მოსწავლის 10 ახალი კლასი ზაალიშვილი
მოსწავლის 10 ახალი კლასი ზაალიშვილი
მოსწავლის 10 ახალი კლასი ზაალიშვილი
moswavlis wigni
biologia
10
nawili I
biologia
10
moswavlis wigni
nawili I
nana zaaliSvili
2022
biologia
10
moswavlis wigni
nawili I
gamomcemloba `triasi”
Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7.
tel: +995 577 42 52 22
www.triasi.ge
Email: [email protected]
I gamocema
2022 weli
© gamomcemloba `triasi~
1 _ sicocxlis molekulebi
2 _ ujredis komponentebi
_ daskvniTi nawili
moufrTxildi wigns!
Tema - ujredis biologia
1.4. naxSirwylebi
wylis patara molekulebi, maTi unikaluri Tvise-
bebidan gamomdinare, ujredis TiTqmis yvela sasicocxlo
1.5. lipidebi
procesSi monawileoben da mis sasicocxlo Tvisebebs gan-
sazRvraven.
1.6. dezoqsiribonukleinis
mJava.
dnm-is aRmoCenis istoria
CH2OH H OH CH2OH H OH
H O H H O H
H O OH H H O OH H
OH H H OH H H
HO O O
H H O H H O
H OH CH2OH H OH CH2OH
imetyvele, rogorc
mecnierma
cocxal organizmebSi ar aris aRmoCenili raime
mikroelementi iseTi gansakuTrebuli qimiuri elementi, romelic
makroelementi mxolod maTSi gvxvdeba da aracocxali buneba mas ar
wyalbaduri bma Seicavs. Tumca, qimiuri elementebis raodenobrivi
zedapiruli daWimuloba Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvaveba am or sam
hidrofiluri nivTierebebi yaros Soris Zalian didia.
hidrofoburi nivTierebebi
buferuli nivTierebebi
O
1 daakvirdi ilustracias. romel
qimiur elementebs Seicavs dedami-
49,4%
wis qerqi gansakuTrebiT didi ra
odenobiT?
danarCeni 0.8%
cocxal organizmebSi qimiur elemen
tebs mecnierebi pirobiTad or jgufad _ Ti 0.6%
makroelementebad da mikroelementebad H 0.9% Si
Mg 1.9%
yofen. 25,8%
.4%
makroelementebs im elem entebs K2
uwodeben, rome l Ta Semcveloba orga
Na Al
2.6% Fe
Ca 7%
nizmSi 0,1%-s aRemateba.
3.4% 4.7%
mikroelementebis jgufSi is qimiuri
elementebia gaerTianebuli, romlebsac
organizmi 0,01-0,001%-is farglebSi Sei dedamiwis qerqis
cavs. qimiuri Sedgeniloba
9
sicocxlis molekulebi
Zalze mcire, 0,000001%ze naklebi raodenobiT Sedis cocxal organizmSi oqro, vercxli,
platina. am elementebs zogi mecnieri calke, ultramikroelementebis jgufSi aerTianebs.
C
18.5%
O H
65.0% 9.5%
N - 3.3%
Ca-1.9%; S-0.3%; P-1.0%; Mg-0.1%; K-0.4%;
Na-0.2%; Cl-0.2%.
2
romeli elementebi Sedis gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT adamianis organizmSi?
3
ra gavlenas axdens adamianis janmrTelobaze rkinis nakleboba sakveb produqtebSi?
4
romeli daavadebaa dakavSirebuli iodis deficitTan?
5
ras iwvevs fToris deficiti?
10
sicocxlis molekulebi
gansxvaveba cocxal da aracocxal bunebas Soris mole kulur doneze iCens Tavs.
yvela cocxali organizmi organul niv Ti
er
ebebs _ cilebs, lipidebs, naxSirwylebsa
da nukleinis mJavebs Seicavs. es nivTierebebi mxolod cocxali organizmebis `kuTvni
lebaa~, radgan organuli nivTierebebi mxolod maTSi warmoiqmnebian.
araorganuli nivTierebebi gvxvdeba rogorc cocxal, aseve aracocxal bunebaSi.
araorganuli organuli
lipidebi 1.0-1.5%
araorganuli nivTierebebi
Cveni sxeulis daaxloebiT 80%-c wyalia. is aris rogorc ujredSi, ise mis gareT _
qsovilur siTxeSi, sisxlSi, limfaSi, nerwyvSi.
