some distinctive
schools), the emphasis was on character-building and
the development of team spirit rather than on
characteristics of education in Britain. academic achievement. They were all boarding schools
(that is, the pupils lived in them), so they had a deep
In Britain, full-time education is compulsory from the and lasting influence on their pupils. Public schools
age of 5 to 16 and it is free of charge but parents may accepted only boys from the age of thirteen onwards
spend money on educating their children privately if and their main aim was to prepare young men to take
they want to. There are three recognized stages, with up positions in the higher ranks of the army, in business,
children moving from the first stage, primary to the the legal profession, the civil service and politics.
second stage, secondary at around the age of eleven During the last hundred years a large number of girls
or twelve. At the end of this stage, 16-year old students public schools have been set up and more recently
sit for GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary a few schools have started to admit both boys and girls.
Education) exam. Young people who decide to stay on in At present, public schools admit day pupils as well as
education at the age of 16 usually move into further boarders and more emphasis is laid on academic
education, the third stage. Further Education is provided achievement than on team sport.
In the second half of the twentieth century many e) Private schools are called public or independent.
changes have taken place in British education in general. f) Public schools have always been co-educational.
The division into grammar schools and secondary g) 11-year old pupils continue their studies in
moderns was changed. These days, most eleven-year comprehensive schools.
olds go on to the same local school. These schools are h) The educational authorities decide upon the
known as comprehensive schools. timetables, holidays and textbooks in each school.
There is little central control or uniformity in the British
educational system. Central authorities ensure the Correct the sentences which are false.
availability of education, dictate and implement its
overall organization and set overall learning objectives Would you like to study in Britain ? W hy / W hy not i
but they do not prescribe certain books or materials to
be used. Central government does not dictate the exact
hours of the school day, the exact dates of holidays or .
the exact age at which a child must start in full-time
education.
m Read the text and identify the topic sentence.
Most schools develop, to some degree at least, a sense of
distinctiveness. Many, for example, have their own The effects of both air and water pollution on the
uniforms for pupils. It is considered desirable (even environment have been observed for years. One of the
necessary) for every school to have its own school hall, best examples of the debilitating effects of air pollution
big enough to accommodate every pupil, for daily is Sudbury, Ont. Canada. International Nickel and the
assemblies and other occasional ceremonies. worlds tallest smokestack put enough sulphour dioxide
Adapted from Britain by James O Driscoll, O U 1995 and nitric oxide into the atmosphere to have caused the
death of all vegetation, with the concomitant erosion
A
True or false ? Correct the sentences which are false.
and loss of all soil down to bedrock, for about 20 miles
east of Sudbury. For anyone familiar with the New York
City area, the East River and Hudson River both give a
a) Students in Britain dont sit for exams. good example of water pollution carried to its extreme.
b) At the age of 16 students have a variety of options. A major lack of foresightedness has occurred not only
c) Private schools and universities had existed in Britain in the business community, but in the consumer
before the state ones were set up. community as well. Both sides refuse to accept pollution
d) The British government decided to incorporate all in its various aspects as having any form of economic
the private schools and universities in the state system. consequences [...]
The average citizen, you and me, is part and parcel of
the problem. Most Americans are after the quick fix. Identify the structure showing that something which
If we are hungry, we go to the nearest fast food place started long ago is still in progress.
and quickly fill the vacuum. Similarly, in the area of
fixing environmental problems which have been
developing for well over 100 years, we ask them - V ll
(whoever we may think them to be) to quickly make
the problem go away, much as a child asks mommy to
kiss the bruise and take away the hurt. The solutions are Read this text. What is the main idea?
not that easily found.
Robert W Haseltine, Economics vs. Ecology, Small-town life has its drawbacks, Runden said. There
America in Close-Up, Longman, 1990 is a certain lack of privacy, although people are aware of
that and make an effort to keep their distance, to not be
nosy. But lack of privacy doesnt bother me. It might if I
A Underline the sentences which show the consequences had a Swiss bank account, or if I was into some kind of
of air and water pollution. kinky sex. But I just dont have that much to hide. I
think the good side of small-town life far outweighs the
bad. If you have trouble with your dry cleaner in
* W hy did R. W. Haseltine write about air and water Chicago, he couldnt care less what you think or do. Its
pollution ? Tick the possible answers.
different here. You cant be ripped off. A persons
reputation matters. And so does the individual. He can
a) To signal the appearance of an environmental problem
still influence the course of events. A small town is still
b) To emphasize the consequences
on a human scale. Theres a sense of the seasons.
c) To blame the average American
Theres a closeness to the basics. Its something to be
d) To say that it is a difficult problem
able to hear a rooster crow these days. I think more and
e) To suggest solutions
more people are coming to realize that. I think we are in
the first wave of people who are moving away from the
city and to the suburbs. Moving to the small town.
Answer these questions.
a) Who is to be blamed for the existing situation ?
b) Is the author impressed with the way the Americans
List the advantages of small town life as shown in the
deal with this problem ? text. Add advantages you may think of.


same thing. Now all of a sudden they want me to say Im

Which of the following subjects are not mentioned an American. I learned how to speak English and how to
in the text. fight back.
I think the longest time I went to school was two
a) People living in small towns try to mind their own months in one place. I attended, I think, about forty-five
business. schools. When my parents or my brothers didnt find
b) In large towns people dont know each other and any work, we wouldnt attend school because we werent
they dont care too much about their reputation. sure of staying there. So I missed a lot ot school [...]
c) Living in a small town offers absolute freedom. Robert W Haseltine,
America in Close-Up, Longman, 1990

What is the meaning of the underlined words ? Choose the right answer.

a) The narrators nationality is : American

not mentioned
Mexican
& b) The narrators family was : very rich
Read the text and decide whether it is an excerpt poor
from a biography, an autobiography or a story of childhood there is no evidence
(detached autobiography).
c) The narrator changed schools
very often because : she was very choosy
I and my mother, we were living with my grandparents. she had to
My father went back to Mexico... My happiest memories her family wanted it
was when my grandfather had Sunday off. He would
pick us up. wrap us in blankets, and put us around this Comment on the status of the immigrant as evident
big wood-burning stove, while he went out to the store. from this excerpt.
H es come up with oranges and apples and good things
to eat, something we did not very often have.
All the teachers were Anglos. They would have us say What does would and wouldn't express in the
underlined sentences ?
our name and where we lived, who we were. I said :
Jessie lopes, American. She said : No, youre
Mexican. Throughout the years, teachers told me the
 Tick the right answer.

Read this text and decide whether it is part of a short a) A suitable title for this The Age of Blue Jeans
story, an opinion essay or a letter. piece of writing would be : The Unkempt Generation
The Decline of Neatness
Anyone with a passion for hanging labels on people b) The adjective which worried
or things should have little difficulty in recognizing that best describes the authors frightened
an apt tag for our time is Unkempt Generation. I am mood is : anxious
not referring solely to college kids. The sloppiness virus amused
has spread to all sectors of society. People go to all sorts panicked
of trouble and expense to look uncombed, unshaved, furious
unpressed. c) The authors intention is : to satirize
The symbol of the times is blue jeans not just blue to moralize
jeans in good condition but jeans that are frayed, torn, to raise public awareness
discolored. They dont get that way naturally, no one
wants blues jeans that are crisply clean or spanking new.
Manufacturers recognize a big market when they see it, Answer the questions.
and they compete with one another to offer jeans that
are made to look as though theyve just been discarded a) How does the unkempt generation look like ?
by clumsy house painters after ten years of wear. The b) What other aspect of human life is affected by the
more faded and seemingly ancient the garment, the decline of tideness ?
higher the cost. Disheveled is in fashion, neatness is
obsolete [...]
Vocabulary, like blue jeans, is being drained of color and Translate the underlined sentence.
distinction [...] People communicate in chopped-up
phrases, relying on grunts and chants of you know or
I mean to cover up a damnable incoherence. Neatness
should be no less important in language than it is in
dress... the effect is to foster attitudes of casualness
toward violence and brutality not just in entertainment
but in everyday life.
 S
>
I .* TESTE CA LA EXAMEN !

to pay for bread. Principles he mused were pocket;

kv&vsce and he wished the deuce people wouldnt pretend they
(p ro -filw l t i i m g v , o re werent ! Pocket, in the deep sense of that word, of
course, self-interest as member of a definite community.
pe sep+Smewin Proba ora 1 And how the devil was this definite community, the
English nation, to exist, when all its land was going out
T e s-h A l I of cultivation, and all its ships and docks in danger of
destruction by aeroplanes ?
From Forsythe Saga by John Galsworthy
Read the text and comment on it.
Rephrase each sentence in such a way that it means

Coming down the steps of Snooks Club, so exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.

nicknamed by George Forsyte in the late eighties, a) I have never been to Paris before.
on that momentous mid-October afternoon of 1922,
This i s ...................................................................
Sir Lawrence Mont, ninth baronet, set his fine nose b) Thanks to Peters support I was able to build
towards the east wind, and moved his thin legs with the house.
speed. Political by birth rather than by nature, he Had i t .................................................................
reviewed the revolution which had restored his Party c) They have been living in Germany for five years now.
to power with a detachment not devoid of humour. I t .............................................................................
Like most landowners, he distrusted doctrine. If he had d) They believe th e robbers got into the house through
a political belief, it was tax on w heat; and so far as he the roof.
could see, he was now alone in it but then he was not The robbers ............................................................
seeking election ; in other words, his principle was not e) I think you should buy a new pair of shoes.
in danger of extinction from votes of those who had
Its high time .........................................................
f) What a pity you didnt come to the meeting !
You should ............................................................ Rephrase each sentence in such a way that it
means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.

Argue for and against the following statement: a) He is always forgetting to take his keys with him.
Principles are in fact self-interest. I wish .......................................................................
b) It was wrong of me to tell him to shut up.
I regret ....................................................................
Te-s+ul 2 c) You certainly cant play your music after midnight.
I wont have you .......................................................
d) I am determined to refuse his offer.
Read the text and comment on it. I .................................................................................
e) You have little realization of how much I have worked
Alison Charwell in and of this world, so spryly for you.
soulful, debonnaire. free and cosy lived within a stones Little ..............................................................................
throw of Fleur, in a house pleasant, architecturally, as f) All the students rushed to the yard as soon as the
any in London. Forty years old, she had three children bell rang.
and considerable beauty, wearing a little fine from No so o n e r.........................................................................
mental and bodily activity. Something of an enthusiast,
she was fond of Michael, in spite of his strange
criticisms, so that his matrimonial venture had piqued Describe a person whose moral features have
her from the start. Fleur was dainty, had quick natural impressed you.
intelligence this new niece was worth cultivation. But,
though adaptable and assimilative, Fleur had remained
curiously unassimilated ; she continued to whet the
curiosity of Lady Alison, accustomed to the close
borough of choice spirits, and finding a certain
poignancy in contact with the New Age on Fleurs % Read the text and comment on it.

copper floor. She met with an irreverence there, which,

not taken too seriously, flipped her mind. On that floor Fifth Avenue and 44tl1 Street swarmed with the noon
she almost felt a back number. It was stimulating. crowd. The wealthy, happy sun glittered in transient gold
From The Modem Comedy by John Galsworthy through the thick windows of the smart shops, lighting
upon mesh bags and purses and strings of pearls in grey
velvet cases ; upon gaudy feather fans of many colours ; Describe your native town or city as if you saw it for
upon the laces and silks of expensive dresses ; upon the the first time, one summer afternoon.
bad paintings and the fine period furniture in the
elaborate showrooms of interior decorators.
Working girls, in pairs and groups and swarms, loitered l&shAA
by the windows, choosing their future boudoirs from
some resplendent display which included even a mans
silk pyjamas laid domestically across the bed. They stood Read the text and comment on it.

in front of the jewellery stores and picked out their

engagement rings, and their wedding rings and their The fundamental question which must be addressed
platinum wrist-watches, and then drifted on to inspect with respect to the death penalty is under what
the feather fans and opera cloaks ; meanwhile digesting circumstances does the state have the right to take
the sandwiches and sundaes they had eaten for lunch. the life of one of its citizens ?
Through this medley Dean and Gordon wandered ; the One hard lesson which the world should have learned
former interested, made alert by the display of humanity as a consequence of the Holocaust is that law and justice
at its frothiest and gaudiest; the latter reminded of how are independent concepts. Law is the derivation of a
often he had been one of the crowd, tired, casually fed, societys interpretation of justice which is relative both
over-worked, and dissipated. To Dean the struggle was to time and place. Furthermore, the creation of law is
significant, young, cheerful; to Gordon it was dismal, more frequently the result of the interpretation of justice
meaningless, endless. by the powerful in the society which is then applied at
From The Diamond as Big as The Ritz by F. Scott Fitzgerald the expense of the powerless. A moral and humane
society constantly seeks to bring the law into closer
harmony with the widest interpretation of justice in that
Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. society at any given time. The civil rights movement in
the U.S. is an excellent example of this process.
a) Thats the house I ................................................. From The Dealth Penalty: Legal Cruelty ?
b) I am outraged ! Never b e fo re .............................. by Donald B.Walker
c) The headm aster.....................................................
d) I feel t h a t ................................................................
e) He is not u s e d ........................................................
f) Its high time y o u ....................................................
X > Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
He saw no sign of a trail through the closely knit web of
weeds and trees ; it was easier to go along the shore, and
Rainsford floundered along by the water. Not far from
a) If youve had an upset stomach, its better where he had landed, he stopped.
Some wounded thing, by the evidence a large animal,
b) His enthusiasm at starting his own company has had thrashed about in the underbush ; the jungle weeds
were crushed down and the moss was lacerated ; one
c) I am fully prepared......................................................... patch of weeds was stained crimson. A small, glittering
d) It took the panel of judges............................................. object not far away caught Rainsfords eye and he picked
e) I suppose Ive always loved............................................ it up. It was an empty cartridge.
f) The latest crisis h a s ......................................................... From The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell

Argue for and against the following statement:

m4 ; ' Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
The creation of law is more frequently the result of the
interpretation of justice by the powerful in the society a) On the news there was some dramatic
which is then applied at the expense of the powerless.
b) She wasnt keen o n .........................................................
c) We have made neither a .................................................
d) This car only c o s t...........................................................
e) I feel I am not b ein g .......................................................
f) She is not to b lam e.........................................................
Read the text and comment on it.

When he opened his eyes he knew from the position Argue for and against the following statement:
of the sun that it was late in the afternoon. Sleep had Fear is one of the most terrifying feelings man could
given him new vigor ; a sharp hunger was picking at him. have.
He looked about him, almost cheerfully. Where there
are pistol shots, there are men. Where there are men,
there is food, he thought. But what kind of men, he
wondered, in so forbidding a place ? An unbroken front
of snarled and ragged jungle fringed the shore.
 mid-Victorian point of view. Its like finding a snuffbox
in a limousine. Ah, well, doubtless you had Puritan
ancestors. So many Americans appear to have had. Ill
wager youll forget your notions when you go hunting
Read the text and comment on it. with me.
From The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell
I wanted the ideal animal to hunt, explained the
general. So I said : What are the attributes of an ideal
quarry ? And the answer was, of course : It must have
courage, cunning, and, above all, it must be able to
Fill each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase.
a) If we w e re ..................................................................... .
reason. b) Despite all the w arnings..............................................
But no animal can reason, objected Rainsford. c) I would like t o ...............................................................
My dear fellow, said the general, there is one d) Had i t .............................................................................
that can. e) You must have................................................................
But you cant mean... gasped Rainsford. f) I feel th a t........................................................................
And why not ?
I cant believe you are serious, General Zaroff.
This is a grisly joke. Argue for and against the following statement:
Why should I not be serious ? I am speaking War makes you accept cold blooded murder.
of hunting.
Hunting ? Good God. General Zaroff, what you
speak of is murder. T estu l1
The general laughed with entire good nature.
I refuse to believe that so modern and civilized
a young man as you seem to be harbors romantic ideas Read the text and comment on it.

about the value of human life. Surely your experiences

in the war... It must have been around midnight when I drove
Did not make me condone cold blooded m urder, home, and as I approached the gates of the bungalow
finished Rainsford stiffly. I switched off the headlamps of the car so the beam
Laughter shook the general. One does not expect wouldnt swing in through the window of the side
nowadays to find a young man of the educated class, bedroom and wake Harry Pope. But I neednt have
even in America, with such a naive, and, if I may say so, bothered. Coming up the drive, I noticed his light was
still on, so he was awake anyway unless perhaps hed
dropped off while reading.
Is a M .,
I parked the car and went up the five steps to the
balcony, counting each step carefully in the dark so I
* W Read the text and comment on it.
wouldnt take an extra one which wasnt there, when I
Home is where the heart is. Theres no place like it. I
got to the top. I crossed the balcony, pushed through the
love my home with a ferocity totally out of proportion
screen doors into the house itself, and switched on the
to its appearance or location. I love dumb things about
light in the hall. I went across to the door of H arrys
i t : the hot-water heater, the plastic rack you drain your
room, opened it quietly, and looked in.
dishes in, the roof over my head, w'hich occasionally
He was lying on the bed and I could see he was awake.
leaks. And yet it is precisely those dumb things that
But he didnt move. He didnt even turn his head
make it what it is a place of certainty, stability,
toward me, but I heard him say Timber, Timber,
predictability, privacy, for me and for my family. It is
come here ! where I live. What more can you say about a place than
From Poison by Roal Dahl that ? That is everything.
Yet it is something that we have been edging away from
I Fill each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase.
gradually during my lifetime and the lifetimes of my
parents and grandparents. There was a time when where
a) English drivers find i t ......................................................
you lived often was where you worked and where you
b) Unfortunately I will not b e ............................................
grew the food you ate and even where you were buried.
c) The houses that were very close....................................
When that era passed, where you lived at least was
where your parents had lived and where you would live
d) Why dont we go t o ........................................................
with your children when you became enfeebled. Then,
e) When his daughter re tu rn e d .........................................
suddenly, where you lived was where you lived for three
years, until you could move on to something else and
f) The police believed.........................................................
something else again.
From Homeless by Anna Quindlen

Argue for and against the following statement:

Love could be the sweetest kind of poison.
 by committee, comes close. For the generations after
Fill each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase. him, Shakespeare would be both goad and god not
only the autocrat of the English language but a seer into
a) I think you ought what Coleridge called the interior nature of human
b) He must have..... existence. We know little of Shakespeares interior life,
c) M ay...................... and some even question his identity. But there is no
d) If he w e re ........... need for pyramids or monuments. His monument is his
e) How c o u ld .......... name. Shakespeare is now the global code for culture.
f) It was only........... From Time, December 1999

Argue for and against the following statement:

o Fill each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase.

Home is where your heart is. a) Why dont you ta k e ........................................................

b) My brother was always picking.....................................
c) I am surprised.................................................................
d) The government should.................................................
e) My daughter insisted......................................................
f) We should have b e e n ......................................................
Read the text and comment on it.

In an age that haughtily made man the measure of all * Narrate one of the novels that influenced you most in
things, Shakespeare betrayed the essential fragility of the your moral development.
species, defining humanity with stories that continue to
be our parables, both existentialist and romantic. His
words and arrows are still the vessels of our dreams and Tes-M 10
thoughts. The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.
My salad days when I was green in judgement. Shall
I compare thee to a summers day ? Now is the winter Read the text and comment on it.
of our discontent. The most unkindest cut of all.
A tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying After his death, Columbus was a laughingstock. Vasco
nothing. Star-crossd lovers. Only the language of the da Gama got to the real Indies ; Magellan crossed two
King James version of the Bible, assembled miraculously oceans ; Cortes conquered Mexico. But Columbus
couldnt even handle a start-up colony in the Caribbean.
It was the people who came to the new world he ArcJV A m a e d
discovered who made him a perpetual paradox, a symbol Proba s a r 'is a
of pride and contention, an emblem in their search for
identity. The citizens of the U.S. took to naming places
Columbia, and he became the ethnic icon of millions of
immigrants. Others dubbed him the Civilizer but that
rubbed many the wrong way. Wasnt he the harbinger of
disaster for native cultures and thus the deadest of dead a) Sum up the text in about 50 words,
white males ? b) In about 200 words comment on the text by presenting
The debate goes on. Columbus was bullheaded and your opinions about the unromantic generation.
wrong-minded about finding China across the sea. But
he said he would never be forgotten, and 500 years later Many of the people I spoke to feel the pressure of peer
hes right. scrutiny. A status thing has evolved, to which many seem
From Time, December 1999 to have regretfully succumbed. Several expressed a
weariness with meeting someone new and having to
present themselves by their credentials. Yet,
I
' Fill each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase. overwhelmingly, asked what theyre looking for in a
romantic partner, they responded first with phrases such
a) Fancy................................................................................. as an educated professional and someone with
b) U nless.............................................................................. direction. Theyve conceded, more or less consciously,
c) No one is allowed........................................................... that unenlightened and exclusionary as it is, its very
d) I was v e ry ......................................................................... uncool not to know what you want and not to be already
e) There is a ris k .................................................................. chasing it.
f) I havent used the p h o n e ................................................ Seems like everyone in our generation has to be out
there achieving says Scott Birnbaum, twenty-five, who
is the chief accountant for TIC United Corp, a holding
Argue for and against the following statement: company in Dallas. Acquire, acquire, career, career.
Civilisation means destruction of old patterns and Were all afraid to slow down for fear of missing out on
traditions. something. That extends to your social life as well. You
go out on a date and youre thinking: Hell, is there
someone better for me ? I know how terrible that
sounds but it seems to be my problem. Most of my where it had long been in use. He saw clothes,
peers are in the same position. Men and women, I tell dishevelled, rumpled clothes on the floor and he smelt
you, its tough out there right now. stale cigarette smoke and stale liquor. Outside the bright
Adapted after Alone Together, sunlight had thrown a dust-filled beam across the sill
The Unromantic Generation by Bruce Weber a beam broken by the head of the wide wooden bed in
which he had slept. He lay very quiet comatose,
drugged, his eyes wide, his mind clicking wildly like
^ Translate into English. an unoiled machine.
Btrnul nu rspunse ; rmase cu ochii n gol, ca i It must have been thirty seconds after he perceived the
cum i-ar fi cutat prin amintire ; sttu o clip aa, sunbeam with the dust on it and the rip on the large
adunnd ceva dinuntrul lui, pe urm i reveni. leather chair that he had the sense of life close beside
-ai uitat, nene Chivule ? him, and it was another thirty seconds after that before
Hai, c destul am fcut pe boierii, mormi btrnul. he realized he was irrevocably married to Jewel Hudson.
Adapted after Flcrile by Radu Tudoran He went out half an hour later and bought a revolver at
a sporting goods store. Then he took a taxi to the room
where he had been living on East 27th Street, and,
Enlarge upon the following in about 250 words: leaning across the table that held his drawing materials,
To do just the opposite is also a form of imitation. fired a cartridge into his head just behind the temple.
From The Diamond as Big as The Ritz
by F. Scott Fitzgerald
TeatiAl%_
A Translate into English.
IV I a) Sum up the text in about 50 words.
b) In about 200 words comment on the text by presenting Copila se ntorcea de la Poiana Ursului cu braele pline
your opinion about the character.
de flori slbatice. Pn acas avea mult de mers ; trebuia
s coboare tot dealul. Nu se grbea ns, se nvase s
In a bedroom of a small hotel just off Sixth Avenue
umble fr s in socoteal de ore, i cum n-avea nici
Gordon Sterrett awoke with a pain in the back of his
o grij, cobora poteca jucndu-se.
head and a sick throbbing in all his veins. He looked at
Adapted after Flcrile by Radu Tudoran
the dusky grey shadows in the corners of the room and
at a raw place on a large leather chair in the corner
 Enlarge upon the following (in about 250 words): Translate into English.
Forgiveness is the key to action and freedom.
In loc de rspuns, prietenul meu mi arunc o privire
mirat i plin de comptimire.
Ce naiv ! vru s zic.
Dar cum nghiea grbit, nlocui exclamaia cu un
elocvent gest al minii narmat cu cuitul. Apoi, nfipse
i, a) Sum-up the text in about 50 words, furculia n pieptul puiului i spintec frageda carne alb,
b) In about 200 words comment on the text by presenting dumnos, ca pieptul unui adversar dobort.
your opinion about the way the character is presented. Adapted after Cele dinti povestiri by Cezar Petrescu

Every night that winter he said aloud into the dark

of the pillow: Half-past four ! Half-past four ! till he felt Enlarge upon the following (in about 250 words):
his brain had gripped the words and held them fast. You could read Knat by yourself, if you wanted ; but
Then he fell asleep at once, as if a shutter had fallen ; you must share a joke with someone else.
and lay with his face turned to the clock so that he could
see it first thing when he woke.
It was half-past four to the minute, every morning. Jb s M JL
Triumphantly pressing down the alarm knob of the
clock, which the dark half of his mind had outwitted,
remaining vigilant all night and counting the hours as a) Sum-up the text in about 50 words,
he lay relaxed in sleep, he huddled down for a last warm b) In about 200 words comment on the text by presenting
moment under the clothes, playing with the idea of lying your opinion about the main character.
abed for this once only. But he played with it for the fun
of knowing that it was a weakness that he could defeat There was a woman who was beautiful, who started
without effort; just as he set the alarm each night for with all the advantages, yet she had no luck. She married
the delight of the moment when he woke and stretched for love, and the love turned to dust. She had bonny
his limbs, feeling the muscles tighten, and thought: children, yet she felt they had been thrust upon her, and
Even my brain even th a t! I can control every part of she could not love them. They looked at her coldly, as if
myself. they were finding fault with her. And hurriedly she felt
From A Sunrise on the Weld by Doris Lessing she must cover up some fault herself. Yet what it was
that she must cover up she never knew. Nevertheless,
when her children were present, she always felt the
center of her heart go hard. This troubled her, and in
her manner she was all the more gentle and anxious for a) Sum-up the text in about 50 words.
her children, as if she loved them very much. Only she b) In about 200 words comment on the text by presenting your
opinion about the rules functioning in the children's universe.
herself knew that at the center of her heart was a hard
little place that could not feel love, no, not for anybody.
It was on the eve of August Bank Holiday that the
Everybody else said of her : She is such a good mother.
latest recruit became the leader of the Wormsley
She adores her children. Only she herself, and her
Common gang. No one was surprised except Mike,
children themselves, knew it was not so. They read
but Mike at the age of nine was surprised by everything.
it in each others eyes. If you dont shut your mouth, somebody once said to
From The Rocking-Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence him youll get a frog down it. After that Mike had kept
his teeth tightly clamped except when the surprise was
0 Translate into English.
too great.
The new recruit had been with the gang since the
Evenimentele care urmar nu mai ngduir lui Felix beginning of the summer holidays, and there were
s se gndeasc la Lili i la momentele acestui scurt possibilities about his brooding silence that all
episod. Dar n casa Aglaei ura se dezlnui din nou recognized. He never wasted a word even to tell his
furioas mpotriva familiei de dincolo, i inteniile name until that was required of him by the rules.
de mpcare fur din nou abandonate. When he said Trevor it was a statement of fact,
Adapted after Enigma Otiliei by George Clinescu not as it would have been with the others a statement
1 III Enlarge upon the following (in about 250 words):
of shame or defiance. Nor did anyone laugh except
Mike, who finding himself without support and meeting
Varietys the very spice of life. the dark gaze of the new-comer opened his mouth
and was quiet again.
There was every reason why ., as he was afterward
referred to, should have been an object of mockery
there was his name, the fact that his father, a former
architect and present clerk, had come down in the
world, and that his mother considered herself better
than the neighbours.
From The Destructors by Graham Greene
 who must be bored to death sitting all day with nothing
Translate into English. to do but polish the lamp and trim the wick and rake
about on their scrap of garden, something to amuse
Otilia rse i ntreb ce mai fac ceilali. Stnic i them. For how would you like to be shut up for a whole
comunic cum c toi o iubesc superlativ i regret c month at a time, and possibly more in stormy weather,
au jignit-o, i mai ales i transmise dorina Aurichii de a upon a rock the size of a tennis lawn ? she would ask;
o vedea. Otilia n-avea nici un fel de fiere i uita repede and to have no letters or newspapers, and to see nobody;
rutile altora. Consult din ochi pe Felix i zise c if you were married, not to see your wife, not to know
niciodat n-a fost suprat. how your children were ?... she asked, addressing herself
Adapted after Enigma Otiliei by George Clinescu particularly to her daughters.
From To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf

m Enlarge upon the following (in about 250 words):

f t
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. '* w Translate into English.

Lui Felix, numele Otilia n gura altuia, precum i

convorbirea n jurul chestiunilor intime i displceau,
de aceea ls capul n jos. II distra aprinderea cu care
Weissmann debitase teoria lui antimatrimonial, dar,
' a) Sum-up the text in about 50 words.
spirit prudent, nu credea n ea. Vioiciunea colegului l
b) In about 200 words comment on the text by presenting
your opinion about the character.
surprinse la nceput, ca i lectura lui, i n faa unei aa
de violente activiti teoretice se simise inferior.
But it may be fine I expect it will be fine said Mrs Adapted after Enigma Otiliei by George Clinescu
Ramsay, making some little twist of the reddish-brown
stocking she was knitting, impatiently. If she finished it
Enlarge upon the following (in about 250 words):
tonight, if they did go to the Lighthouse after all, it was
Life is so constructed that the event does not, cannot,
to be given to the Lighthouse keeper for his little boy,
will not, match the expectation.
who was threatened with a tuberculous hip ; together
with a pile of old magazines, and some tobacco, indeed
whatever she could find lying about, not really wanted,
but only littering the room, to give those poor fellows
 Translate into English.

Era luna iulie i Felix, dup terminarea examenelor,

. a) Sum-up the text in about 50 words,
b) In about 200 words comment on the text by presenting
visa de-a binelea s mearg undeva la ar, dei nu prea
your opinion about the character. tia cum. Otilia nu pomenea nimic de cltorie, abia
sosit cum era din strintate, mai ales c ea, neavnd
But what have I done with my life ? thought Mrs nici o putere i nici un ban, atepta totul de la
Ramsay, taking her place at the head of the table, and ntmplare, ca un copil.
looking at all the plates making white circles on it. Adapted after Enigma Otiliei by George Clinescu
William, sit by me she said. Lily she said wearily
m Enlarge upon the following (in about 250 words):
over there. They had that Paul Rayley and Minta
Doyle she, only this an infinitely long table and I know but one freedom and that is the freedom
plates and knives. At the far end, was her husband, of the mind. (Antoine de Saint-Exupery)
sitting down, all in a heap, frowning. What at ? She did
not know. She did not mind. She could not understand
how she had ever felt any emotion or any affection for Testu l S
him. She had a sense of being past everything, through
everything, out of everything, as she helped the soup, as a) Sum-up the text in about 50 words,
if there was an eddy there and one could be in it, or b) In about 200 words comment on the text by presenting
one could be out of it, and she was out of it. Its all your opinion about the way the male character is presented.
come to an end, she thought, while they came in one
after another, Charles Tansley Sit down, please, she She looked at her husband (taking up her stocking and
said Augustus Carmichael and sat down. And beginning to knit), and saw that he did not want to be
meanwhile she waited, passively, for someone to answer interrupted that was clear. He was reading something
her, for something to happen. But this is not a thing, she that moved him very much. He was half smiling and
thought, ladling out soup, that one says. then she knew he was controlling his emotion. He was
From To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf tossing the pages over. He was acting it perhaps he was
thinking himself the person in the book. She wondered
what book it was. Oh, it was one of old Sir Walters, she
saw, adjusting the shade of her lamp so that the light fell
on her knitting. [...] He was always uneasy about
himself. That troubled her. He would always be
worrying about his own books will they be read, are
they good, why arent they better, what do people think a) S um -u p th e te x t in a b o u t 5 0 w ords,
of me ? [ . . . ] It didnt matter, any of it, she thought. A b) In a b o u t 2 0 0 w o rd s co m m en t on th e te x t b y p resen tin g
great man, a great book, fame who could tell ? She y o u r opinion a b o u t th e w a y Einstein influen ced life in th e
knew nothing of it. 2 0 th century.
From To the L ighthouse by Virginia Woolf
For Einstein to become a modern icon, especially in

A Translate into English.

America, required a total revision of the definition of a
hero. Anti-intellectualism has been as integral a part of
American culture as the drive for universal education,
O problem ncepuse s devin pentru Stnic, and the fact that both have existed concurrently may
de la o vreme, Olimpia. Dac o iubea sau nu, este greu account for the low status of teachers. In America it is
de spus, ntruct lui Stnic i lipsea expresia mai not enough to be sm art; one must compensate for ones
analitic a sentimentelor. Din purtrile lui nu se puteau intelligence by also showing the canniness and real-world
desprinde dect emoii i o concepie. De bun seam power of the cowboy and the pioneer. Einstein did this.
c atunci cnd se cstorise cu Olimpia fusese emoionat, He was the first modern intellectual superstar, and he
ncercase i mndria de a face un gest necugetat, won his stardom in the only way that Americans could
romantic, n dauna intereselor lui. accept by dint of intuitive, not scholarly, intelligence
Adapted after Enigma Otiliei by George Clinescu and by having his thought applied to practical things,
such as rockets and atom bombs.
Qh III E nlarge upon th e fo llo w in g (in a b o u t 2 5 0 w o r d s ): The recognition of the practical power of his ideas
coincided with a time when such power was most
Time heals all wounds. needed. Einstein came to America in 1933 as the most
celebrated of a distinguished group of European
intellectuals, refugees from H itler and Mussolini.
So strong was the image he created that he affected both
culture and politics in ways that were sometimes wholly
opposite to his beliefs and intentions.
From The Age of Einstein
by Roger Rosenblat, Time, 1999
 Western Allies could prevail against the Axis. His
Translate into English. optimism about victory and his conviction that there
were truths worth defending to the death were as
Bnuiala Aglaei era cea adevrat. ncepnd s iubeasc important as his identifying the threat and standing up
viaa, btrnul voia s tie bine ce boal are, i fiindc to it. Forty years later, when Ronald Reagan approached
avea impresia c doctorii adui n cas l mineau, i the cold war as a battle to be not only fought but also
puse n gnd s consulte el un doctor necunoscut. In won, he was following a Churchillian strategy.
acelai timp ntrebase pe Felix ce doctor e mai bun i From The Necessary Evil ?
mai ieftin . by Nancy Gibbs, Time, 1999
Adapted after Enigma Otiliei by George Clinescu
3 Translate into English.

Enlarge upon th e fo llo w in g (in a b o u t 2 5 0 w o r d s ): Otilia fu foarte necjit cnd afl inteniile lui mo
Civilization is a method of living, an attitude of equal Costache. Pe ea o plictiseau toate preocuprile de a i se
respect for all m en. face avere, de a i se da o situaie legal. I se preau
burgheze, umilitoare. Nu trise niciodat n mizerie i nu
se temea de ea. Un instinct feminin i spunea c
T e s t u l 10 interesul cu care era nconjurat de brbai o va urmri
totdeauna, iar ideea btrneii n-o nspimnta.
Aa a) S um -u p th e te x t in a b o u t 5 0 w o rd s, Adapted after Enigma Otiliei by George Clinescu
b) In a b o u t 2 0 0 w o rd s co m m en t on th e te x t by p resen tin g
yo u r opinion a b o u t optim ism .
Enlarge upon th e fo llo w in g (in a b o u t 2 5 0 w o r d s ):
It was Churchill first, and then Roosevelt, who The best way to make your dreams come true is to
reawakened the West to its core values : freedom, civility, wake up. (Paul Valery)
common decency in the face of evil, destructive forces
of hate. The challenge that H itler presented became the
occasion for Churchill and Roosevelt and the lovers of
freedom to battle the great diseases of the century :
nihilism and defeatism. Churchills apostles argue for
him as the centurys titan on these grounds. It was by no
means obvious, in the dark days of 1940, that the
Upper-m+erwedia+e C om plete th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s.
(pr<p*filul in te n s iv ', a) I wish y o u .............................................................................
limbi s t r e i n e s i -filo log ie } b) But for his h e lp ..................................................................
c) If the rain stops, w e .........................................................
Probe o re I a d) N ever......................................................................................
e) He neednt ...........................................................................