rac yvelaze metad sainteresoa, wylis Semcveloba TiTqos pirdapir miuTiTebs mTli
anad organizmisa da ama Tu im ujredis aqtivobaze. magaliTad, bavSvis organizmi didi
raodenobiT wyals Seicavs. asakTan erTad misi Semcveloba TandaTan klebulobs. Tavis
tvinSi wylis Semcveloba daaxloebiT 90%-ia, cximovan qsovilSi ki _ mxolod 10%.
zrdasruli adamiani dRe-RameSi saSualod 2 litramde wyals iRebs da amdensave gamo
yofs. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom adamiani mxolod 3-5 dRe Zlebs wylis miRebis gareSe
da misi 12%-is dakargvis Semdeg iRupeba.
es magaliTebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom wyals didi mniSvneloba aqvs sicocxlisTvis.
11
sicocxlis molekulebi
aRmoCnda, rom es, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebrivi molekula, romelic yvelganaa Cven
garSemo da romelic Cveni yofis ganuyofeli nawilia, sruliadac ar aris Cveulebrivi.
mas mravali uCveulo, unikaluri Tviseba gaaCnia, romelTagan, mecnierTa azriT, ramden
imem gadamwyveti roli Seasrula dedamiwaze sicocxlis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaSi.
mkvlevarebis azriT, sicocxle wyalSi Caisaxa da wyali erTgvar `mbrZanebel~ moleku
lad iqca _ ujredis struqtura aiwyo wylis Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
wylis unikaluri Tvisebebi misi molekulis aRnagobidan gamomdinareobs.
wyali polaruli molekulaa. romlis erTi nawili uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli, xolo
meore _ dadebiTad. aseT molekulas dipols uwodeben.
wylis erTi molekulis dadebiTad damuxtuli wyalbadi izidavs wylis meore moleku
lis uaryofiTad damuxtul Jangbads da maT Soris e.w. wyalbaduri bmebi warmoiqmneba.
+
H
+
H
O
O
O
+
H
H H
+
H
+ +
imisTvis, rom wylis molekulam gawyvitos wyalbaduri kavSiri mezobel mole ku
lebTan, gaTavisufldes da haerSi gadainacvlos, anu aorTqldes, unda gacxeldes.
oflis gamoyofa
organizms agrilebs
12
sicocxlis molekulebi
wyals kidev erTi ucnauri Tviseba aqvs _ is erTaderTi nivTierebaa, romelsac Txe
vad mdgomareobaSi ufro meti simkvrive aqvs, vidre myarSi. sxva nivTierebis gacivebisas
mis molekulebs Soris manZili mcirdeba, is zomaSi iklebs da ufro mkvrivi xdeba. wylis
SemTxvevaSi piriqiTaa.
gacivebisas wylis molekulebi erTmaneTs scildeba da ise ukav Sirdeba erTmaneTs
wyalbaduri bmebiT, rom kristalur mesers warmoqmnis. am meserSi molekulebisgan Ta
visufali bevri adgilia. amitom yinulis simkvrive, Txevad wyalTan SedarebiT, gaci
lebiT dabalia _ is tivtivebs.
yinuli sabaniviT efareba wylis zedapirs da icavs mis qveS mdebare wylis fenebs civi
haeris uSualo zemoqmedebisgan.
13
sicocxlis molekulebi
-
H 2O H+ + OH
_
wyalSi disocirebisas H+ ionebs mJavebi iZlevian, xolo OH ionebs _ tuteebi.
ujredisTvis H+ da OH raodenobriv Sefardebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
_
14
sicocxlis molekulebi
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
_ _ _
+ _ _ +
OH + H OH +
OH + OH _ H OH
+
H + _H _
H + H_ OH + H OH OH _
+ + H _ + _
H H OH H OH H OH OH
pH - is Skala
rac ufro dabalia pH-is maCvenebeli, miT metia am xsnaris mJavianoba da piriqiT _
pH-is maRali maCvenebeli xsnaris tutianobaze miuTiTebs.
wylis pH 7-is tolia. ujredebis umravlesobis pH-ic stabilurad daaxloebiT 7-is
tolia, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi erTdroulad mravali reaqcia mimdinareobs da Ses
aZloa, am dros didi raodenobiT gamoTavisufldes H+ da ujredis SigniT are gaamJavi
anos, an piriqiT.