JksMJ f) H ard ly.....................................................................................

m
Read th e te x t an d com m ent upon it. III A rgu e for an d a g a in st th e fo llo w in g s ta te m e n t:
Friendships come and go, but families are forever.
Throughout the world America has long been thought
the country of the rich. In a sense it is ; compared to
other countries, large or small, the United States has Testu l 2.
much more than the worlds average wealth. Actually,
the United States is the nation of the middle class rather Read th e te x t an d com m ent upon it.
than the upper class.
Americans have nevertheless always found the rich From the W heat Bowl to the Salad Bowl. In America
fascinating. The newspapers and the other media report the story is different among the food-loving peoples of
their deeds and misdeeds whenever they can. The the rest of the world puritans and nonpuritans of the
problem has been that the rich are usually shrewd recent past might use food for display, with relatively
enough to want as much privacy as possible. There have standardized menus for company and for dining o u t;
been few studies of the rich in general what has been what was put on display was a choice of cut of meat, an
lacking, either in history or sociology, is anything that elegant table and good solid cooking. All this was an
catches the feel of great wealth. affair largely of the women, and in many circles food was
A scintillating exception is the writing of F. Scott Fitzgerald. not a proper topic for dinner conversation. Having the
His finest novel is The Great Gatsby, published in 1925. proper food was something one owed to ones status,
In it he writes about the idle but permanently rich, the ones claim to respectability, and more recently to ones
temporarily rich, the would-be rich, and the patient, knowledge of hygiene with its calories and vitamins.
envious p o o r; but the focus is always on the first group. The midtwentieth century American, on the contrary,
From American Perspectives edited by Carl Bode
puts on display his taste and not directly his wealth,
respectability or caloric soundness. W hile well-educated A rgu e for an d a g a in st th e fo llo w in g s ta te m e n t:
upper middle-class parents are becoming hesitant to tell Life in a big city is impossible without at least a chair of
children to something because it is good for them, they fast-food restaurants.
join the radio in discussion of what is good as a matter
of taste. Thus they are prepared for the search for
marginal differentiation not only in what they set before T estu l 5
their guests but in how it is talked about with them.
From The L onely C rowd: A Study o f the C hanging Read the te x t an d com m ent on it.
American Character by David Riesman,
Nathan Glazer and Reuel Denney Everyone I saw said Gosh, youre brave ! when I
revealed that I was planning to travel around Britain by
m public transport, but it never occurred to me to go any
R eph rase th e fo llo w in g se n te n c e s so th a t th e m ean in g other way. You are so lucky in this country to have a
s t a y s th e sam e. relatively good public transport system and I think we
should all try harder to enjoy it while its still there.
a) You are not permitted to enter the room. Besides, driving in Britain is such a dreary experience
You ...................................................................................................... these days.
b) Im sorry you will not get the present you expected. Thus it was that I found myself late on a grey Saturday
I wish ................................................................................................ afternoon, on an exceptionally long and empty
c) It was known that they had already accomplished carriage... At Twickenham, I discovered why the train
their task. was so long and so empty. The platform was jammed
T h e y ................................................................................................... solid with men and boys in warm clothes and scarves
d) If Tom should come here, tell him to phone me. carrying glossy programmes and little bags with tea
S h o u ld ............................................................................................... flasks peeping o u t: obviously a rugby crowd from the
e) Mother prefers her daughters to stay at home than go Twickenham grounds. They boarded with patience and
to the park. without pushing, and said sorry when they bumped or
Mother would rather .................................................................. inadvertently impinged on someone elses space. I
f) I havent spoken to him for months. admired this instinctive consideration for others, and
It ......................................................................................................... was struck by what a regular thing that is in Britain and
how little it is noticed.
From Notes From a Small Island by Bill Bryson
. have access to pure water, good sanitation, and

There a re errors in so m e of th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s. immunization. More children who would have been
Correct them . exploited are now being educated. And more children
who would have been anonymous are now being
a) We would have gone to the cinema with you, if you registered, entitling them to the rights of citizenship.
would have bought the tickets. To safeguard the continuation of this progress, UNICEF
b) I wish you were here to help me with my homework. is again calling upon industrialized and developing
c) John wont know about the party, unless you dont countries alike to reaffirm the truth that, if all children
tell him. are nurtured in a setting of healthfulness, education,
d) He wishes he can study harder than usual for this encouragement, and opportunity, they will create a
exam. society v^dth the same enlightened values.
e) Its about time you finish that paper. Document of the United Nations Childrens Fund
f) He promised he will phone as soon as possible.

/ There a re errors in so m e of th e fo llo w in g sen ten ces.

A rgu e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t : Correct them .
The duty of the newspaper editors is to keep the public
informed. a) Unless you dont tell her the truth, she wont let you
in the house.
b) If you will come on time, w ell get to the theatre as
J m sM JL planned.
c) If only he could find the right solution to his
o R ead th e te x t an d com m ent on it.
problems.
d) Hardly he entered the room when he caught sight of
the parcel.
If the world wants to see an era of harmony and well
being in die future, it must look out for the children of e) Why dont you try heating the water first ?
the present. f) It is advisable he ran away.
It began doing so in a major way, after the Convention
on the Rights of the Child, adopted in November 1989.
' l ! P r D escribe o ne C hristm as th a t yo u rem em ber a s
Thanks to those efforts and specific UNICEF initiatives,
"the seaso n of go o d w ill".
more children who would have been disease-prone now
 Jk& M J L Correct th e errors in th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s.

Read th e te x t an d co m m en t on it. a) But for Maria, we would have missed the train.
b) If they w ill come on time, we will be able to buy
It is hard to compare the influence of statesmen with cheaper tickets.
that of scientists. Nevertheless, we can note that there c) As soon as they will arrive in Iai they will phone
are certain eras that were most defined by their politics, their parents.
others by their culture, and others by their scientific d) It is high time we left home.
advances. e) I wish I could help you with some advice.
The 18111 century, for example, was clearly one marked f) She lives in the same building for ten years.
by statecraft: in 1776 alone there are Thomas Jefferson
and Benjamin Franklin writing the Declaration of
A rgu e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t :
Independence. And the 16th will be remembered for the
The 20th century will be most remembered for its
flourishing of the arts and culture : Michelangelo and
earthshaking advances in science and technology.
Leonardo and Shakespeare creating masterpieces,
Elizabeth I creating the Elizabethan Age.
So how will the 20th century be remembered ?
Yes, for democracy. And yes, for civil rights.
Testul .6.
But the 20tb century will be most remembered like
the 17 th for its earthshaking advances in science and R ead th e te x t an d co m m en t on it.
technology. In his massive history of the 20th century,
Paul Johnson declares : The scientific genius impinges We crowded round, and over Miss Cathys head, I had
on humanity, for good or ill, far more than any a peep at a dirty, ragged, black-haired child ; big enough
statesman or warlord. Albert Einstein was more pithy : both to walk and talk indeed, its face looked older
Politics is for the moment. An equation is for eternity. than Catherines yet, when it was set on its feet, it
From Time, December 1999 only stared round, and repeated over and over again
(pithy = strongly and clearly stated, some gibberish that nobody could understand. I was
without wasting any word) frightened, as Mrs Earnshaw was ready to fling it out of
doors : she did fly up asking how he could fashion to
bring that gipsy brat into the house.
The master tried to explain the m atter... and all that I
could make out was a tale of seeing it starving, and D iscuss an d a rg u e for an d a g a in st Einstein's w o r d s :
houseless, and as good as dumb, in the streets of Politics is for the moment. An equation is for eternity.
Liverpool where he picked it up and inquired for its
owner not a soul knew to whom it belonged, he said,
and his money and and time being both limited, he
thought it better to take it home with him at one, than
run into vain expenses there.
Read an d com m ent upon th e tex t.
This was Heathcliffs first introduction to the family :
he seemed a sullen, patient child, hardened, perhaps, to
Charles Darwin didnt want to murder God, as he
ill-treatm ent.
once put it. But he did. He didnt want to defy his
From W uthering H eights by Emily
fellow Cantabrigians, his gentlemanly Victorian society,
his devout wife. But he did. He waited 20 years to
o R ephrase th e fo llo w in g so th a t th e m ean in g s ta y s
publish his theory of natural selection, but fittingly,
after another scientist threatened to be first he did.
th e sam e.
Before Darwin, most people accepted some version of
biblical creation. Humans were seen as the apotheosis of
a) I havent been to the dentists in over two years.
godly architecture. But on his voyage on HMS Beagle,
I t .........................................................................................................
Darwin saw that species on different islands had
b) It is essential that you read the book before the end
developed differently. Humans could thus be an accident
of the term.
of natural selection, not a direct product of God. The
The b o o k ..........................................................................................
subject haunted me, Darwin would write later. In fact,
c) She forgot to phone them that she was coming, so
worries about how much his theory would shake society
they were not at home.
exacerbated the strange illness he suffered.
I f .........................................................................................................
Darwins theories still provoke opposition. One hundred
d) The fire will go out if somebody doesnt put some
and forty years after The Origin of Species, backers of
coal on it.
Unless ............................................................................................... creationism have made a comeback in states like Kansas,
e) That tree in the garden needs trimming. pushing evolution out of the schoolroom. Yet Darwinism
Its about time ............................................................................... remains one of the most successful scientific theories
f) Dont forget to bring my book,owill you ? ever promulgated. There is hardly an element of
He reminded .................................................................................. humanity not capitalism, not gender relations,
certainly not biology that can be fully understood included the Franklin stove and the bifocal lens. As a
without its help. statesman, he played a key role in Americans four
From Time, December 1999 founding documents and was the only person to sign
them a ll: the Declaration of Independence (he edited
Jeffersons draft), the treaty of alliance with France
# Correct th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s. (which he negotiated), the peace treaty ending the
Revolution (which he negotiated) and the Constitution
a) Would like to buy another bread ? (he came up with the idea of a House representing the
b) He asked me where did I come from. people and a Senate representing the states).
c) He speaks a very good English. All this made him, for a while, the most famous person
d) I like more bread with cheese than jam for my in the world. More important, he was the first
sandwich. embodiment of what became the American archetype : a
e) If he will bring the luggage, we will leave immediately. middle-class shopkeeper, proud to wear a leather apron
f) I saw anyone in the lobby. rather than put on airs, who strikes it rich as an
entrepreneur but never loses his love of civic associations
and community cooperation.
Exem plify th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t : From Time, December 1999
Patience is bitter but its fruit is sweet.

R eph rase th e fo llo w in g se n te n c e s so th at th e m ean in g
T ftS -M s ta y s th e sam e.

a) He couldnt have missed the train.

^ 0 ^ Read th e te x t an d co m m en t upon it. It is unlikely ...................................................................................
b) How far is it to the harbour ? he asked the sailer.
In order to understand Benjamin Franklins historic He asked the sailer ......................................................................
significance, we must first rescue him from the c) He hates listening to music.
schoolbook stereotype : a sage geezer flying kites in the He cant ...........................................................................................
rain and lecturing us about a penny saved being a penny d) For fear he might miss the plane, he left two hours
earned. His experiments with electricity led him to earlier.
invent the lightning rod, devise the theory of positive Not ....................................................................................................
and negative charges, name the battery and become one e) Never have I seen such a beauty !
of his centurys foremost scientists. His inventions I
f) If the teacher should come to school on Sunday,
ask him about my book.
A Correct th e fo llo w in g se n te n c e s if n ec e ssa ry.
Should ...................................................................................... a) For I was late I took a taxi.
b) As usually, she is busy.
c) I lived here since I was a child.
. A rgu e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t : d) The salt is very necessary in our food.
Youth culture is invented by adults to characterize e) W hile I was reading, father fixed the car
teenagers. f) Its terrible cold tonight.

II A rgu e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t :

Tell me what you eat and Ill tell you how healthy
you are.
R ead th e te x t an d co m m en t upon it.

Thursday, February 18th

This morning the whole school was ordered to go to T estu l 10
the assembly hall. Mr Scruton got up on the stage and
acted like the films of Hitler. He said in all his long years Read th e te x t an d co m m en t upon it.
of teaching he had never come across such an act of
serious vandalism. Everybody went dead quiet and W hy do the motorcyclists wear black jackets ? W hy not
wondered what had happened. Scruton said that
brown or blue ? W hy do executives in America prefer
somebody had entered his office and drawn a moustache
attache cases, rather than the traditional briefcase ? It is
on Margaret Thatcher and written Three million
as though they were following some model, trying to
unemployed in her cleavage.
attain some ideal laid down from above.
He said that defiling the greatest leader this country has
We know little about the origin of life style models. We
ever knowTi was a crime against humanity. It was
do know, however, that popular heroes and celebrities,
tantamount to treason and that when the culprit was
including fictional characters (James Bond, for example),
found they would be immediately expelled. Scrutons
have something to do with it.
eyes bulged out so far that a few of the first-years started
Marlon Brando, swaggering in a black jacket as a
to cry. Miss Elf led them outside to safety.
motorcyclist perhaps originated, and certainly publicized
The whole school has got to have handwriting tests.
a life style model. Such heroes, as the sociologist Orrin
From The Secret Diary o f Adrian M ole, a ged 13 3A
Klapp puts it, help to crystallize a social type. One of
by Sue Townsend


the prim e functions of popular favorites is to make

types visible, which in turn make new life styles and new Upper-" m+erwedia+e
tastes visible. P ro b e s e r is e
W hile charismatic figures may become style-setters,
styles are fleshed out and marketed to the public by the
sub-societies we have term ed subcults. Taking in raw Jfe sM _ L
symbolic matter from the mass media, they somehow
piece together odd bits of dress, opinion, and expression
a ) Sum -u p th e fo llo w in g te x t in ab o u t 5 0 w ord s,
and form them into a coherent package : a life style
b) C om m ent in a b o u t 1 0 0 w ord s upon th e te x t b y p resen tin g
model. Once they have assembled a particular model, yo u r p erso n al opin io ns a b o u t th e character.
they proceed, like any good corporation, to merchandise
it. They find customers for it. Wednesday, December 2
From Future Shock by Alvin Toeffler 9 a.m. Only two shopping days left for Christmas and I
am still penniless. I have made a Blue Peter over-glove
for Miss Elf, but in order to give it to her in time for
. Correct th e fo llo w in g se n te n c e s if n ec e ssary. Christmas I will have to go into the ghetto and risk
getting mugged. I will have to go out carol singing, there
a) If you had told me the truth I could have helped you. is nothing else I can do to raise finance.
b) You mustnt buy so many flowers, the garden is full 10 p.m. Just got back from carol singing. The suburban
of tulips. houses were a dead loss. People shouted, Come back at
c) Unless you call him, he wont be here on time. Christmas, without even opening the door. My most
d) The officer ordered his soldiers went to the barracks. appreciative audience were the drunks staggering in and
e) Hardly had he turned the light on when the out of the Black Bull. Some of them wept openly at the
frightened cat jum ped at him. beauty of my solo rendition of Silent Night, I must say
f) He left the station before the train will get in. that I presented a touching picture as I stood in the
snow with my young face lifted to the heavens ignoring
the scenes of drunken revelry around me.
Exem plify th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t : I made 3 pounds plus an Irish tenpence and Guinness
Lost time is never found again. bottle-top.Im going out again tomorrow. I will wear my
school uniform, it should be worth a few extra quid.
From The Secret Diary ojA drian M ole, a ged 13 3A
by Sue Townsend
 have gone as fax mad as New York. To order lunch you
Translate into English. can zap off a completed le fax menu to your favourite
restaurant. If you are looking for a partner for the
a) In fiecare an la Crciun rmn far bani. evening you fax your needs to a fax-dating service.
b) Dac cei din suburbii m i-ar fi deschis ua, ar fi fost This being New York, you can also, of course, use the
ncntai de colindul meu. machine to communicate with your shrink for some
c) Nici n-am apucat s deschid gura c Maria m i-a spus fax therapy.
s nu mai cnt. The craze, however, has its excesses and various
d) Tare a vrea s fi avut timp s citesc toate romanele spoilsports are already working on ways of reining
de Balzac. in the more dubious joys of fax. The police has decreed
e) Se spune c oamenii din aceast regiune sunt cinstii that under no circumstances may you transmit from
i muncitori. your car fax while on the move, though, of course,
f) Ofierul le-a ordonat soldailor s poarte uniforma you may receive.
i atunci cnd sunt n permisie. From The Times

Translate into English.

In a b o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s d escrib e th e w a y yo u sp e n t one
C hristm as a s a child.
a) Paul a sugerat s plecm mai devreme de acas
de fric s nu pierdem trenul.
b) Matthew ne-a promis c ne va telefona cnd
............ 2 va ajunge acas.
c) E timpul s plecm, e deja trziu.
a ) S u m -u p th e te x t in ab o u t 5 0 w o rd s, d) De n-ar fi fost Maria s ne ajute nu am fi ajuns
b) C om m ent in ab o u t 1 0 0 w o rd s upon th e te x t by p resen tin g niciodat la caban.
yo u r p erso n al opinions ab o u t th e period an d th e phenom enon e) Acesta este omul care ne-a povestit cltoria sa
d escribed.
pe mare.
f) Este puin probabil s afle la timp adevrul.
Not so long ago, the typical New York sign-off used to
be Have a nice day. It is fast being replaced by a new
one : W hats your fax number ?. From Tokyo to In a b o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s a rg u e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g
London to Los Angeles, the craze of the facsimile sstatem
t a t e mi e n t :
machine is sweeping the world, but no city seems to You have no friends in a world of computers.
 -hAl 3. Translate into English.

A B a) S um -u p th e te x t in a b o u t 5 0 w ords, a) Plou de cnd am venit la Sinaia.

b) C om m ent in ab o u t 100 w o rd s upon th e te x t by p resen tin g b) Nu pleca nainte de a afla la ce or sosete trenul
y o u r p erso nal opinions ab o u t fo o tball. de Cluj.
c) Tata tocmai a udat florile i este foarte obosit.
H eres a question for anthropologists. Name me a tribe d) Nu era necesar s cumperi attea flori, grdina
which organizes itself into teams for sporting encounters noastr este plin de trandafiri.
and greets every score against their opponents with e) Pot s deschid geamul ? E foarte cald aici.
paroxysms of childish glee, whooping, dancing and f) A reuit s ajung acas cu maina dei ceaa era
embracing in an ecstasy of crowing self-congratulation in foarte groas.
the very midst of their disconsolate fellow's ? Who are
these primitives who pile all their responses into the
immediate sensation, unaware or uncaring of the long In a b o u t 2 5 0 w orks a rg u e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g
undulations of lifes fortunes ? Yes, youve got it. sta te m e n t:

Its the yob of the month competition, entries on a The world of sport is dominated by yobs.
postcard, please. But the question is is it because
theyre working class, or is it because financial greed has
corrupted them ? Or is it both ? [...]
I think Grayson has put his fmger on the flaw in my
argument, namely that the reason footballers are yobs
may be nothing to do with being working class, or with
a ) S um -u p th e te x t in a b o u t 5 0 w ord s,
b) C om m ent in a b o u t 1 0 0 w o rd s on th e te x t b y p resen tin g
financial greed, or with adulation, or even with being yo u r opin io ns a b o u t th e p o ssib le so u rce s of inspiration for
footballers. It may be simply that football attracts a C hin ese film m akers.

certain kind of person, namely yobs.