pH-is mudmivobis SenarCuneba e.w. buferuli nivTierebebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
maT aqvT unari, miitacon `zedmeti~ H+ an gamoaTavisuflon isini areSi da amiT daicvan
ujredebi pH-is ryevisgan. magaliTad, fosfaturi buferuli sistema NaH2PO4-isa da
Na2HPO4-gan Sedgeba. pirveli marili moqmedebs rogorc wyalbadis donori, anu gatu
tianebis saSiSroebisas is aTavisuflebs ujredSi H+-s. Na2HPO4-s ki aqvs unari, gamJavi
anebis saSiSroebisas miitacos Warbi H+, anu is wyalbadis aqceptoria:
- -
Na+ + H2PO4 Na+ + H+ + HPO42
- -
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3
15
sicocxlis molekulebi
pH
O
A B
16
sicocxlis molekulebi
susti
qliavi, ispanaxi, lobio, Tevzi, kvercxi, karaqi,
mJava yveli
17
sicocxlis molekulebi
18
sicocxlis molekulebi
Sen SeZleb:
• aRwero aminomJavis struqtura;
• Seadaro da ganasxvao aminomJavebi erTmaneTisgan radikalebis mixedviT;
• aRwero cilis pirveladi, meoreuli da mesameuli struqturebi da axsna rogor ya
libdebian isini;
• moiyvano argumentebi, ratom gansazRvravs cilis pirveladi struqtura yvela danar
Cens da rogor qmnis es biomravalferovnebis safuZvels;
• sqematurad warmoadgino cilis denaturacia-renaturaciis procesi da imsjelo mis
gamomwvev mizezebze;
• moiyvano cilis denaturaciis magaliTebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan.
• imsjelo infeqciuri cilebis _ prionebis moqmedebis meqanizmze.
hidrofoburi aminomJavebi
hidrofiluri aminomJavebi
(CH2)n
N
N+H#3
COO
- N+H
19
sicocxlis molekulebi
peptiduri bma
H O H O H O H O
H _ N _ CH _ C _ OH + H _ N _ CH _ C _ OH H _ N _ CH _ C _ N _ CH _ C _ OH
R1 H 2O
R2 R1 dipeptidi R2
20
sicocxlis molekulebi
cilis meoreul, mesameul da meoTxeul struqturas, rogorc wesi, susti bmebi afiq
sirebs. sxvadasxva fizikuri an qimiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT isini advilad wydebian.
am process denaturacia hqvia. denaturacia SesaZloa gamoiwvios sxvadasxva fizikurma
da qimiurma faqtorma mag: maRalma temperaturam, mJavebma, tuteebma, marilebis kon
centrirebulma xsnarebma, organulma gamxsnelebma, mZime metalebma. xSir SemTxvevaSi,
faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sewyvetis Semdeg cila isev aRidgens misTvis damaxasiaTebel
formasa da Tvisebebs, anu renaturirdeba.
Zlieri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT cila renaturaciis unars kargavs.
denaturacia renaturacia
cilis Tvisebebs misi pirveladi struqtura gansazRvravs. es imas niSnavs, rom misi
Tvisebebi mTlianad imazea damokidebuli:
•• ramden aminomJavur erTeuls Seicavs cila;
•• romelia es aminomJavebi;
•• ra TanmimdevrobiT arian isini ganlagebuli polipeptidur jaWvSi.
am grZeli jaWvidan Tundac erTi aminomJavas adgilis Secvlam an misma `amogdebam~,
SesaZloa, mTlianad Secvalos cilis Tvisebebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, funqciac.
simartivisTvis warmovidginoT, rom cila mxolod xuTi monomerisgan Sedgeba. mono
merebad oci aminomJavadan xuTi SevarCioT da aseTi TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT:
axla, pirvel cilaSi monomerebis ricxvi igive davtovoT, magram romelime aminomJava
orjer gavimeoroT, jaWvidan sxva romelime aminomJavas amogdebis xarjze:
21
sicocxlis molekulebi
22
sicocxlis molekulebi
1 2 4
H 2N CH CO NH CH COOH
3
R1 R2
3 davuSvaT, rom:
a. cilis spiralTan dakavSirebuli ori figura amino
mJava valini da alaninia. isargeble ta buliT (gv. 19) da
moifiqre. rogor formas miiRebs spirali amino mJavebis
aseTi ganlagebis gamo?
gaiTva
lis
wine, rom cilis struqturis formireba ci
toplazmaSi, anu wylian garemoSi xdeba.
b. cilis spiralTan dakavSirebuli ori figura gluta
minis mJava da lizinia. rogor Seicvlis spirali formas
mocemuli aminomJavebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad?