(a yob, in Br. E. = a rude, noisy, sometimes violent, Chinese cinema is still the big unwritten chapter in
young man) world film history. The gap is surprising, if only because
so many other facets of twentieth-century Chinese
history, culture and politics have been extensively
analysed. The past four years, however, have seen a
significant growth of interest in Chinese film both in
China and farther afield. The China Film Archive, forced
to close by Red Guards in 1966, resumed its activities in In a b o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s n arrate th e film th a t yo u
197 8 ; it has now recatalogued its collection and begun h av e liked m ost.
facing up to the massive task of copying its large
holdings of old nitrate prints on to safety-film stock.
The belated western discovery of Chinas film heritage J b sM JL
began at Londons National Film Theatre in 1980, with

a 25-film season called Electric Shadows. Several classics a ) S um -u p th e te x t in a b o u t 5 0 w ords,
had their first screenings outside China at this event, b) In ab o u t 1 0 0 w o rd s com m ent on th e te x t b y p resen tin g
which established two important points. First, that the y o u r opinions a b o u t th e character.
Shangai film industry of the 1930s and 1940s produced
work of international standing. Second, that the films of Mr Dombey had risen, as his father had before him,
the Peoples Republic, while hardly as remarkable as in the course of life and death, from Son and Dombey,
their predecessors, did offer much more than and for nearly twenty years had been the sole
celebrations of tractor maintenance and bayonet- representative of the firm. Of those years he had been
w eld in g ballerinas. married, ten-m arried, as some said, to a lady with no
heart to give him ; whose happiness was in the past, and

Translate into English.

who was content to bind her broken spirit to the dutiful
and meek endurance of the present. Such idle talk was
little likely to reach the ears of M r Dombey, whom it
a) John spune c astea nu sunt mnuile lui, dei nearly concerned, and probably no one in the world
seamn foarte bine cu cele pe care le-a cumprat would have received it with such utter incredulity, as he,
chiar el nu demult. if it had reached him. Dombey and Son had often dealt
b) Am primit de curnd un pachet din partea unui in hides, but never in hearts. They left that fancy ware to
prieten de-al tatlui meu.
boys and girls, and boarding schools and books. Mr
c) Mi s-a spus c m voi ntlni cu sora ta la mare. Dombey would have reasoned : That a matrimonial
d) Deoarece i-a fcut toate temele, Tom poate s alliance with himself must, in the nature of things, be
mearg mine la cinema.
gratifying and honourable to any woman of common
e) Femeia care st de vorb n curte cu sora mea este
sense. That the hope of giving birth to a new partner in
vecina noastr care locuiete vizavi.
such a house, could not fail to awaken a glorious and
f) M i-a spus c ieri l-a ntlnit pe John din ntmplare
stirring ambition in the breast of the least ambitious of
pe strad.
her sex.That Mrs Dombey had had daily practical
knowledge of his position in society. That Mrs Dombey
must have been happy. That she couldnt help it.
From D om bey and Son by Charles Dickens
a ) S um -u p th e te x t in a b o u t 5 0 w ords,
A Translate into English. b) In a b o u t 1 0 0 w o rd s co m m en t on th e te x t b y p resen tin g
yo u r opin io ns a b o u t th e character.

a) De n-ar fi fost dorina lor de a ajunge ct mai repede

la caban, nu s-ar fi ntmplat nici un accident. She sat thinking about the boy being time-expired.
b) De-a putea s vorbesc cu profesorul meu nainte de Yes, she understood that. There was no one in the whole
a pleca din ar, ar putea s m sftuiasc ce cri s country who would not understand it. To be going
cumpr de la Londra. home, to be at the end of exile : for Gods sake who
c) Rareori se ntmpl ca psrile s se ntoarc n luna didnt know ? One day she would be tim e-expired too.
februarie. It was only at the rarest moments that she could think
d) Cu ct citeti mai mult cu att te simi mai bine of it. But one day it would happen. She would be time-
pregtit. expired and there would be an end for her of the heat
e) Peter tia s cnte la pian la vrsta de 6 ani. and sweat and the dust of summer. There would be an
f) n mod sigur era acas atunci cnd am telefonat end of the grey vultures feeding on the dead. They said
pentru c toate luminile din cas erau aprinse. time went quickly in the East, and that after a while you
could not separate the memory of one individual day
from another. But what happened really was that time
In ab o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s a rg u e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g built itself up into a mass of hard white light behind you,
sta te m e n t: like an impersonal and glittering wall that cut you off
Love cures people both the ones who give it and the from the shadowy rememberances of all your life behind
ones who receive it. it. That was what she hated ; she knew that that was
what the soldier hated, what they all hated. To be tim e-
expired meant that you were going to break down that
wall, break through it, break out into the resurrected
memory of a sort of life that m attered.
From Time Expired by H.E. Bates
(tim e-expired the soldier about whom Bates writes
was wounded in action after his allotted time in the
Far East had theoretically expired)
 for this startling new finding has just come from
Translate into English. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since atom bombs were
dropped in 1945, their citizens, and their genes, have
a) Nici nu a intrat n cas c i-a adus aminte c nu a been studied in extensive detail. Against all expectations,
cumprat un cadou pentru ziua de natere a prietenei sale. researches found no sign that any new mutated genes,
b) De-ar veni la timp am putea s term inm discuiile created by the blast, were passed on to offspring. But to
pn la miezul nopii. their great surprise, the researchers did find evidence of
c) Abia atept s traversez Canalul Mnecii. other mutations, ones laid down by the ancient tribes
d) De-ar fi fost att de bolnav nu ar fi venit that had established the cities.
la petrecere. Nor is Japan alone in displaying its ancient genetic
e) S-a considerat c domnul Jones este cel mai btrn heritage so openly. Italy provides another striking
din serviciul nostru. example. The genes of ancient Greeks and Etruscans still
f) Cnd au ajuns la gar trenul de Constana flow noticeably through the veins of modern
plecase deja. Italians.
Scientists now belive that all countries display such
characteristic. There are certainly noticeable differences
nn' . In ab o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s a rg u e for and a g a in st in blood groups and other genetic features between
th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t : modern Scots, English and Welsh for all the
It matters not how a man dies, but how he lives. intemringling that has gone on over the ages,
(Samuel Johnson 1709-1784) said Dr Jones.
From The Observer
A
J k iM i Translate into English.

a) S um -u p th e te x t in ab o u t 5 0 w ords, a) Dac nu m gseti la spital, ncearc s telefonezi

b) In ab o u t 1 0 0 w o rd s com m ent upon th e te x t b y p resen tin g la numrul acesta.
y o u r opin io ns a b o u t th e im p o rtan ce of g e n e tic research for th e b) Cnd avionul a decolat i-a adus aminte c nu-i
evolution of m ankind. spusese soiei de plecarea sa.
c) El se poart ca i cnd ar fi singurul din familie care
The genetic footprints of ancient tribal ancestors are prul negru.
have been uncovered among the bustling populations of d) E timpul s plecm far s mai ateptm sosirea
the worlds cities. Some of the most intriguing evidence grupului urmtor.
e) Mcar de-a putea cunoate trecutul l u i ! crashing face-first into the door and sending half a dozen
f) Li s-a promis c anul acesta va veni Mo Crciun cu empty milk bottles clattering. Almost immediately the
multe cadouri i dulciuri. upstairs window opened.
Were shut came from the silhouette with hair curlers.
From Notesfr o m a Small Island by Bill Bryson
In a b o u t 2 5 0 w ord s a rg u e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g
sta te m e n t:
Things do not change, we do. Translate into English.

a) Nici nu a ajuns s cunoasc adevrul c a trebuit

s se mulumeasc cu varianta oficial.
b) Prietenul nostru l-a rugat s nu plece pn nu ajunge
a) Sum -u p th e te x t in a b o u t 5 0 w ord s, toat lumea la gar.
b) In a b o u t 100 w o rd s co m m en t on th e te x t b y p resen tin g c) Cu ct este mai frig iarna cu att va fi mai cald la var.
yo u r opinions a b o u t th e atm o sp h ere of an English tow n . d) Dac mi-ai fi spus c ai numai dou bilete la teatru
nu a mai fi ieit din cas pe o vreme ca asta.
My first sight of England was on a foggy March night e) De fric s nu ntrzie, Maria a plecat cu dou ore
in 1973 when I arrived on the midnight ferry from mai devreme de acas.
Calais. For twenty minutes, the term inal area was f) Locuiesc n aceast cas de douzeci de ani fr s
aswarm with activity as cars and lorries poured forth, m fi gndit vreodat c a putea-o vinde.
customs people did their duties, and everyone made for
the London road. Then abruptly all was silence and I
wandered through sleeping, low-lit streets threaded with In a b o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s d escrib e a trip to a p lace th at
fog, just like in a Bulldog Drummond movie. It was im p ressed v ery much.

rather wonderful having an English town all to myself.

I was standing wondering what to do when I noticed a
grey light of television filling an upstairs window of a
guesthouse across the road. Hooray, I thought, someone
awake, and hastened across, planning humble apologies
to the kindly owner for the lateness of my arrival.
The front path was pitch dark and in my eagerness and
unfamiliarity with British doorways, I tripped on a step,
 le s iM lJ , Translate into English.

1 . a) S um -u p th e te x t in ab o u t 5 0 w ords, a) E timpul s ne schimbm modul de a gndi, spuse

b) In ab o u t 1 00 w o rd s co m m en t on th e te x t by p resen tin g Paul prietenilor cu care venise la cursul profesorului
y o u r opinions a b o u t th e read in g public. de istorie.
b) Dac ar fi fost nevinovat, nu ar fi nceput s plng
W ish to look about the store ? Oh, by all means, sir, i s dea vina pe ceilali.
he said. Then, as he rubbed his hands together in an c) Orice i-ar spune medicul, ar fi preferabil s
urbane fashion, he directed a piercing glance at me nu mai fumezi.
through his spectacles. d) Cu ct se pregtete mai serios pentru meseria
Youll find some things that might interest you he said de reporter cu att nu mai are timp s stea de vorb
in the back of the store on the left just show this cu oamenii din jur.
gentleman our classical reprints the ten-cent series. e) Dac m ascultai, acum erai departe de oraul acesta.
In other words, he had divined me in a moment. f) Vlad ne-a sugerat s ateptm s soseasc tot grupul
He knew, of course that, as a professor, I had come i s plecm pe jos, deoarece ultimul autobuz trecuse
to the store as all professors go the the book stores, de jumtate de or.
just like a wasp comes to an open jar of marmalade.
He knew that I would hand around for two hours, get In a b o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s a rg u e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g
in everybodys way, and finally buy a cheap reprint of
the D ialogues o f Plato, or the Prose Works of John Milton, state m e n t:

or some trash of that sort. Everyone is ignorant, only on different subjects.

He despised me, of course. But it is a maxim of the
book business that a professor standing up in a corner
busied in a book looks well in a store. The real
customers like it.
From The R eading Public by Stephen Butler Leacock oW a) S um -u p th e te x t in a b o u t 5 0 w ords,
b) In a b o u t 1 0 0 w o rd s com m ent on th e te x t b y p resen tin g
y o u r opinions a b o u t th e character.

In the town of Jefferson lived a young man named

Percy Grimm. He was about twenty-five and a captain in
the State National Guard. He had been born in the town d) Trebuie c a suferit foarte mult din moment ce nu
and had lived there all his life save for the periods of the i-a revenit nici dup doi ani de zile.
summer encampments. He was too young to have been e) A prefera ca tu s rmi cu prietenii ti, iar fratele
in the European War, though it was not until 1921 or 22 tu s vin s m ajute la bagaje.
that he realized that he would never forgive his parents f) Se pare c cel mai bun juctor de fotbal este cel care
for that fact. His father, a hardware merchant, did not dorete s ctige.
understand this. He thought that the boy was just lazy
and in a fair way to become perfectly worthless, when in
reality the boy was suffering a terrible tragedy of having 'JP In a b o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s e n la rg e upon th e fo llo w in g :

been born not alone too late but not late enough to have ...ask not what your country can do for you ; ask waht
escaped first-hand knowledge of the lost time when he you can do for your country. (John F. Kennedy)
should have been a man instead of a child. And now
with the hysteria passed away and the ones who had
been loudest in the hysteria and even the ones, the
heroes who had suffered and served, beginning to look
at one another a little askance, he had no one to tell it,
to open his heart to. In fact, his first serious fight was
with an ex-soldier who made some rem ark to the effect
if he had to do it again, he would fight this time on the
German side and against France. At once Grimm took
him up Against America, too ? he said.
From Percy Grimm by W illiam Faulkner

Translate into English.

a) E puin probabil ca ninsoarea s stea nainte de miezul

nopii.
b) De treizeci de ani se pregtete pentru acest moment
deosebit din viaa oricrui printe : nunta fetei sale.
c) Dac ai fi avut timp s mergi cu mine la librrie,
i-a fi artat ultimul volum de versuri al lui Mircea
Crtrescu.
X tt+ e r m e d i + e ' > R ephrase th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s so th a t th e m ean in g
( p e w t r u c e l e U I t e p ro -f i l u r i s ta y s th e sam e.

1-2. o r e pe S p t m n iD
a) It isnt likely Shakespeare would have made Macbeth
Proba o r a i as simple as it seems.
Shakespeare .....................................................................................
b) It would spoil everything if you could figure out right
away who did it.
Could you .......................................................................................
c) I dont think for a moment that Macbeth killed the
K ing, said the lady.
It was a stupid mistake to make said the American The lady said that .........................................................................
woman I had m et at my hotel in the English lake d) You suspect them the most, of course.
country but it was on the counter with the other Those are .........................................................................................
Penguin books the little sixpenny ones, you know, with e) It was a stupid mistake to make.
the paper covers and I supposed of course it was a I
detective story. You can imagine how mad I was when I f) I supposed it was a detective story.
found it was Shakespeare. Anyway, I got really comfy in Suppose it .......................................................................................
bed that night and all ready to read a good mystery story
and here I had The Tragedy o f M acbeth a book for high-
school students [ . . . ] I dont think for a moment that A rgu e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t :
Macbeth killed the King she said. I dont think the A good detective story is worth a thousand poems.
Macbeth woman was mixed up in it, either. You suspect
them the most, of course, but those are the ones that are
never guilty or shouldnt be, anyway. Dont you see ? T estu l
said the American lady. It would spoil everything if you
could figure out right away who did it. Shakespeare was R ead th e te x t an d com m ent on it.
too smart for that. Ive read that people never have made
out H am let, so it isnt likely Shakespeare would have October 4,1979 is a day of fond memory for FBI
made Macbeth as simple as it seems. agents in Los Angeles. Its the last day that the city did
From The M acbeth M urder M ystery by James Thurber not have a bank robbery.
There are several reasons why Los Angeles heads the
bankrobbery league way ahead of San Francisco and e) After the robbery, the thieves leave the place in a
New York. The place has an awful lot of banks 3 300
and many stay open until 5 or 6 in the evening and at
weekends. They are also very informal. You need a f) Tellers have orders to give the money to the robbers
warm, inviting place to do business, says Stephen Ward immediately.
of the British-owned Crocker Bank. Bank robbers are
particularly appreciative.
The robberies are usually quite genteel, with none of the
A rgu e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t :
machine-gun violence of the old movies. Usually, the
robber passes a stick-up note to a teller, pockets the cash You can replace money but you cant replace lives.
while the surveillance cameras click away, then makes a
get-away via the nearest freeway. Tellers have orders to
Tes+wi 3>
hand over the money immediately. The banks believe,
quite rightly, that you can replace money but you cant
replace lives, says one FBI man. R ead th e te x t an d co m m en t on it.
From The Sunday Times
(teller = a cashier in a bank) We played hidings and countries. In countries you
threw a tennis ball in the air and ran, calling out the
name of a country. Each player had the name of a
R eplace th e un derlin ed w o rd s w ith w o rd s ta k e n from country. If your country was called, you tried to catch
th e tex t. the ball before it bounced, whereupon you could throw
it up again and call out somebody elses country. If you
a)There are several reasons why Los Angeles is at the only caught it on the bounce, you had to... Forget it.
front of the bankrobbery league. The rules went on and on. All that mattered was to
throw the ball high. Greg Brennan could put it into
b) The banks are also very friendly orbit. He lived next door but one. Nobody lived very far
away. We played on and on through the hot afternoon
c) The robber steals the cash. into the brief dusk and the sudden nightfall. Towards
sunset the adults would appear on the front porches and
d) They take the money while the surveillance cameras start watering the lawn. They would tune the nozzles to
make a short, sharp sound.
a fine spray, which would drift in the air at the first Then Keegan. Trotting. A TV hand grabs him around the
breath of the summer wind that came every night. shoulders and steers him towards a waiting interviewer-
From U nreliable M emoirs by Clive James and-camera ; he goes without protest, as though to an
execution with no hope of reprieve. Kennedy manages a
wide grin and a joke for photographers. The grin drops
Use th e verb s in b rackets in th e right te n se s. from his face like a shutter two paces further on. Then
Case, head down and muttering. Then Jones, head up,
Last night I (have) a very strange dream. W hen the eyes misty.
dream (begin), I (sit) all alone in a restaurant. Suddenly Inside the Liverpool dressing-room there is a silence
I (notice) that the other people (look) at me. Some of that screams. Players move about like men under water.
them (point) at me. Just then the waiter (come) over to Some begin stripping for the bath. Most just sit. It
me. I (not finish) my meal, and he (ask) if I (enjoy) it. doesnt seem possible that you can have 20 men gazing
around a medium-sized room and none of them meeting
another eye. Yet they manage it.
* ' In e x e rc ise I y o u had a g lim p se of so m e of C live Jam es' From J o u rn ey to Wembley by Brian James
un reliab le m em oirs. N arrate an e p iso d e y o u rem em b er from
yo u r childhood y e ars.