A B
23
sicocxlis molekulebi
CH2 CH
H3C CH3
4 ra process asaxavs ilustracia? O 2
H H3C CH3
1
O CH
daasaxele am procesSi monawile bmebi, rom
lebic ilustraciaze sxvadasxva feriTaa mo HO C
3
niSnuli. CH2 CH2 S S CH2
4 O
CH2 NH3+ -O C CH2
jaWvi?
24
sicocxlis molekulebi
3
2
1 1. fermenti;
2. substrati;
3. produqti.
25
sicocxlis molekulebi
2
1
1
1. fermenti;
2. konkurentuli inhibitori;
3 3. arakonkurentuli inhibitori.
26
sicocxlis molekulebi
rkinis atomi
hemi
hemoglobini transferini
27
sicocxlis molekulebi
1 2
antisxeulebi:
1. mZime jaWvi; 2. msubuqi jaWvi.
28
sicocxlis molekulebi
1 2 3
1 romel antigens boWavs
mocemuli antisxeuli?
4 5 6
29
sicocxlis molekulebi
A B
reaqciis siCqare
reaqciis siCqare
temperatura temperatura
1 2 3 4
30
sicocxlis molekulebi
v v v
t t t
1 2 3
7
fermentis aqtivoba
fermentis
1 5
aqtivoba
2 4
3
1
Tambaqos kvamlSi aRmoCenilia 4000-mde nivTiereba, maT Soris: vercxlis
wyali, tyvia, qromi, dariSxani, kadmiumi, nikeli. axseni adamianis janmrTelobaze am
mikroelementebis damazianebeli gavlenis meqanizmi.
31
sicocxlis molekulebi
32
sicocxlis molekulebi
1.4 naxSirwylebi
Sen SeZleb:
imetyvele, rogorc
mecnierma naxSirwylebi organuli nivTierebebis didi jgufia, ro
melic monosaqaridebs, oligosaqaridebs da polisaqaridebs
monosaqaridebi
aerTianebs.
oligosaqaridebi
polisaqaridebi
izomeri monosaqaridebi
6
1
2 5
3
4
4 1
5
3
6 2
33
sicocxlis molekulebi
oligosaqaridebi
oligosaqaridebi monosaqaridebis SeerTebiT warmoiqmneba. sityva oligo _ cotas,
mcires niSnavs. monosaqaridebis ricxvma oligosaqaridSi SeiZleba 7-s miaRwios.
disaqarid maltozaSi glukozis ori molekulaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
maltozas didi raodenobiT Seicavs Wvavis, qeris, Svriis, xorblis gaRivebuli marc
vlebi. maT ludisa da viskis warmoebaSi iyeneben.
sakvebi Saqari, anu saqarozac disaqaridia, mis molekulas ori monosaqaridi _ glu
koza da fruqtoza qmnis. sakveb Saqars Warxlisa da lerwmisagan iReben.
disaqarids, romelic rZes tkbil gemos aniWebs, laqtoza, anu rZis Saqari hqvia. misi
monomerebi glukoza da galaqtozaa.
glukoza maltoza
fruqtoza saqaroza
galaqtoza laqtoza
polisaqaridebi
cxoveluri organizmebis polisaqaridi
glikogenia, romelic granulebis saxiT grov
deba kunTebsa da RviZlis ujredebSi.
kunTSi glikogeni, romelic kunTis masis
daaxloebiT 1%-s Seadgens, adgilobrivi mox
marebis `marags~ qmnis. glukozis deficiti
kunTis gaZlierebuli muSaobisas glikogenis
daSliT warmoqmnili glukoziT ivseba.
mozrdili adamianis RviZlSi 120 gramamde
glikogenia, rac RviZlis masis daaxloebiT glikogeni
8%-s Seadgens.
34
sicocxlis molekulebi
35
sicocxlis molekulebi
1 warmoidgine, rom gadmogces ucnobi fxvnilebiT savse sami paketi. erT maTgan
Si natriumis bikarbonatia, meoreSi _ saxamebeli, mesameSi _ saqaroza. gaiTvaliswine
am nivTierebebis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi da amoicani isini.
2 imaSi dasarwmuneblad, `amarTlebs~ Tu ara naxSirwyali Tavis saxelwodebas,
aseTi eqsperimenti gamogadgeba:
C6H12O6 6C + 6H2O
• elementi;
• araorganuli nivTiereba;
• organuli nivTiereba.