R ephrase th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s so th a t th e m ean in g

s ta y s th e sam e.
T e sfv l 4-
a) Kennedy manages a wide grin although he would
R ead th e te x t an d com m ent on it. rather scream.
In spite ..............................................................................................
A Cup Final is a drama and it has its script. Losers, b) Have I met you before ? I cant remember.
too, have lines to follow. They shake hands with the I cant remember .........................................................................
winners, smile wanly over their medals, wave to their c) They suggested walking away to leave the stage to the
crowd and walk away to leave the stage for those winners.
rejoicing. And there at the entrance of the tunnel, Lets ...................................................................................................
leaving sunshine that bears down like a spotlight, cold d) A dropped cigarette probably started the fire.
reality returns. Clemence is first. He is a big, generally The fire ..............................................................................................
gentle, m an... he would trample down children as he e) The train arrived much later than I expected.
covers the next 50 yards, staring sightlessly ahead. I hadnt .............................................................................
f) Even though they disliked him, they agreed I shake my head. I want to go to my dressing room. I
to help him. dont want to tell him what George has taught me. That
D esp ite......................................................................... too many victories weaken you. That the defeated can
rise up stronger than the victory.
From The Greatest M y Own Story
A rgu e for or a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g sta te m e n t : by Muhammad Ali with Richard Durham
By practising a sport you build your body and your
character.
M atch th e q u estio n s an d th e an sw e rs.

T b-s + ia I & a) How do you do ?

b) How are you ?
w R ead th e te x t an d co m m en t on it. c) How have you been ?
d) How about going to the cinema ?
The crowd eggs me on : A li! A li! Bomaye ! e) How was the concert ?
I hear Kid Gavilan, the old Cuban Champion of a f) Hows the garden ?
thousand fights, telling me Ali, the crowd 11 push you
on like they own a piece of you, like theres something 1) It was very enjoyable.
in their life that depends on whether you live or die. 2) Very well, thank you. And you ?
And youll get into something too deep to back down. 3) How do you do ?
Youve been calling out Im the prettiest, Im the 4) Not bad, but I had a cold last week.
greatest! See how pretty I am. Not a scratch ! They 5) Yes, lets.
laugh, but one day the people will test you out. They will 6) Coming along nicely.
send you into a den to take meat out of the lions mouth
and see who comes out the prettiest. If you die trying,
theyll be sorry for you, but if you back down theyll
A
W Think of an ex am p le to illu stra te th e fo llo w in g :

remember you as a phony forever. When you fight for The defeated can rise up stronger than the victory.
the title, you lay it all on the line. [ . . . ] A reporter claws
his way through the crowd and yells at me How did
you do it, World Heavyweight Champion ! W hat you
think of George now ?
 b) It looks as if the hijackers had been (lay / lie) in wait.
c) The young man has (fall / fell) three trees today.
d) The business was (find / found) in 1901.
Read th e te x t an d co m m en t on it. e) How7many soldiers were (wind / wound) in battle ?
f) I cant remember the times she has (lie / lay) to me.
If you really want to hear about it, the first thing youll
probably want to know is where I was born, and what
my lousy childhood was like, and how my parents were If yo u w ere in H olden's p lace (th e ch a ra cte r in The
occupied and all before they had me, and all that David Catcher in the Rye) h o w w o u ld y o u d escrib e yo u r school and
Copperfield kind of crap, but I dont feel like going into th e influence it had on yo u r d e v e lo p m e n t?

i t . .. Where I want to start telling is the day I left Pencey

Prep. Pencey Prep is this school thats in Agerstown,
Tesful
Pennsylvania. You probably heard of it. Youve probably
seen the ads, anyway. They advertise in about a thousand
magazines, always showing some hot-shot guy on a horse R ead th e te x t an d com m ent on it.
jumping over a fence. Like as if all you ever did at
Pencey was play polo all the time. I never even once saw I was way early when I got there, so I just sat down on
a horse anywhere near the place. And underneath the one of those leather couches next to the clock in the
guy on the horses picture it always says : Since 1888 lobby and watched the girls. A lot of schools were home
we have been moulding boys into splendid, clear- for vacation already, and there were about a million girls
thinking young m en. Strictly for the birds. They dont sitting and standing around waiting for their dates to
do any damn more moulding at Pencey then they do at show up. Girls with their legs crossed, girls with their
any other school. And I didnt know anybody there that legs not crossed, girls with terrific legs, girls with lousy
was splendid and clear-thinking and all. legs, girls that looked like swell girls, girls that looked
Maybe two guys. If that many. And they probably like theyd be bitches if you knew them. It was really
came to Pencey that way. nice sightseeing, if you know what I mean. In a way, it
From The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger was sort of depressing, too, because you kept wondering
what the hell would happen to all of them. When they
o got out of school and college, I mean. You figured most
C ho o se th e right verb an d / or su p p ly th e righ t form . of them would probably m arry dopey guys. Guys that
a) It is our companys policy to deal with problems as always talk about how many miles they get to a gallon in
they (arise / rise). their goddam cars. Guys that get sore and childish as hell
if you beat them at golf, Guys that are very mean.
T e -stu l &
Guys that never read books. Guys that are boring.
Maybe you shouldnt feel too sorry if you see some swell
girl getting m arried to them. They dont hurt anybody i: R ead th e te x t an d com m ent on it.
most of them.
From The Catcher in the Rye by J.D .Salinger He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the
Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now
without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had
Correct th e errors (th ere a re six errors). been with him. But after forty days without a fish the
boys parents had told him that the old man was now
For the past eight years or so ago, Lecturer in Zoology definitely and finally a failure, which is the worst form of
Tim Guilford and his colleagues have spent a lot of times unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another
anxiously scrutinizing the horizon, stopwatch in hand, boat which caught three good fish the first week. It
waited for the return of a pigeon to the loft at the made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day
University Field Station in Wytham. The researches is with his skiff empty and he always went down to help
devoted to understanding the clues that pigeons use to him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon
enable their to navigate around their home territory. It and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail
seem we do not know much about what most animals was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like
fill their time with that is, finding their way around the flag of permanent defeat.
their familiar area in relation to each other and to home. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in
the back of the neck. The brown blotches of the
< benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection
H ave y o u e v er described a p erso n a s b elo n g in g to th e on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran
ty p e " g u y s th at n ever read books" ? If yo u h ave, d escribe well down the sides of his face and his hands had the
th a t p e r s o n ; if not, try to im ag in e w h a t he could look like.
deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the
cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as
old as erosions in a fishless desert.
From The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
 be destroyed but not defeated. I am sorry that I killed
W rite full se n te n ce s from th e prom pt w o rd s, a d d in g a n y the fish though he thought. Now the bad time is
n e c e s s a r y w o rd s and p u ttin g th e verb s into a su ita b le form . coming and I do not even have the harpoon. The
dentuso is cruel and able and strong and intelligent.
a) No-one / have / a chance / yet / predict / outcome / But I was more intelligent than he was. Perhaps not, he
this dispute / certainty. thought. Perhaps I was only better armed.
b) I / believe / contrary / public / opinion / project / From The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
every/ chance/ success.
c) Their / decision / he / be promoted / good.
d) She / insisted / I / not talk / anyone / what / I / see. C om plete each se n te n ce in a su ita b le w ay.
e) Imagine / you / be / completely / blind.
f) I / be / never / so / insulted. a) He doesnt like to look at the mutilated fish.
If o n ly ...........hit by the shark.
b) W hat a pity. I wish I .................... killed the fish,
D escribe a p erso n w h o h a s influenced yo u r life though.
v ery much. c) The better armed you are, t h e ....................... chances
you have to win.
d) He said that m a n ..........................made for defeat.
e) I killed the first shark. If only I ....................... my
harpoon to kill the others as well.
f) He looked as though h e .............................hit by the
shark.
He did not like to look at the fish any more since he
had been mutilated. W hen the fish had been hit it was as
though he himself were hit.
But I killed the shark that hit my fish, he thought. And
m A rgu e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t :
Man can be destroyed but not defeated.
he was the biggest dentuso that I have ever seen. And
God knows that I have seen big ones.
It was too good to last, he thought. I wish it had been a
dream now that I had never hooked the fish and was
alone in bed on the newspapers.
But man is not made for defeat, he said. A man can
 c) You can come and stay with me. (put)
T s -s -KaI

Read th e te x t an d co m m en t on it.
d) Terry arrived early, but it was not necessary, (neednt)

e) Brian seems to have left, (it)

For most of the past two and a half million years
human beings left their garbage where it fell. Oh, they f) Diane left my house at ten oclock, (until)
sometimes tidied up their sleeping and activity areas,
but that was about all. This disposal scheme functioned
adequately, because hunters and gatherers frequently
- A rgu e for or a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t :
abandoned their campgrounds to follow game or find
Man has been propelled along the path toward
new stands of plants. Man faced his first garbage crisis
civilization by his need for a class at the bottom of the
when he became a sedentary animal when, rather than
social hierarchy that could be assigned the task of
move himself, he chose to move his garbage.
dealing with mounting piles of garbage.
There are no ways of dealing with it that havent been
known for many thousands of years. These ways are
essentially four : dumping it, burning it, converting it
into something that can be used again and minimizing
the volume of material goods future garbage that is
produced in the first place (source reduction, as it is
called). Every civilization of any complexity has used all
four methods to varying degrees.
From The Atlantic

R ephrase th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s by u sin g th e ind icated

w ord so th a t th e m ean in g s ta y s th e sam e.
a) Im afraid that we havent got any eggs left, (run)

b) This town is a bit like Sheffield, (reminds)

 d) De ndat ce ajungi acas, s dai telefon prinilor
X t t + e r w e d i + e mei.
Proba s c ris a e) De-abia a intrat n magazin c i-a adus aminte
c nu avea bani.
f) Cum a putea s nu apreciez eforturile sale de
...TesMI adaptare cnd nu este nimeni care s-l ajute mcar
cu un sfat.

' Fill in th e blanks w ith o n e su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly one

w ord for each blank. m
In a b o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s n arrate ab o u t a norm al d a y in yo u r
life w h ile on holiday.
Minty knew the moment that he g o t ...........in the
morning that this was one of his days. He sang gently
t o ...................... as he shaved. A spider watched him -b s M -2 .
under his tooth glass ; i t ............ been there five days.
He w o n d ered ............ long it would live. He watched Fill in th e blanks w ith one su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly o n e
................ and it watched him back with shaggy w ord for each blank.
patience. It had lost a l e g ................ he put the glass
over it. He picked a stump of cig arette ............ the soap- Patients recover more quickly from surgery when tapes
tray and lit it. Then he stu d ie d .......................... hair in with hypnotic suggestions are ......................to them on
the m irror o f ................ wardrobe d o o r; this was one of the operating table. While under anaesthetic, they were
his days ; he m u s t................ prepared for anything, told : Y ou....................... not suffer. You will not have
even society. ......................pain. Those given such suggestions had
fewer com plications......................others after surgery

A Translate into English.

and left hospital sooner. The experiment was set up
......................St Thomass after doctors found patients
a) De-ar fi tiut de la nceput despre ce era vorba n could sometimes recall things said during operations.
roman, nu l-ar mai fi cumprat. The ex p erim en t............................conducted on 19
b) Mi s-a spus s nu vorbesc pn ce nu ajung la captul women. The w o m e n ,...............had consented to the
culoarului. experiment, .................................played a 12-minute
c) De-ar fi avut rbdare, ar fi descoperit c nimeni nu-i recording repeated six times. Most of the tape gave
dorete rul. details o f ....................... normal procedures following the
operation and how to cope .............................them.
 concept of shared parenting have led some corporations
Translate into English. t o ....................... paternity-leave policies, b u t ........................
than one percent of eligible men make use of them.
a) Nu l-a ascultat cnd le-a spus cum s ajung la gar Federal leg islatio n ....................... been introduced to
i acum i pare ru. guarantee paternity le a v e ......................provisions for
b) Maria l-a ntrebat pe profesor dac ar fi fost mai reinstatement.
bine s se nscrie la cursul de optic.
c) Nu i-ar fi dorit s rmn singur n cas deoarece
i era ngrozitor de fric de stafii.
A Translate into English.

d) Mai sunt trei kilometri pn la primul sat. a) Nu a putut s conduc pn acas din cauza ceii.
e) Li s-a prut greu s neleag cursul profesorului de b) De n-ar fi fost prinii notri s vin s ne salveze, am
filosofie, deoarece nu citiser bibliografia. fi m urit de foame i de sete n acea caban prsit.
f) Mcar de-ar fi avut noroc la bingo ! c) Tare a vrea s l cunosc pe Richard Gere.

In ab o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s describ e a trip in th e m o un tain s.

d) Este imposibil ca el s fi spart geamul, era cu mine la
cinema.
e) Dac te grbeti, o s prinzi trenul.
f) i-a adus aminte cnd a pus scrisoarea la pot, dar nu
mai tie dac a cumprat i timbru.

( 1 Fill in th e blanks w ith o ne su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly o ne In a b o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s a rg u e for an d a g a in s t :

w ord for each blank.
The child is good, society makes him bad.

School-aged daughters of employed mothers tend to

................ consistently high academic performance. Testul 4
School-aged sons t e n d ..................have better social and
personality adjustments as well .................... higher Fill in th e blanks w ith o ne su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly one
academic achievement if their mothers work outside the w ord for each blank.
home. Children of working mothers a ls o .................... less
likely to have stereotyped perceptions of life roles The Japanese have a strong aesthetic sense : they
..........................the basis of being male or female. beautify, embellish, adorn and d ec o ra te...............................
The newly evolved....................... of fathers and the they touch. A sandwich in Japan i s ....................... just a
sandwich, it is a ......................of art. It is c u t ..................
an artistic shape it can be circular, octagonal
............................star-shaped . Every dish is aimed
.......................... the eye as well as the palate. Fill in th e blanks w ith o n e su ita b le w ord. Use o n ly one
w ord for each blank.
Every taxi-driver has a small vase i n ......................of him,
with a beautiful, fresh, dark-red flower in it. One
For the last year I h a v e ......................g*ng out with a
evening I was w a lk in g ......................one of the suburbs
very nice man called Peter. Im very fo n d ......................
of Tokyo and saw a heap of rubbish in the backyard Peter in lots of ways. We have a calm, peaceful
......................a factory. All the boxes were piled
relationship and he has asked me to m a r r y .......................
............................a graceful if somewhat whimsical I would say yes if i t ................ not for Roger.
pyram id.
Roger is my ex-boyfriend. We went out together
....................... three years. We b ro k e ......................... because

Translate into English.

he fo u n d ........................... woman he said he loved more.
I didnt h e a r ....................... Roger for a long time but last
week he p h o n e d ......................again. W h a t........................
a) Este cunoscut drept cel mai bun violonist din lume.
you do if you were me ?
b) Prietenul meu m-a rugat s nu spun nimnui c a
rmas far bani.
c) Dac e vreme frumoas vom pleca la munte. Translate into English.
d) E timpul s nu ne mai certm ; doar avem interese
comune. a) Orice ai crede, nu doresc s pleci de aici far s-i iei
e) i-a amintit c trebuia s vorbeasc la telefon cu noua rmas bun.
profesoar de pian. b) Dac ar fi avut rbdare, l-ar fi cunoscut pe viitorul lor
f) Nici nu s-a uitat bine la ea c i-a adus aminte de profesor de schi.
unde o cunoate. c) Maria m i-a povestit cum ajunsese acas nainte ca
mama ei s soseasc i s observe c nu pierduse cheile.
d) De-ar fi mult lume pe stadion, biletele ar fi mai
In ab o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s e n la rg e upon th e fo llo w in g ieftine.
state m e n t:
e) Este imposibil ca Monica s fi plecat far s-i ia
Eat to live, and not live to eat. bagajul.
f) Locuiete mpreun cu o mtu btrn de mai bine
de doi ani.
 e) Dac vorbeti mai rar, te vom nelege cu toii.
In ab o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s exe m p lify th e fo llo w in g s ta te m e n t: f) De zece ani nu mai locuiete nimeni n aceast cas.
Except for rare life-and-death matters, nothing is as
important as it first seems.
In a b o u t 2 5 0 w ord s a rg u e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g
sta te m e n t:
The best friend we are left with is our favourite book.

Fill in th e blanks w ith o n e su ita b le w ord . U se o nly one

w ord for each blank.