36
sicocxlis molekulebi
a. glikogeni;
b. glukoza;
g. celuloza;
d. qitini.
7 amoicani nivTiereba:
polimeria
ar aris cila
samarago naxSirwylebia:
a. saxamebeli
b. glikogeni
a b g d
g. qitini
d. glukoza
1 2 3 4 5 6
37
sicocxlis molekulebi
Seavse cxrili.
naxSirwylebi
38
sicocxlis molekulebi
1.5 lipidebi
Sen SeZleb:
• ganmarto ra saerTo Tvisebebi aqvT lipidebis jgufSi gaerTianebul organul nivTierebebs;
• imsjelo cximebis gansxvavebul agebulebasa funqciebze sxvadasxva ujredsa da organizmSi;
• aRwero fosfolipidebis agebulebis Taviseburebebi da Seusabamo es maT funqciebs;
• imsjelo steroidebis mniSvnelovan rolze sasicocxlo procesebis regulaciasa da sasi
cocxlo Tvisebebis marTvaSi adamianis organizmSi;
• Camoayalibo, rogor gansazRvravs cvilebis fizikuri Tvisebebi maT daniSnulebas sxvadasx
va orgnizmSi;
• ganmarto, rogor aisaxeba steroidebis nakleboba adamianis janmrTelobaze.
cximovani mJava
glicerini cximis molekula
39
sicocxlis molekulebi
40
sicocxlis molekulebi
estrogeni
qolesterini
androgeni
Cvens kanze mzis ultraiisferi sxivebis moqmedebiT qolesterini D vitaminad gardai
qmneba, romlis nakleboba raqits iwvevs.
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqovani Sris steroiduli hormonebi mineraluri da or
ganuli nivTierebebis cvlas aregulirebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi hormonis brZanebiT
natriumi da qlori rCeba Cvens organizmSi, kaliumi ki idevneba.
41
sicocxlis molekulebi
5
wyali
• aiRe ori sinjara. Caasxi oriveSi 380C temperatu
ramde gamTbari wyali, Tanabari raodenobiT. zeTi
• CauSvi orive sinjaraSi Termometri.
• moaTavse erT-erTi sinjara zeTian WiqaSi.
• erTdroulad sinjariani Wiqa da meore sinjara
moaTavse didi zomis yinulian WurWelSi.
• daakvirdi wylis temperaturis cvlilebas orive
sinjaraSi.
a. ris models warmoadgens zeTiani Wiqa sinjariT?
b. romel cocxal organizmebSi iqmneba analogiuri situacia?
42
sicocxlis molekulebi
3
4
cximi damcvelobiTi
cvili energetikuli
fosfolipidi samSeneblo
steroidi sasignalo
a. cila - fermenti;
b. cvili - naxSirwyali;
g. celuloza-naxSirwyali;
d. steroidi-lipidi.
43
sicocxlis molekulebi
6 amoicani nivTiereba:
ar aris polimeri
Seicavs fosfors
44
sicocxlis molekulebi
45
sicocxlis molekulebi
sakvlev masalad, rac unda gasakviri iyos, f. miSerma Cirqi airCia. is Tvlida, rom
CirqSi arsebuli leikocitebi mSvenier sakvlev obieqts warmoadgenda, maTi ujredis
martivi agebulebis gamo. garda amisa, sakvlevi masalis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT mas
problema ar eqmneboda _ qirurgiuli klinika yoveldRiurad amaragebda dolbandiT,
romliTac operaciebis Semdeg avadmyofebs Wrilobebs uxvevdnen.
birTvebis gamosayofad f. miSeri leikocitebs Roris kuWis wveniT amuSavebda. kuWis
wvenis marilmJava da pepsini, birTvis garda, praqtikulad mTlianad Slida leikocitis
ujreds.
46
sicocxlis molekulebi
birTvis SigTavsis kvlevisas man daadgina, rom birTvSi arsebobs raRac nivTiereba,
romelic ar hgavs manamde cnobil arcerT nivTierebas: cilebis msgavsad, is didi ra
odenobiT Seicavs azots, magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, ar Seicavs gogirds; amas garda, es
nivTiereba, cilebisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian mdidaria fosforiT.
ucnob nivTierebas miSerma nukleini uwoda.
miSeri bevrs muSaobs gausaZlis siciveSi, radgan rwmundeba, rom nukleinis gamoyofa
dabal temperaturaze sjobs _ maRal temperaturaze is Tvisebebs icvlis.