A Fill in th e blanks w ith one su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly one

W hat exactly is a lie ? Is i t .....................we say which we
w ord for each blank.
know is untrue ? Or is it som ething..........................than
that ? For example, suppose a frie n d .....................to
Alison closed the door of her small flat and put down
borrow some m o n ey............................you. You say I wish
her briefcase. As...................... , she had brought
I help you but Im s h o rt...................... money
............................work home from the travel agency. She
myself. I n .................... , you are not short of money but
wanted ..................have a quick bite to eat and then,
your friend is in t h e ......................of not paying his debts
.......................... spending a few hours working, she was
and you dont ..................to hurt his feelings by
looking forward t o .......................... television or listening
....................... him of this.
t o ....................... music. She w a s ........................about to
start preparing her dinner....................... there was a knock
...................... the door. She went to the door and opened
Translate into English.
it w ide..........................to see who it w as.
a) S-au hotrt s nu-1 mai atepte pe Horia deoarece
se facea ntuneric. Translate into English.
b) L-a rugat s-i cumpere un bilet de cinema i s se
ntlneasc chiar n faa cinematografului. a) Dac ar fi cumprat carne proaspt aa cum le
c) Cnd au ajuns la hotel, camera pe care o rezervaser spusese Corina, acum ar fi mncat friptur cu cartofi
se ocupase. prjii.
d) La aeroport trebuie s prezini paaportul i biletul de b) De fric s nu afle prinii ei adevrul, Mihaela a fugit
de acas.
c) Dac m i-ai fi spus c ai nevoie de bani, te-a fi
mprumutat. Translate into English.
d) Este absolut ciudat s pleci de acas far s i aduni
bagajul necesar pentru o astfel de cltorie. a) De-ar fi s trieti zece ani pe o insul pustie, ce cri
e) Ne-a promis s scrie de ndat ce va ajunge pe i-ai lua cu tine ?
pmnt american. b) El nu poate nelege de ce eful departamentului nu
f) De-ar avea dreptate, i-a acorda toat ncrederea mea. i- dat crezare atunci cnd a povestit despre excursia sa
n Africa.
c) Suntei convini c acesta este vagonul pe care l
W In ab o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s describ e y o u r fav o u rite sin ger cutai ?
or b and. d) Nimic nu este mai suprtor dect un prieten fals.
e) De m-a duce la munte sptmna aceasta, a putea
s cumpr nite brnz i nite ou proaspete.
f) Meseria de ziarist nseamn mult oboseal i puin
somn.
Fill in th e blanks w ith o ne su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly one
w ord for each blank. gg/ b
In ab o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s a n sw e r th e fo llo w in g q u estio n :
The number killed in the Bradford City football ground If you were going to spend the rest of your days in
disaster has risen to 52 ; m o r e ...............70 police and some wild place and could take only two books with
spectators have also been d e tain e d ......................hospital. you, which would you choose ?
The match w a s ............................recorded by Yorkshire TV
when the fire began. Most of the spectators rushed
forwards to the pitch t o ......................the blaze. In the T e stu l 9
panic, .......................... spectators were crushed, and
police a n d .....................fans ran back to the stands to
A i ' Fill in th e blanks w ith o n e su ita b le w ord. Use o nly one
help ........................ w ord for each blank.
Police think that the b la z e ...................... started by a
dropped cigarette. T h e y ......................found out that fire- How soon will it be before robots b ec o m e ......................
extinguishers ......................been removed from the stands intelligent that th e y ....................... be able
because they had been used in the past by fans as to do jobs which at the m o m e n t......................human
missiles. beings can do, such as teaching languages or looking
....................... patients in hospital ?
One London company h a s ............................developed
machines that c a n ..................used as home-helps for old
p e o p le ...................... to look after themselves and
Fill in th e blanks w ith one su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly o ne
....................... are living on their own or in special homes.
w ord for each blank.
Robots could do a w id e ......................of household tasks,
s u c h ................ preparing meals, washing dishes, cleaning The jum per I had been g iv e n ....................... my birthday
the house and so on. was too small for me, and one day while showing some

friends around London, I thought i t .................... be

sensible to dash into the large.................................store
Translate into English. where it had been bought a n d ........................... it for a
larger one. I ...................... my friends to wait in the car
a) Vnztorul refuz s dea banii napoi cumprtorului. and ru s h e d ..................the store. The girl I
b) Muncitorii lucrau deja de dou ore cnd se produse spoke....................... at the counter was extremely helpful
accidentul. b u t .............................they had no others in my size, so
c) Dei scrisoarea a fost scris acum o lun, nu a sosit ......................left with the original gift a f te r ........................it
nici pn acum la destinaie. and the receipt for it back in my bag.
d) Sara joac tenis de doi ani, de cnd a renunat
la volei.
Translate into English.
e) A plouat toat sptmna.
f) Au promis c vor construi acest pod n mai puin a) Cnd a prim it telegrama cheltuise deja jumtate
de doi ani. din suma de bani pe care i- dduse mtua lui.
b) De-ar merge mai iute, am ajunge la teatru tocmai
bine.
In ab o u t 2 5 0 w o rd s exe m p lify th e fo llo w in g s t a t e m e n t :
c) Este imposibil ca el s fi uitat de prietenii lui i de
If there is a book you really want to read but it hasnt promisiunile fcute cu doi ani n urm.
been written yet, then you must write it. d) S-au plictisit s atepte s stea ploaia, aa c au
plecat acas.
e) De ce nu ncerci s pui ap cald n vas ?
f) Este considerat cel mai atractiv actor de teatru.

In ab o u t 2 5 0 w ord s describe yo u r fav o u rite city.

Pre-iw+eirwediA+e D escribe o n e trip to th e m o u n tain s th a t y o u enjo yed .
(p e n tru m m o r i + A + i
s\
j
limbd - ') J^ hL L
Proba orala
R ead th e te x t an d com m ent on it.

T e stu l I Have you ever wondered what it was like to live in a

mediaval castle ? Nine hundred years ago, the Norman
Read th e te x t an d com m ent on it. conquerors built castles near the Scottish and Welsh
borders. The Great hall was used for eating, for
Both the British and the Americans value a sense of ceremonial occasions, for playing and sometimes for
humour and highly appreciate people who have it. The sleeping. The chimney of the Great Chamber, where the
two sayings : No humour, no so u l! and Better poor lord met high officials, has been repaired but the room
than no hum our express this idea. A high value is also still needs to be furnished.
placed on the ability to resort to humour when in In spite of the fact that most of the old castle has been
trouble or difficulties, to laugh in the face of adversity. restored and new parts have been added, there are still
Puns, a play upon words are particularly appropriate to things which need to be done to give back its medieval
English, which is rich in words and phrases that have splendour.
various meanings. Shakespeare was very fond of using Castles like this one may be in need of restoration but
puns, in both comic and serious contexts. Many British still they tell us about the changes in English domestic
people find puns very entertaining. and cultural life over the past 900 years.

C om plete th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s. C om plete th e se n te n ce s w ith fo r or since.

a) I wish I .................................... a) I have known h e r ................I was in highschool.

b) They couldnt have ............. b) They have been living h e r e ............. twenty years.
c) If they come on time ......... c) I met her, I cant forget her.
d) Never have I ......................... d) He worked in our sh o p .............. two years.
e) She told m e ........................... e) She has been studying G erm an................ 1976.
f) They will come back when f) We will go to the m ountains.............. two weeks.
 TesH ! 4
S p eak ab o u t a sh o w th a t yo u liked m ost.

Read th e te x t and com m ent on it.

Peter Kerry, the 14 year-old who fulfilled his fantasy by

running away to the Far East, arrived back in Britain
yesterday morning. Confronted by sixty photographers
She is only twelve years old, but she has already been and journalists, Peter looked unhappy and said he had
Junior Golf World Champion five times. The youngest no idea what the fuss was about. I have wanted to go
golf player to have won five consecutive times, she has to Malaysia for quite a while. I was interested to see
made it into the Guinness Book of Records too. what it would be like. Its a nice coutry, and an
Lorena Ochoa, from Guadalajara, Mexico, started interesting one at that.
playing golf when she was three. Peter, who seems perhaps to be at odds with his parents,
When Lorena qualified for her first Junior Golf World ran away last Tuesday following an argument over a can
Championship at the age of eight, I had doubts about of spilt spaghetti and travelled by plane to Kuala
taking her to San Diego to play in it. I was afraid the Lumpur.
pressure would be too much for her or that she would
be too upset if she didnt w in her father recalls.
C om plete the se n te n ce s by u sin g it or there.

C om plete th e fo llo w in g se n te n ce s. a) is nice today, isnt it ?

b) is a car in the streets.
a) The teacher didnt know .................................................... c) is a week since I last saw him.
b) Angela has bought ................................................................. d) was nobody to tell us where to go.
c) It was a good idea ................................................................. e) is five oclock.
d) Its high time .......................................................................... f) is Tom who spent his holidays abroad.
e) I wish you .................................................................................
f) She reminded him .................................................................
Sp eak ab o u t yo u r fav o u rite p astim e.

S p eak ab o u t yo u r fu tu re plans.
 T f ts ih A L ^ .
P r e - m + e r m e d i + e

Read th e te x t an d com m ent on it.

Proba s&r'isS

A keen golfer and lover of music, Sony chief executive JfesMJL

Akio Morita wanted a lightweight machine that would
play cassettes and could be taken everywhere. It had
Fill in the blanks w ith a su ita b le w ord. Use o n ly one
to have stereo sound, and the hi-fi components had
w ord for each blank.
to be made small and light enough for it to be carried
around easily. There were six of u s ............. dinner that night at M ikes
It was widely believed within Sony that the personal house in London. Pratt was a famous e x p e rt..................
stereo wouldnt sell. Apart from its inability to record, tasting wine. When discussing wine, h e ....................... a
it was thought that users would find the headphones curious habit of referring to it a s ......................it were a
annoying. living being. On such occasions, Mike u s e d ..................
M oritas music on the move has become entertainment play a little betting game with Pratt, challenging him to
on the move and not only for golfers ! name not only the wine, ....................... also the vineyard,
..................type and the year. P ra tt...................... won.
During the meal, while we were having snacks, Mike
C om plete th e fo llo w in g se n ten ces. ...............that the wine w e ......................... drink was
something unusual.
a) If he went on toot, .................................................................
b) He spoke as if he ...................................................................
c) Maria asked me w h e th er....................................................... Translate into English.
d) Bring the red book with you when ..................................
a) Te atept la caban dac nu vrei s te grbeti.
e) The person who ......................................................................
b) Mama este n buctrie de azi diminea.
f) I wish I ........................................................................................
c) Nu sunt de acord cu plecarea voastr la munte pe o
vreme ca asta.
S p eak ab o u t yo u r hobby.
d) De vrei sau nu vrei, o s stai cu noi la toate edinele.
e) Tare a vrea s-l ntlnesc !
f) Este posibil ca el s plece la munte iar s mai atepte
grupul.
 c) Avionul urm a s decoleze la ora 5, dar din cauza ceii
In ab o u t 2 0 0 w o rd s describ e th e w a y yo u sp e n t o ne d a y decolarea s-a amnat.
of yo u r w in ter holiday. d) Teatrul Globe se afl la Londra.
e) Studenii care frecventeaz biblioteca facultii au
dreptul la o mas gratuit.
f) Mi s-a spus s aduc o pine i un cuit.

Fill in th e blanks w ith o n e su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly

o n e w ord for each blank.
W In ab o u t 2 0 0 w o rd s n arrate one h ap p y m om ent th a t
you rem em ber from yo u r childhood.
T h e average pocket money for 12-16 year olds
.......................... 5 pounds a week, according to a survey.
Kids spend more of their pocket money on drink
......................anything else. Crisps, sw e e ts........................ice
cream are the second biggest expense. Fill in th e blanks w ith one su ita b le w ord. Use only
T h e y ......................whatever I want as much o ne w ord for each blank.

.................... they manage to save. Comics and magazines

come n e x t .................... their list of preferences and they No one would deny t h a t ...............computer has
seem to ................. more CDs and cassettes than books increased peoples working capacity, as w e ll......................
and stationery. British teen ag ers......................rather have their intellectual abilities. W ith its help, people
a monthly allo w an ce...................... the traditional weekly .................... do more and better things in a shorter
sum of pocket money. They say th e y ......................control period of time. However, ......................is an alarming
their affairs much better if they receive a certain amount body of opinion that says that prolonged exposure to the
per month. v id e o .......................... can cause physical and
.............................disorder. On the one hand, some people
consider t h e .......................... as a friend but on the othe
Translate into English. hand it is considered...............deadly enemy.
P eo p le..........................believe that the computer has a
a) Nu voi pleca pn nu tie toat lumea care este positive im p a c t............................their lives mention first
adevrul. of all the joy and pleasure they have in working with it.
b) Maria era att de suprat, nct nu a vzut maina
venind din stnga.
 round the world. It all sta rte d ..................chance when
Translate into English. he was sp o tted ..........................his sister Kates modeling
agency.
a) De luni diminea tot ncerc s trim it acest fax. Success sto ries.................... Nicks are rare. If you think
b) Cum a ajuns acas, s-a dus n sufragerie i a scos a modeling career d ep en d s....................... looks alone,
din bibliotec toate crile pe care le cumprase n youre i n .............................a disappointment.
ultimul an. I wasnt a handsome kid a n d ....................... dont think
c) Nu nelegea de ce trebuie s fie el cel care s Ive got much b e tte r ......................age says Nick
pzeasc avionul prsit. modestly.
d) Dac a cunoate traseul, v-a duce pn la hotel.
e) Nici nu vroia s asculte de sfaturile prietenilor si
i nici de sfaturile specialitilor.
@ Translate into English.
f) -ar fi s cumprm o barc i s mergem la
pescuit ? a) Cnd a ajuns lng poliist i-a adus aminte c
nu se oprise la rou.
b) Dac vrei s m ajui, cumpr ultima carte de
In a b o u t 2 0 0 w o rd s a rg u e for an d a g a in s t th e fo llo w in g exerciii aprut.
sta te m e n t: c) St n aceast cas de cnd prinii ei au adus-o
Instead of studying in a classroom youd better travel de la ar.
around the world. d) Chiar dac ar dori s rezolve totul ntr-o secund,
nu ar putea din cauza timpului pierdut.
e) L-am anunat c trec pe la el, ca s nu plece de acas.
T e s tu l 4
f) Ninge de cnd am cobort din tren.

Fill in th e blanks w ith o n e su ita b le w ord. U se only

one w ord for each blank. In a b o u t 2 0 0 w o rd s n arrate th e book th a t influenced
yo u v ery much.
A short while ago, Nick Moss was an ordinary
schoolboy. Now he is a well-paid m o d e l......................gets
constant offers of work.
His is t h e ....................... of success story which fuels the
im agination......................thousands of young people
 f) De fiecare dat cnd a dorit s-l cunoasc pe Peter
Fonda, s-a ntm plat s fie alt invitat mai important
dect el i s nu mai fie prezentat.
Fill in th e blanks w ith o n e su ita b le w ord. U se o n ly
o n e w ord for each blank.

0 In a b o u t 2 0 0 w ord s a rg u e for an d a g a in s t :
Have you ever wondered why we sleep, and.................. Chidlhood is that period in your life when you can do
happens to your body and your brain once you have shut whatever you want.
your eyes ? Thanks to research carried o u t .....................
sleep laboratories it is now possible to find out.
The sleep cycle..........................three different phases
......................are repeated through the night. If you
......................unlucky enough to have insomnia one night,
....................... other members of your family sleeping.
Perhaps......................can guess what phase they are
.................... and from the expressions on their
..........................you may even g u e ss............................ they
are dream ing!

# Translate into English.

a) Copilul a nceput s scrie far s fie atent

la ortografie.
b) I-au trebuit trei ani ca s construiasc o cas att
de solid.
c) I s-a spus s se gndeasc bine dac vrea s vorbeasc
la tribunal sau nu.
d) Maria l-a ntrebat pe primar de ce nu primesc copiii
caiete i creioane gratuit.
e) Mama nu term in niciodat treaba n cas nainte
de miezul nopii.
 8. a) the, , ; b) the, ; ) ; d) ; ) ; f) ;
S o l u +> i i l e e Xwe v c +

i\ \ o r g) an, the ; h) the ; i) the ; j) - ; ) - ; 1) - ; m) - ; ) - ;
) , the ; p) the, the ; q) ; r) , ; s) the, the ; t) the
de 9. a) a, b) one, c) a, d) one, e) a, f) one
10. , , the, the, the, the, , the, the, the, a, the, ,
the, , the, , the, , the, the, the
1. tables, matches, glasses, feet, gases, victories, thieves,
11. a) cheap cheaper the cheapest, b) wide wider
policemen, analyses, potatoes, valleys, fish, radios, foxes,
the widest, c)small smaller the smallest,
knives
d) sad sadder the saddest, e) bad worse
2. a) Buses are the cheapest way of getting into town.
the worst, f) useful more useful the most useful,
b) The children were waiting for you.
g) self-sufficient more self-sufficient the most self
c) These tomatoes have gone bad.
sufficient, h) cool cooler the coolest, i) narrow
d) Male deer usually have horns on their heads.
narrower / more narrow the narrowest / the most
e) He lost two / his front teeth in the fight. / They lost
narrow, j) little less the least
their front teeth in the fight. 12. a) Bucharest is bigger than Ploieti.
f) Theyve published two / several series of readers for
b) My brother is older than me.
students of English.
c) Her watch is more expensive than mine.
g) Are they the original drawings or are they copies ?
d) The crop this year is better than last year.
h) Wolves are wild animals that look like dogs. e) Life in the country is healthier than life in a town.
3. a) knowledge is, b) homework, c) Physics is, d)
f) He is more generous than I thought.
luggage, e) Here is th e ... news. g) It is worse than I expected.
4. a) information, b) fish, c) has, d) luggage, e) is,
h) Rome is farther from London than Paris.
f) experience, g) heros, h) parties 13. a) tiring, b) bored, c) confused, d) confusing,
5. a) friends parents / friends parents, b) fathers
e) terrified
office, c) doctors hands, d) days rest, e) brothers
14. a) the best, cheaper ; b) the most famous ;
name, sisters f) childrens new toys, g) a m iles distance,
c) the oldest / the eldest, younger; d) the most popular,
h) Jam ess bike, i) of my fathers, j) newsagents
more popular; e) more comfortable, the fastest
6. ) [], b) [], ) [Si], d) [], e) [], f) [],
15. a) the last chapter, c) older, e) less tiring,
g) [], h) [<M, i) [6i], j) [], ) [], 1) []
f) thinner and thinner, g) the worst time,
7. a) a, b) , ) a, d) an, ) a, f) an, g) a, h) a i) ,
h) W hat an exciting idea !
j) , ) , 1)
16. a) TV programmes are more and more interesting. e) You must go to bed much earlier.
b) It is colder and colder and the days are shorter and f) Nobody helped her. She had to finish the project by
shorter. herself.
c) This story is more and more boring. g) W hats the time ?
d) The more exciting the match, the louder h) Its colder than I expected.
the spectators shouted. 24. a) it is, b) it is, c) there are, it is, there is, d) it is,
e) The more he trained, the fewer mistakes he was it was, e) it was, there were, f) there is, there is, g) there
making. arent, h) it was, i) there is, j) it is
17. a) in a friendly way, b) high, c) hard, d) lately 25. a) It was John who m et one of his friends in the
18. a) She, him ; b) He, h e r ; c) We ; d) We ; e) u s ; f) it street yesterday.
19. a) This is, b) nothing, c) Someone, d) anything, e) b) It was a seat that Mr.White didnt get on his train this
himself, f) They morning.
20. a) His computer is more sophisticated than our c) It was after Christmas dinner that Victor heard this
computer. His computer is more sophisticated than story the first time.
ours. d) It is trees that I would often climb when I was a boy.
b) Her essay was more interesting than his essay. e) It was only two topics of conversation that Sydney had.
Her essay was more interesting than his. f) It is every dish that is aimed at the eye as well as at
c) Their garden is more beautiful than our garden. the palate.
Their garden is more beautiful than ours. g) It is for us that someone has left a parcel outside the
21. a) by myself, b) on their own, c) by yourself, front door.
d) on our own h) It is for Hogan that the results have been devastating.
22. a) We couldnt see anything. i) It is she who is very anxious for her daughter to
b) Everybody drinks coffee here. succeed.
c) No one answered when I phoned. j) It is into the pockets of a few thousand that much of
d) Everyone lost the last bus yesterday. the money has found its way.
e) Is anyone going to introduce us there ? 26. a) It is really muggy today !
23. a) The two young men were looking at each other b) It is never too late to learn.
and they seemed to understand nothing / didnt seem c) It is strange the train hasnt arrived.
to understand anything. d) It is no use crying over spilt milk.
b) Who else would like to share the cake with us ? e) There is a mall near the hotel.
c) She complains diat she cant hear well. f) It was you who went to Spain.
d) The doctor himself told him to stop smoking.
 g) It is a long way to Craiova. 34. a) hear, b) is teaching, c) do you do, d) dont
h) It is two weeks since you last wrote. understand, e) gets, f) am thinking, g) think,
28. a) I think it is going to snow tonight. h) apologise
b) If I walk, it will take me an hour to get there. 35. a) decided, b) tried, c) asked, d) wanted, e) had,
c) The schoolmistress found it hard to believe Emilys f) was, smiled, g) enjoyed, promised
story. 36. had, went, were, returned, fell, got married, moved,
d) There is no smoke without fire. brought, built, made, enjoyed, wrote, felt, marked
e) It is three days since I left home. 37. a) Who did you meet ?
f) It takes much courage to stay an honest man these days. b) How much time did you spend together ?
g) There comes a time when it is good to fight for your c) W hich movie did you see ?
rights. d) W here did you go ?
h) There is a tall, bearded man with a large parcel in his e) How long did you sit chatting ?
arms at the door. f) When did you go home ?
i) It is Peter who broke the window pane, 38. a) used to, b) used to / would, c) used to / would,
d) used to, e) would / used to, f) used to
j) There is a vase with roses on the table.
39. a) went, was doing, it was c ryin g ; b) was studying,
29. speaks, writes, goes, plays, reads, tries, has, does,
m e t; c) were you doing, heard ; d) happened, were
hurries, is, eats, misses, brushes, buys, watches, sees
spending, e) lifted, felt, f) had, were driving; g) phoned,
30. uses, reads, listens, misses, likes, make, bring, tries
thanked ; h) didnt go, was raining
31. a) Do your neighbours have a dog ? Yes, they do.
40. Possible answers :
b) Does the dog bark ? Yes, it does.
a) I havent visited Australia.
c) Does your cat like the dog ? No, it doesnt.
b) Ive seen an Australian movie.
d) Does the cat chase the dog ? No, it doesnt. c) I havent spoken to an Aborigine.
e) Do they fight when they meet ? Yes, they do. d) I havent seen a real live kangaroo.
f) Do you like your neighbours dog ? No, I dont. e) Ive heard about the Sydney Olympics.
32. a) is taking off, b) are flying, c) is leaving, d) am f) Ive taken part in a competition.
walking, e) is he sightseeing, f) are always complaining, g) Ive climbed a mountain.
g) is not playing, h) am dying h) Ive travelled by plane.
33. a) turn right, b) go, c) think, d) are watching, 41. a) managed to, b) read, c) been, d) found, e) passed,
e) visits, f) does the postman come, g) is winning, i) used, g) bought
h) dont believe 42. a) has crashed, b) hit, c) have had, wrote, went,
d) hasnt made up his mind, e) Ive left, f) has risen,
g) Ive known, h) theyve grown, i) arrived
43. a) for, b) since, c) since, d) for, e) since, f) for 52. It appears the rent has not been paid.
44. a) I havent seen Ann since 1998. The old city centre is currently being rebuilt.
b) This is the first time Ive eaten octopus. All the books have been sold.
c) She hasnt spoken to Mike since she borrowed his car. An enourmous amount of money is spent on cigarettes.
d) So far Ive w ritten three pages of my essay. Hundred of trees were uprooted.
e) Its ages since I havent been abroad. Dont worry, the children w ill be looked after.
45. a) Georgiana has been living in LA since 1990 53. a) The old mans absence has been noticed by
b) Miss Baines has been managing this project for nobody / hasnt been noticed.
two years. b) Big profits were made by Connex last year.
c) Hes been investing in our country for six months. c) The Danube Delta has been visited by many tourists.
d) Theyve been building this road since last summer. d) A million books will have been sold by our publishing
e) My brother has been sleeping for two hours. house by the end of the year.
f) My mother has been cooking since 11 oclock. e) Your problem can be sold by a good doctor.
46. a) After / when I had told her the truth, I felt... f) The interviews will be held next Monday.
b) I watched War and Peace after I had read it. g) His decision was approved of by all his friends.
c) After he had written an article, he listened to h) The monotony of a long drive is broken up by
m usic... a car radio.
d) My father realised that he had lost the keys when 54. has been kidnapped, was devastated, had been
he went... turned, was returned, is relieved
e) After / when I had saved for five years, I bought... 55. w'on, was awarded, was awarded, was made, have
47. a) had eaten, thanked; b) had baked, ate ; been translated, are published, is married, has, lives
c) had checked, w e n t; d) had written, sen t; e) had 56. a) got, b) had, c) found, d) stopped, e) have,
entered, stopped f) take, g) went, h) should, i) should, j) should
48. a) Im going to, b) itll rain, c) is going to knock, 57. a) were, b) were, c) were, d) spend, e) stopped,
d) will win, e) are having, f) itsgoing to sink f) were, g) come, h) talk, i) meant, j) were
49. a) Ill be sitting, b) hell be ready, c) will you be 58. a) I wish I didnt have to leave tonight.
doing, d) will have taken, e) see, f) is going to have b) jack acts as if he knew all the people in the room.
50. had, lay, would think, had fished, was, would stop, c) I wish they visited me.
ate, watched, ran, would take, started, had used, had, d) If only I had had more help I could have solved
was, kept, was, could the problem.
51. thanked, stayed, lay / was lying, had been thrown, e) Shed rather be a teacher than a translator.
was, held, happened, has been riding, was, were f) He started explaining the problem as if he had
crossing, was, fell, was, wont forget, has done understood it.
g) Its high time the children went to bed. checked... h) W hen I was a child we would get up
h) If only they had left on tim e.... early and go...
i) He wishes I hadnt told him the secret, 64. a) Jim cant have done it.
j) I wish you took this into account. b) You neednt write this report.
59. a) had not eaten, was available, had no way c) You should stop smoking.
b) was an island, contained a note, someone opened, d) He may be waiting when we get there.
if only I could be e) He shouldnt have given up his job.
60. a) It is astonishing that a person of your education f) You mustnt walk on the grass.
should be taken in so easily. g) He must be planning to quit his job.
b) She was afraid to speak / she didnt dare to speak lest h) Boys will be boys.
/ for fear he should recognise her voice. 65. a) needs, b) can, c) could have, d) could, e) ought,
c) I wish he got up earlier in the m orning! f) were able to, g) must, h) would, i) dont have to,
d) He talked as if he was the only one who had been j) could
on the trip. 66. a) had to, b) may not, c) may / might, d) ought to,
e) The officer insisted that all those who wanted to go e) cant, f) could have, g) must, h) may / might
on leave should fill in the form A. 67. a) permission, b) advice, c) prediction, d) logical
f) He wishes his sons results met his expectations. probability; e) offer/ suggestion, f) necessity, g) necessity,
g) Its high time we did what we were told, otherwise h) offer / suggestion, i) habit, j) advice, k) logical
w ell be left without fire wood. probability, 1) willingness, m) typical behaviour,
h) Id rather you hadnt found out the story before me n) certainty
and you hadnt told it to all our friends. 68. a) Ill wash the car when I have some free time.
i) Maria wishes she found the golden ring ! b) We wont start the meeting until everybody arrives.
j) Far be it from me to spoil your pleasure but as it got c) Hell have to behave better when he goes to school.
dark outside it is high time we left. d) They wont go away until she comes ;.
61. a) cant, b) could, c) shall, d) neednt, e) may, e) The old woman will be delighted when she hears
f) shouldnt, g) might, h) ought to the news.
62. a) He must b e ... b) Her husband must m ak e... i) My friends will buy a new car when they have saved
c) She cant be far away, d) You must be joking. enough money.
e) He cant spend... f) It must be Chris. 69. W hen all babies are grown in test tubes, no one will
63. a) Shall we g o ... b) W ill you o p en ... c) Could you naturally belong to a family.
help m e ... d) These trousers neednt be ironed, e) You By the time we reach home, the snow will have stopped.
must hand in ... f) May I w a it... g) I ought to have The airport will remain closed, until further notice.
She borrowed a new book, as soon as she had finished 74. a) He said to her that he had seen them that day.
reading The M agus. b) The boy told his mother not to be angry.
Let me know as soon as he gets here. c) I asked my friend why he had come so late.
70. a) will you be, b) w ell go, c) Id give up, d) Tom greeted Mary.
d) he leaves, e) she had come, f) she would have waited, e) The teacher asked the pupils if / whether they had
g) he had tried, h) I would have met you studied Shakespeare the year before / the previous year,
71. Possible answers : i) M ary promised her mother that she would write to
If I could choose a holiday place, Id go to Hawaii. her evey week / M ary promised her mother to write to
If the weather is fine, Ill go for a walk. her every week.
If I went on a trip to London, I would like to see Albert g) The officer ordered his soldiers to start digging.
and Victoria Museum. h) Peter agreed.
If I won a lottery prize, Id donate half of it to a charity. i) The teacher asked how much water we had
If I had had more money, I would have bought in that bottle.
a better car. j) The assistant told him that he had to be ready
7 2 . a) If you dont do something foolish, you wont by ten oclock.
be fired. 75. You may not believe it, but I took it. She claimed
b) Sue would have gone to the party if she hadnt
she took it.
been ill.
Look, if I were you, Id start raising some money for
c) Id help you if I knew what the problem is.
my studies. She advised him to raise some money
d) You wont get slimmer if you dont stop / unless
for his studies.
you stop eating to many cakes.
I know, its silly but I cant remember your name.
e) If I hadnt left the map at the hotel I wouldnt have
He admitted not remembering her name.
got lost.
Well, if you dont mind Ill have the fish pie.
f) I wouldnt have forgotten to buy sugar if I had made
a shopping list. He decided to have the fish pie.
g) If you go to Paris by bus you pay less than if you go How about our going to the swimming pool together ?
by train. He suggested our going to the swimming pool together.
h) Unless she had asked for a day off, M ary wouldnt 76. Mrs Hale said that she could have come. That she
have got one. had stayed away because it werent too cheerful and that
73. a) She will be happy if she wins the competition was why she ought to have come. She went on saying
d) I would tell you her name if I knew it. that she had never liked the place. Maybe because
f) He will have a nervous breakdown if he goes on it was / is down in a hollow and you didnt / dont see
working like this. the road. She continued by saying that she didnt know/
 doesnt know what it was / is but it was / is a lonesome is right, he is telling the truth ? Hadnt it been for that
place and always had been / was.In the end Mrs Hale blind faith in a miracle, in something that could wipe
said that she wished she had come over to see Minnie out eveything and make us start living again from the
Foster sometimes, as she could se e ... very beginning by being cleaner, more honest...
77. a) The new fridge has arrived, where shall This is what he was feeling, but instead of turning
we put it ? his feelings into thoughts he tightly closed his eyes and
b) Would you like to borrow this book ? the librarian plunged his head into the pillow, wishing to go beyond
asked her. it, into silence.
Thank you, but I have already read it. she said. 79 . a) hurts, b) live [laiv], c) bother, d) harm, e) aroma,
c) If you dont like to take the lift, climb the stairs, f) chair, g) attendant, h) client, i) pace, j) lose
mother told her son. 80. a) a doctor, b) qualities, traditions or features of life
d) W ill you have a raise in your salary ? they that... c) to greet somebody... d) a person watching a
asked me. sporting event, e) to begin again after a break, f) to keep
Yes, please. I answered. something / somebody apart, g) careful about ones
e) Lets all the boys buy tickets for the girls and invite work, h) an institution... i) important in history...
them to the cinema, Paul said. j) a passage...
f) Well done, very good results, the teacher told 81. a) raise, b) hung, c) laid, d) rang, e) fell, f) ground,
his students. g) lie, h) bound, i) founded, j) wounded
g) If your car had gone a few inches nearer the edge, 82. a) Voi fi calm i raional.
you would have been dead by now the policeman b) Eric nu prea i bate capul cu hainele.
explained to the driver. c) i-a ridicat furculia i era pe punctul de a deschide
h) Do you travel alone or with someone ? gura cnd, deodat, n buctrie s-a auzit zumzetul mai
the customs officer asked me. multor voci.
i) W hat was the weather like during the week d) Creterea vitelor constituia marea realizare a rii.
you spent in London ? he asked me. e) Cteodat aproape c nu tiu ce spun.
j) A Happy New Year, Im sorry for the delay. f) E greu s te gndeti c nu cu muli ani n urm el
7 8 . He didnt dare to open his mouth or try, in his nu era dect un bieel.
mind at least, to make a sentence as correct as possible. g) El s-a transformat de la sine ntr-un mincinos, dar
If he hadnt refrained himself, he would have ntr-unul calculat i independent.
undoubtedly exclaimed : It seems as if I am watching a h) Limbile nu exist ntr-un vid ci sunt puternic afectate
performance in bad taste ! Why should he use all these de schimbrile sociale, politice, economice i tehnice.
words in such a pathetic, false way, when by all means he i) In ultimele cteva zile, petele proaspt a ajuns la nite
preuri exorbitante, dar cumprtorii au refuzat s-l d) After a month of living together in the same house
cumpere. they took to Pamela very much.
j) West Mallion era una dintre casele de importan e) If babies put on very little weight at first, eventually
istoric din Sussex. they make up for it.
83. a) Paul felt an acute pain in his bones but he had f) She was run down just outside her office.
got so much used to it that he went on reading without g) They put off signing the paper.
interruption. h) W hat I didnt know I had to find out or make up.
b) The only thing that bothered him about Paul was i) The natives have to put up with gaping tourists.
the fact that he kept changing the channels without j) She was someone whose charm grew on you more
asking him. and more.
c) The seats in this car are more comfortable than those 86. a) From the first day he realised he could never
in the bus. make up for the lost time as much as he might want it.
d) Before the prices went double, M r Jones bought a b) Every time he runs up against a serious problem, his
coat lined with red silk and the latest novel by John grandmother talks him into seeing the bright side of
Fowles. things and hope in a miracle.
e) A doctor never loses patience with his patients, c) If Tom goes on working like this, he will break down
otherwise he cant find out the real cause of the illness. very soon.
f) Id rather go on the stadium as a spectator than stay d) W hen I give an order, I expect it to be carried out.
home in front of the TV as a viewer. e) The production of this show was a good idea, but
g) Everybody gathered in the nuttree shadow waiting for unfortunately it didnt come off.
the bride. f) I cant put up with your complaining any more.
h) An economical way of travelling is hitch-hiking. g) The smell of onion put me off eating.
i) You are welcome in my house whenever you like, h) Dont be taken in by his too long speeches !
j) His last wish was that his son would avenge him. i) I need someone to stand in for me at the ceremony,
84. a) problem, b) repairs, c) decision, d) word, j) Karen promised not to go back on her word.
e) visiting Paris, f) economic difficulties, g) the pain,
h) his beliefs, i) a new talkshow, j) competitor
85. a) Peter broke away from his friends and ran to
catch the bus.
b) They hoped that the strike would be put off.
c) W hile M ary was away on vacation, Paula stood
in for her.
 b) Traditional music plays an important role in community
S o l u + i l e + e s + e l t f r life. It is always present at religious and social events.
T e X + s f o r re&\vsg c) They play during work hours to help pass the time
or make manual labour seem less hard and boring.
comprekevss'iovs ^ d) Blues is African American nonreligious music.
e) The immigrants have added a lot to the multicultural
Test I life of America. Theyve brought their customs,
1. b, a, g, d, f traditions and music.
2. a) false, b) true, ) true, d) false, e) false, f) false, f) The flute, the guida (a type of bagpipe), the banjo
g) true are musical instruments mentioned in the text.
Test II 4. Music and songs are learn ed ... / they are passed
1. b, e, c, a, d along . . .the steps that have been handed dow n... /
2. e, c, b, d much of their culture has been destroyed.
3. a) No, it doesnt. Test IV
b) Because the clay and sand it picks up do not settle 1. a biography
to the bottom of the river. 2. As a child, Thor fell into the icy water and he didnt
c) The W hite Nile is clear. know how to swim.
d) The Nile is dark blue. 3. a) to tilt, b) to plunge, c) to trap, d) to fade,
e) The Amazon is the second longest river in the world. e) to quit, f) to hire
1) Because they were attacked by a group of Indians 4. a) tilted, b) faded, c) hiring, d) plunged, e) trap, f) quit
wearing headdresses and grass skirts which reminded 5. a) before, b) near, c) beyond, d) through,
them of the women warriors in the Greek legend. e) beneath, f) under
4. a) long longer the longest
Test V
b) much / many more the most
2. a) false, b) true, c) true, d) false, e) true, f) false,
c) short shorter the shortest
g) true, h) false
d) deep deeper the deepest
e) dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous Test VI
2. The effects of both air and water pollution on the
Test III
environment have been observed for years.
1. b
International Nickel and the worlds tallest
2. a, d
smokestack...
3. a) They learn to play by watching the older members
3. a, b, c, d
of the community.
4. a) Both the business and the consumer community
are to be blamed because they dont see the economic S o lu iile t e s t e l o r
consequences of pollution,
b) Yes, but in a negative way.
ca \a emamevs
5 ; .. .environmenta problems which have been k d vA n a ed * P ora\S
developing for well over 100 ye ars...
Test VII Test 1
1. Small-town life is better than life in large towns. II a) This is the first time I have been to Paris.
2. Everybody knows everybody and people are honest b) Had it not been for Peters support I wouldnt have
with each other. People can enjoy the beauty of each been able to build the house.
season. You can really enjoy nature. Other advantages : c) It is five years since they started living in Germany.
fresh air, a more friendly environment, people know and d) The robbers are believed to have got into the house
can help each other etc. through the roof.
3. e) Its high time you bought a new pair of shoes.
4. might = possibility ; cant = impossibility ; f) You should have come to the meeting.
can = ab ility; to be able to = ability
Test VIII Test 2
1. a story of childhood II a) I wash he would not forget his keys anymore.
2. a) Mexican, b) poor, c) she had to b) I regret telling him to shut up.
4. would, wouldnt = habit in the past c) I wont have you play your music after midnight.
d) I wont accept his offer.
Test IX
e) Little do you realize how much I have worked for you.
1. an opinion essay
f) No sooner had the bell rung than all the students
2. a) The decline of Neatness, b) worried, c) to raise
rushed to the yard.
public awareness
3. a) The unkempt generation looks sloppy, uncombed,
Comisia de bacalaureat hotrte asupra versiunii
unshaved, unpressed.
finale a traducerii textului literar.
b) Speaking is also affected by this decline of tideness.
Pentru rezolvarea corect a exercitiilor

4. Cu ct haina este mai decolorat i aparent mai veche,
cu att preul este mai mare. de completare (II) este necesar o cunoatere
aprofundat a problem elor de gramatic
prezentate n compendiu.
 Test 5
Upper - & r m e d \&+e II a) Its OK.
b) If they co m e...
Proba orala c) As soon as they arrive...
d) Its OK.
Test 2
e) Its OK.
II a) You may not enter the room.
f) She has been living...
b) I wish you got the present you expected.
c) They were known to have already accomplished
Test 6
their task.
II a) It is two years since I last went to the dentists.
d) Should Tom come here, tell him to phone me.
b) The book is essential to be read before the end
e) Mother would rather her daughters stayed at home
of the term.
than went to the park.
c) If she had phoned them she was coming, they would
1) It is months since I last spoke to him.
have been home.
d) Unless somebody puts some coal the fire will go out.
Test 3
e) Its about time we trimmed that tree in the garden.
II a) ...if you had bought...
f) He reminded him to bring the book.
b) Its OK.
c) ...unless you tell him.
Test 7
d) He wishes he could study...
II a) ...another loaf of bread ?
e) ...you finished...
b) ...where I came from.
f) ...he would phone...
c) He speaks very good English.
d) I prefer...
Test 4
e) If he brings the luggage...
II a) Unless you tell her the truth...
f) I saw no-one in the lobby.
b) If you come on time...
c) Its OK.
Test 8
d) Hardly had he entered...
II a) It is unlikely for him to have missed the train.
e) Its OK.
b) He asked the sailor how far it was to the harbour.
f) He run away / He should run away.
c) He cant stand listening to music.
d) Not to miss the plane, he left two hours earlier.
e) I have never seen such beauty !
f) Should the teacher come to school on Sunday,
ask him about my book. U p p e r - m + e r w e d i + e

s e v i s e
Test 9
II a) As I was late...
Test 1
b) As usual...
I a) Un posibil rezumat al textului ar putea fi urm to rul:
c) I have been living here since...
Two days before Christmas, the main character tries
d) Salt is...
to raise some money so that he could offer his present
e) Its OK.
to Miss Elf. The only way he could think of to raise
f) Its terribly...
money is by carol singing in the suburbs, but it doesnt
prove too productive. (45 words)
Test 10 II a) Every year, at Christmas time, I am left penniless.
II a) Its OK.
b) If the people in the suburbs had opened their door
b) You neednt have bought...
to me, they would have been delighted by my carol.
c) Its OK.
c) Hardly had I started opening my mouth when Maria
d) ...his soldiers to go to...
told me to stop singing.
e) Its OK.
d) I wish I had had the tim e to read all the novels
f) ...before the train had got in.
written by Balzac.
e) The people in this region are said to be hard-working
and honest.
f) The officer ordered his soldiers to wear their uniform
even while on leave.