erTi wlis dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad f.miSeri midis daskvnamde, rom nukleini mak
romolekulaa (pergamentis filtrSi ver gadis), romelsac mJavuri buneba aqvs. metic, is
didi raodenobiT Seicavs mJavur naSTebs. magram imdroindeli qimiuri kvlevis meTodebi
mecniers ar aZlevs saSualebas, ufro CauRrmavdes nukleinis qimiuri bunebis garkvevas.
axla is, kvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, svams kiTxvas: ra roli SeiZleba hqondes
nukleins ganayofierebis procesSi?
es yvelaze dramatuli momentia mecnieris cxovrebaSi. mas sul erTi nabiji aSorebs
im meore umniSvnelovanesi faqtis aRmoCenas, rom nuk lei
ni memkvidruli nivTierebaa.
amisTvis sakmarisia kiTxvis sxvagvarad dasma, magram is sul sxva mimarTulebiT ganagr
Zobs kvlevas. cdilobs daamtkicos, rom nukleini xels uwyobs ganayofierebis process.
muSaobas Sedegi ver moaqvs.
nukleiniT axla sxva mecnierebi interesdebian. isini adgenen, rom nukleini qromo
somis SedgenilobaSi Sedis da amitom is memkvidruli nivTiereba unda iyos. warmoid
gine, rom nukleins axal saxelsac _ „nukleinis mJavas“ sxvebi arqmeven. sul male irkve
va, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis nukleinis mJava.
47
sicocxlis molekulebi
1 4
2 3
fagis agebuleba
48
sicocxlis molekulebi
xe
siT
sanjRrevelaSi naleqi
centrifugireba
gadatana
II
xe
siT
naleqi
sanjRrevelaSi centrifugireba
gadatana
k. herSisa da m. Ceizis eqsperimenti
dnm 1869 wels f. miSerma aRmoaCina. 1952 wels a. herSisa da m. Ceizis eqsperimentiT
dadasturda, rom genetikuri nivTiereba dnm-ia. fagi virusia, romelic baqteriis
ujredSi parazitobs. centrifuga xelsawyoa, romelsac narevis gansxvavebuli sim-
kvrivisa da zomebis komponentebis erTmaneTisgan gamosacalkeveblad iyeneben.
49
sicocxlis molekulebi
1 mecnierebi xumroben rom maTi saqmianoba sxva araferia, Tu ara kiTxvebi, ro
melTac isini bunebas usvamen, raTa gamostyuon mas saidumloebebi. sworad dasmul
kiTxvebs buneba gulwrfelad pasuxobs. Tumca didi mecnieruli aRmoCenisTvis mxo
lod kiTxvebis sworad dasma ar kmara; saWiroa didi Sroma, raTa bunebis gulmo-
wyaleba daimsaxuro.
rogor fiqrob, ra unda ekiTxa miSers bunebisTvis, rom igi meore mecnieruli
aRmoCenis avtori gamxdariyo? Sromismoyvareoba mas namdvilad ar aklda.
50
sicocxlis molekulebi
Sen SeZleb:
1
3
2
dnm-is SenebaSi monawile nukleotidebi
1. azotovani fuZeebi; 2. dezoqsiriboza. 3. fosformJava;
1940 wels amerikeli bioqimikosis e. Cargafis mier dnm-is Sedgenilobis ori umniS
vnelovanesi kanonzomiereba iqna aRmoCenili, romelsac SemdgomSi Cargafis kanoni ewo
da:
•• dnm-is nukleotidebis raodenobrivi Semcveloba sxvadasxva saxeobis organizmSi
gansxvavebulia;
•• yovel saxeobaSi adeninis raodenoba Timinis raodenobis tolia (a = T), xolo
guaninisa _ citozinis (g = c). amasTan, yvela saxeobis dnm-Si purinebis fuZeebis
raodenoba pirimidinis fuZeebis raodenobis tolia (a+g = T+c).
51
sicocxlis molekulebi
3
1 2
rentgenuli kristalografia
1. rentgenis sxivi;
2. dnm;
3. areklili sxivi. dnm-is rentgenograma
r. franklini
52
sicocxlis molekulebi
a T
P T a P
c g
1
T a
g c
P P
c g
T a
P T a P
g c 2
c
P g P
a T
g c
3 T
P a P
T a
c
P g P
c g
a T
dnm-is struqtura
1. polinukleotiduri jaWvi; 2. nukleotidi; 3. wyalbaduri bmebi.
53
sicocxlis molekulebi
54
sicocxlis molekulebi
a_a_g_c_c_g_T_c_T_T
aRadgine dnm-is molekula _ warmoadgine meore jaWvis nukleotiduri Sedgeni
loba.
a T
T a
g c
3 am `kibis~ romeli safexuria dazianebuli? g c
T a
c a
g c
a T
55
sicocxlis molekulebi
H H
N N H O СH3 N O H N
N N H N N N H N
N N N N
N H O
O
H
A B
azotovani polinukleoti-
dnm-is molekula nukleotidi
fuZe duri jaWvi
a b g d e
56
sicocxlis molekulebi
a. glukoza saxameblisTvis;
b. cila aminomJavasTvis;
g. steroidi lipidisTvis;
d. cvili naxSirwylisTvis.
57
sicocxlis molekulebi
sicocxlis molekulebi
A B C D E
58
sicocxlis molekulebi
aqvs funqcia
aris
aris aris
lipidi
fosfolipidi
aqvs funqcia
struqturuli
10 21 2 14 13 17 28 11 33 36
daSifruli sityva
59
sicocxlis molekulebi
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
kiTxvebi pasuxebi
b.
b. yvela sinjaraSi elodebi buStebis
gamoyofas? ratom?
9.
dagegme da Caatare eqsperimenti, romlis drosac daakvirdebi temperaturis gav
lenas katalazis aqtivobaze.
60
sicocxlis molekulebi
O A B AB
a b b a
61
sicocxlis molekulebi
10,00 5,50
9,50 5,25
5,00
9,00 pH
4,75
8,50
4,50
8,00
4,25
7,50
4,00
1 10 17 24 31 38 45 52 58 1 10 17 24 31 38 45 52 58
dReebi dReebi
• ra aris pH?
• ratom aris mniSvnelovani organizmSi pH-is mudmivobis SenarCuneba?
• ra damokidebuleba arsebobs kanis pH-sa da mis damcvelobiT funqcias Soris?
• ras urCev pacientebs, romlebsac kanis Cirqovani daavadeba _ akne awuxebT?
grafikebis analizisa da daskvnis momzadebisas gaiTvaliswine:
• ra mimarTulebiT icvleboda eqsperimentSi monawile adamianebis kanis pH pirveli
sami kviris ganmavlobaSi
• rogori pH unda hqonoda myar sapons?
• rodis daiwyo mkveTrad kleba baqteriebis raodenobam kanze?
• rogori pH unda hqonoda Txevad sapons?
62
sicocxlis molekulebi
modelis prezentaciisas:
• axseni, ratom uwodeben cilis molekulas makromolekulas;
• daasaxele cilis monomerebi;
• imsjele, ra udevs safuZvlad aminomJavebis radikalebis mixedviT klasifikacias
da ratom;
• aRwere, rogor iqcevian aminomJavaTa radikalebi hidrofilur da hidrofobur
garemoSi;
• warmoaCine, rogor urTierTqmedebs sxvadasxva radikali erTmaneTTan;
• imsjele, ra moxdeba, Tu romelime aminomJava Seicvlis adgils cilis molekulaSi;
• axseni, ras niSnavs cilis Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi denaturacia da warmoaCine es
cvlileba Seni modelis saSualebiT.
63
sicocxlis molekulebi
proeqti
mineraluri wyali
64
sicocxlis molekulebi
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
1
aqtivoba 1
aqtivoba 2
aqtivoba 3
aqtivoba 4
aqtivoba 5
aqtivoba 6
aqtivoba 7
65
Seni organizmi trilionobiT ujredisgan Sedgeba. es
mikroskopuli struqturebi mraval miniaturul orga
Sen SeZleb:
warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom yoveli cocxali arseba ujredebisgan Sedgeba, mraval
ricxovani kvlevebis Sedegad, nabij-nabij Camoyalibda.
ujredis arsebobis Sesaxeb pirvelad ingliselma mecnierma robert hukma XVII sauku
neSi ganacxada. mis mierve Seqmnili martivi mikroskopiT muxis qerqis anaTlis Tvalie
rebisas robert hukma SeniSna, rom is patara, datixruli nawilebisgan Sedgeboda, rom
lebic monastris oTaxebs _ keliebs Seadara.
samecniero mikroskopebis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, anton van levenhukma, 1674 wels
mikroskopSi pirvelma dainaxa mikroorganizmebi da cxoveluri ujredebi _ eriTroci
tebi da spermatozoidebi.