Test 2
I a) Un posibil rezum at:
The whole world but New-York mostly have been facing
the fax craze.This new technical development has
invaded all areas of activity, be it business or private.
As any craze is dangerous, there are people who have
started restricting the use of the fax machine. (45 words)
II a) Paul suggested that we should leave home earlier
for fear we might miss the train.
Paul suggested that we leave home... Test 4
Paul suggested our leaving home... I a) Chinese cinema, almost unknown to the world has
b) Matthew promised that he would phone us when he been rediscovered and has proved to be a surprise.
got home. The first step was made when the China Film Archive
Matthew promised to phone us when he got home. resumed its activity in 1978 and brought to light old
c) Its high time we left, its already late. films. The second step was the 1980 London season
d) But for M arias help we wouldnt have ever got to the when many Chinese films were for the first time
chalet. presented abroad. (57 words).
e) This is the man who told us the story of his sea II a) John says that these are not his gloves, although
voyage. they are very similar to the ones he has bought himself
f) He is unlikely to find out the truth in time. not long ago.
b) I have recently received a parcel from a friend of
Test 3 my fathers.
I a) Un posibil rezum at: c) I was told that I was going to meet your sister at
The main characteristic of football fans is their noisy the seaside.
attitude in expressing their adulation. The question is d) As he has done all his homework, Tom can go to
raised whether their primitive behaviour could be a the cinema tomorrow.
matter of social class or financial interest. The e) The woman who is talking to my sister in the yard
conclusion is that football is that kind of game that is our neighbour who lives across.
attracts people who behave violently and primitively. f) He told me that he had run into John in the streets
(50 words) the day before.
II a) It has been raining since we arrived in Sinaia.
b) Dont go away before finding out what time the train Test 5
from Cluj gets in. II a) But for their wish to get to the chalet as quick
c) Father has been watering the flowers and he is very as possible, no accident would have happened.
tired. b) If I could talk to my teacher before leaving the
d) You neednt have bought so many flowers, country, he could advise me what books to buy
our gardern is full of roses. from London.
e) May I open the window ? It is very warm in here. c) Rarely does it happen that birds come back
f) He managed to / was able to / drive home although in February.
the fog was very thick. d) The more you read the better prepared you feel.
e) Peter could play the piano when he was five.
f) He must have been home when I phoned as all the Test 8
lights in the house were on. II a) Hardly had she got to know the truth when
she had to be satisfied with the official version.
Test 6 b) Our friend asked him not to leave before everybody
II a) Hardly had he entered the house when he (had) got to the station.
remembered that he hadnt bought a present for his c) The colder the winter is, the warm er the summer
girlfriends birthday. will be.
b) If only he came on time we could end the discussions d) If you had told me that you had only two theatre
by midnight. tickets I wouldnt have gone out of the house on such
c) Im looking forward to crossing the Channel. weather.
d) If she had really been that sick she wouldnt have e) For fear she might be late, Maria left home two hours
come to the party. earlier.
e) Mr Jones is thought to be the oldest in our f) I have been living in this house for twenty years
department. without ever thinking of selling it.
f) W hen they got to the station the train for Constana
had already left. Test 9
II a) Its high time we changed our way of thinking,
Test 7 said Paul to the friends with whom he had come to the
II a) If you do not find me at the hospital, try phoning lecture given by the history professor.
this number. b) If he he had been innocent, he wouldnt have started
b) W hen the plane took off he remembered that he crying and blaming everybody.
hadnt told his wife about his departure. c) Whatever the doctor may tell you, you had better stop
c) He behaves as if he is the only black-haired person smoking. / Id rather you stopped smoking.
in the family. d) The more seriously he prepares himself for the job
d) Its high time we left without waiting for the next of a reporter the less time he has to talk to people
group to come. around him.
e) If only I knew about his p a s t! e) If you had listened to me, you would have been far
f) They were promised that Santa Claus would come away from this city by now.
with many presents and sweets this present year. f) Vlad suggested / that we should wait / that we wait /
our waiting / for the whole group to arrive and go
on foot as the last bus had left half an hour before.
Test 10
II a) It is unlikely that it stops snowing before midnight. X t t + e r w e d i n + e
b) For thirty years he has been preparing himself for
this special moment in any parents life : his daughters
Proba ora\a
wedding.
Test 1
c) If you had time to go with me to the book-shop
I Exemplu de comentariu :
I would have showed you Mircea Crtrescus latest
The text speaks about the wray literature could be
volume of verse.
interpreted differently depending on the values system
d) He must have suffered very much as he didnt get
the reader uses. The American lady who discards M acbeth
over it after more than two years.
as being a book for high-school students and whose
e) I would rather you stayed with your friends and your
example of artistic achievement is a good mystery story
brother came to help me with the luggage.
applies the pattern that functions in a detective story
f) The best football player seems to be the one who
to a tragedy such as M acbeth , misinterpreting character
wants to win. and plot.
The discussion could go on to analyse what good
literature is and if a detective story is worth reading
or not.
My personal opinion i s ............

II a) Shakespeare isnt likely to have made M acbeth as

simple as it seems.
b) Could you figure out right away who did it, it would
spoil everything.
c) The lady said that she didnt think for a moment
that Macbeth had killed the King.
d) Those are the ones you suspect the most, of course.
e) I made a stupid mistake.
f) Suppose it were a detective story.

III Exemplu de argumentare a afirmaiei A good

detective story is worth a thousand poems :
A detective story is a narrative in which the plot
develops so as to find the missing information ; Test 5
the main character is a detective who solves the mystery. II a) 3, b) 2, c) 4, d) 5, e) 1, f) 6
A poem is a piece of writing in verse in which the poet
expresses his feelings in a refined way. Test 6
A good detective story could be worth even more than II a) arise, b) lying, c) felled, d) founded, e) wounded,
a thousand poems if we think of Agatha Christies books. f) lied
By reading a detective story you develop your power of
thinking and your intuition. Detective stories are easy Test 7
to read as they make you curious to go on reading to II ago, time, waiting, research, them, seems
find out the truth in the end.
On the other hand, a detective story cannot compare Test 8
to any poem if we consider Eminescu or Shakespeare II a) No-one has had a chance yet to predict the
or any other great poet. A poem synthesizes human outcome of this dispute with certainty.
experience and feeling at a higher level. And so on ! b) I believe that contrary to public opinion the project
has every chance to be a success.
Test 2 c) Their decision that he should be promoted is good.
II a) heads, b) informal, c) pockets, d) click away, d) She insisted that I didnt talk to anyone about what
e) make a getaway, f) hand over I saw.
e) Imagine you were completely blind.
Test 3 f) I have never been so insulted.
II had, began, was sitting, noticed, were looking, were
pointing, came, didnt finish, asked, enjoyed Test 9
II a) If only it hadnt been hit by the shark.
Test 4 b) ...I wish I hadnt killed the fish, though.
II a) In spite of the fact that he would rather scream, c) ....the more chances...
Kennedy manages a wide grin. d)...m an was not made...
b) I cant remember having met you before. e) If only I had my harpoon...
c) Lets walk away to leave the stage to the winners. f) ...as though he had been hit...
d) The fire was probably started by a dropped cigarette.
e) I hadnt expected the train to arrive so late.
1) Despite their disliking him, they agreed to help him.
Test 10
II a) Im afraid w eve run out of eggs. X v N + e rw n e d ia + e
b) This town reminds me of Sheffield.
P s c r is a
c) I can put you up.
d) Terry neednt have arrived early.
Test 1
e) It seems that Brian has left.
I up, himself, had, how, it, when, from, his, the, be
f) Diane didnt leave my house until ten oclock:
II a) If he had known from the start what the novel
was about, he wouldnt have bought it anymore.
b) I was told not to talk before I get to the end of the
corridor.
c) If he had been patient, he would have discovered
that nobody wanted to harm him.
d) As soon as you get home, phone your parents.
e) Hardly had he entered the shop when he
remembered he had no money.
f) How could I not appreciate his efforts to adapt when
there is nobody to help him with some advice, at least.

Test 2
I played, will, any, than, at, was, who, were, the, with
II a) He hasnt listened to him telling them how to
get to the station and now he is sorry.
b) Maria asked the professor if/whether it hadnt been
better for her to enter her name on the optics course.
c) She wouldnt have wished to be alone in the house
as she was terribly afraid of ghosts.
d) It is three kilometers left to the next village.
e) They found it hard to understand the philosophy
teachers course, as they hadnt read the bibliography.
f) If only he had been lucky at bingo !
Test 3 c) Maria told me how she had got home before her
I have, to, as, are, on, roles, develop, less, has, and mother did so that she wouldnt notice she had lost
II a) He couldnt / wasnt able to drive home because her keys.
of the fog. d) If there were many people on the stadium, the tickets
b) But for our parents coming to help us, we would would be cheaper.
have died of hunger and thirst in that deserted chalet. e) It is impossible that Monica has left without taking
c) I wish I met Richard Gere ! her luggage.
d) He cant have broken the window, he was with me f) She has been living with an old aunt for more than
at the cinema. two years.
e) If you hurry, you will catch the train.
f) He remembered posting the letter but he doesnt Test 6
I what, else, wanted, from, could, of, fact, habit, want,
know if he has bought a stamp as well.
reminding
II a) They decided not to wait for Horia anymore
Test 4
as it was getting dark.
I everything, not, work, in, or, at, front, in, of, in
b) He asked him to buy a cinema ticket for him and
II a) He is known as the best violin player in the world.
meet outside the cinema.
b) Our friend asked me not to tell anybody that
c) W hen they got to the hotel, the room they had
he was left penniless.
booked was taken.
c) If the weather is fine we will go to the mountains.
d) At the airport we have to show your passport and
d) It is high time we stopped quarrelling as we have
plane ticket.
common interests. e) If you talk slowlier, we will understand you.
e) He remembered he had to talk on the phone with his f) Nobody has been living in this house for the last
new piano teacher. ten years.
f) Hardly had he looked at her when he remembered
where he had met her. Test 7
I usual, some, to, after, watching, some, just, when, at,
Test 5 enough
I been, of, him, were, for, up, another, from, me, would II a) If they had bought fresh meat as Corina had told
II a) Whatever you may believe, I dont want you to them, now they would have eaten steak and fried
leave without saying good-bye. potatoes.
b) If he had been patient, he would have met their b) For fear her parents might find out the truth, Mihaela
new ski instructor. ran away from home.
c) If you had told me you needed money, I would have d) Sara has been playing tennis for two years,
given you some. since she gave up volley-ball.
d) It is absolutely strange for you to leave home without e) It has been raining the whole week.
packing the necessary luggage for such a trip. f) They promised to build this bridge in less than
e) He promised to write to us as soon as he gets two years.
on American land.
f) If he were right, I would trust completely. Test 10
I on, would, department, exchange, told, into, to,
Test 8 unfortunately, I, putting
I than, in, being, avoid, many, some, them, was, also, II a) When he got the telegram he had already spent
had half of the sum his aunt had given him.
II a) If you were to live for ten years on a deserted b) If he walked faster, we would get to the theatre
island, what books would you take with you ? just on time.
b) He cant understand why the department boss c) He cant have forgotten about his friends and the
did not believe him when he told him about his trip promises he had made two years ago.
to Africa. d) They got bored to wait for the rain to stop, so they
c) Are you sure that this is the carriage you are went home.
looking for ? e) Why dont you try putting some hot water in the vase ?
d) Nothing is more annoying than a false friend. f) He is considered the most attractive theatre actor.
e) If I went to the mountains this week, I could buy
some cheese and fresh eggs.
f) The profession of a journalist means much weariness
and little sleep.

Test 9
I so, will, only, after, recently, be, forced, who, range, as
II a) The shopkeeper refuses to give the money back
to the client.
b) The workers had been already working for two hours
when the accident happened.
c) Although the letter was written a month ago, it hadnt
arrived at the destination yet.
 b) Maria was so angry that she didnt see the car coming
P r e - t tt+ e rm e d ia + e from the left.
c) The plane was about to take off but due to the fog
Proba ora le the take off was delayed.
d) The Globe Theatre lies in London.
Test 2
e) The students who attend the faculty library are
II a) since, b) for, ) since, d) for, e) since, f) for
entitled to a free meal.
f) I was told to bring a loaf of bread and a knife.
Test 4
II a) it, b) there, c) it, d) there, e) it, f) it
Test 3
I the, as, can, there, screen, mental, computer, a,
who, on.
P re ~ m + e rm e d ia + e II a) I have trying to send this fax since Monday
morning.
Proba sar\sa b) The moment he got home, he went to the dining
room and took.all the books he had bought during
Test 1 the last year out of the bookcase.
I at, on, got, if, to, but, the, always, said, would c) He didnt understand why he was the one to keep
II a) Ill be waiting for you at the chalet if you dont an eye on the deserted plane.
want to hurry up. d) If I knew the route, I would take you to the hotel.
b) Mother has been in the kitchen since morning. e) He wouldnt listen to his friends or the specialists
c) I dont agree to your going to the mountains on such advice either.
weather. f) W hat about buying a boat and going fishing ?
d) If you want it or not, you will stay with us at all
meetings. Test 4
e) I wish I m et him ! I who, type / kind, of, by, by, like, on, for, I, with
f) He may go the mountains without waiting for II a) When he got near the policeman he remembered
the group. he hadnt stopped at the red light.
b) If you want to help me, buy the latest exercice book.
Test 2 c) She has been living in this house since her parents
I is, than, or, spend, as, on, buy, would, than, could brought her from the countryside.
II a) I wont leave before everybody knows the truth.
d) Even if he wanted to solve everything in a second,
he couldnt because of the lost time.
e) I let him know that I would pass by so that he
wouldnt leave home.
f) It had been snowing since I got off the train.

Test 5
I what, by, has, which, are, watch, you, in, face, what
II a) The child started writing without paying attention
to spelling.
b) It took him three years to build such a solid house.
c) He was told to think twice before deciding whether
to talk in court or not.
d) Maria asked the mayor why children didnt get
notebooks and pencils for free.
e) Mother never finishes the housework before
midnight.
f) Every time she wanted to meet Peter Fonda, another
guest happened to be more important and she wasnt
introduced anymore.
 Edith Iarovici i Rodica Mihil-Cova Lexicul de baz
B i b l i o g r a f ie al lim bii engleze, dicionar contrastiv, Editura tiinific
i Enciclopedic, Bucureti, 1979.
Tom McArthur Lexicon o f C ontem porary English,
A.S. Hornby Oxford Advanced L earners D ictionary o f Longman, Londra, 1981.
Current English, Oxford University Press, Londra, 1995. Tom McArthur Longman D ictionary o j C ontem porary
Michael Swan Practical English U sage, International English, ed. a III-a, Longman, Londra, 1995.
Students Edition, Oxford University Press, L.G. Alexander L ongman Advanced Grammar, Longman,
Londra, 1996. Londra, 1996.
* * * Collins Cobuild English Grammar, HarperCollins L.G. Alexander L ongman English Grammar Practice,
Publishers, Londra, 1992. Longman, Londra, 1997.
John Eastwood Ox/orJ Practice Grammar, Oxford L.G. Alexander Pdght Word, Wrong Word, Longman,
University Press, Londra, 1994. Londra, 1994.
Martin Hewings Advanced Grammar in Use, Cambridge Brian Tomlinson O penings, Lingual House,
University Press, Cambridge, 1999. Londra, 1986.
Georgiana Gleanu i Ecaterina Comiel Gramatica Eckhard Fielder, Reimer Jansen, Mill Norman-Risch
lim bii en gleze, Editura Didactic i Pedagogic, America in Close-Up, Longman, Londra, 1990.
Bucureti, 1982. * * * Elements o f Literature, Literature o f Britain with World
Georgiana Gleanu-Frnoag Sinteze de gram atic Classics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Hartcourt Brace
englez, Editura Cruso, Bucureti, 1995. and Company, Austin, 1997.