XIX saukuneSi, mikroskopis gaumjobese basTan erTad,
ujredebis Seswavlis axali etapi daiwyo.
germanelma mecnierma, maTias Slei denma, mravali mce
naris sxvadasxva organo dan damza
debuli uamravi anaTa
lis Seswavlis safuZvelze, daasabuTa, rom yvela mcenares
ujreduli Seneba aqvs. am monacemebma misi Tanamemamulis,
Teodor Svanis didi interesi gamoiwvia. man uzar mazari
kvleva Caatara, romlis mizani mcenareebisa da cxovelebis
qsovilebis SedarebiTi Seswavla iyo. T. Svanma ganazogada
im dro isTvis arsebuli yvela monacemi mcenareuli da
cxoveluri ujredebis Sesaxeb da 1839 wels gamoaqveyna Se
degebi. am Sedegebis mixedviT udavo iyo, rom yvela coc T. Svani
m. Sleideni
69
ujredis komponentebi
70
ujredis komponentebi
1
12
13 2
6
11 9
7 13
8
14
10 4
5
A B
10 mkm
0.1 nm
10 nm
1mkm
0.1 m
1 sm
1 nm
1 mm
10 m
1m
lipidi
baqteria
virusi kolibri
cila
atomi mitoqondria Tevzis
qviriTi
ujredi
ribosoma adamiani
71
ujredis komponentebi
vxedavT
3
albaT miaqcie yuradReba, ujreduli Teoriis ganviTarebaSi fundamenturi
roli mamakac mecnierebs miuZRviT. sagakveTilo teqstic da fotoebic amaze me
tyvelebs. rogor fiqrob, ra unda iyos amis mizezi? imsjeleT klasSi amis Sesaxeb.
72
ujredis komponentebi
Sen SeZleb:
1
3
2
2
73
ujredis komponentebi
ai, aseT rTul struqturaSi unda gaikvlios gza da imoZraos sxvadasxva nivTierebma
garemodan ujredSi da piriqiT.
membranaSi nivTierebaTa ganvladobas maTi sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gansazRvravs:
pasiuri transporti
1 CamoTvale es nivTierebebi.
hidrofoburi nivTierebebis
gadaadgileba membranaSi
74
ujredis komponentebi
Na-is, K-is, Ca-is, Cl-is ionebi e.w. ionuri arxebis saSualebiT gadaadgildebian. ar
xebi membranis gamWoli cilebia, romlebic hidrofilur `derefnebs~ qmnian. masSi gavla
mxolod garkveuli zomisa da muxtis mqone ions SeuZlia.
zogierTi ionuri arxi yovelTvis Riaa, zogs ki e.w WiSkari aqvs, romelic ixsneba da
iketeba garkveuli stimulebis sapasuxod.
ionuri arxebi uSualod ar ukavSirdebian gada satan molekulebs. cila-transpor
terebi ki gadasatan molekulasTan dakavSirebis Semdeg ise icvlian konformacias, rom
sabolood gadasatani molekula ujredis SigniT aRmoCndeba. magaliTad, ase gadaitane
ba glukoza Cveni kunTebisa da RviZlis ujredebSi.
75
ujredis komponentebi
aqtiuri transporti
fagocitozi
pinocitozis gziT ujredSi koloidu
ri xsnarebi, suspenziebi xvdebian. am dros citoplazma
membrana gamonazardebs ar warmoqmnis. is
citoplazmisken izniqeba, gars ertymis siT
xes da warmoqmnili, SedarebiT mcire zomis,
vakuolebi citoplazmaSi aRmoCndebian. pi
nocitozis unari ujredebis umravlesobas,
maT Soris, mcenareul ujredebsac axasia
Tebs.
pinocitozi
receptor-damokidebuli endocitozisas
citoplazma
makromolekula ujredSi ise ver SeaRwevs,
Tu mas plazmur mem branaze moTavsebuli
receptori winaswar ar amoicnobs. am gziT
xvdeba ujredSi, magaliTad, qolesterini,
rkiniT datvirTuli transferinis mole
kulebi, sxvadasxva medikamenti.
receptor-damokidebuli endocitozi
egzocitozi
76
ujredis komponentebi
osmosi
sainteresoa rogor gadalaxavs membranis hidro fo
bur bariers wylis polaruli mole ku
la _ wyalsa da
lipidebs xom erTmaneTi sZulT.
wyali membranis uwvriles forebSi moZ raobs, rom
lebSic sxva polaruli, ufro didi zomis molekulebi
ver eteva. cilebs, romlebic am forebs qmnian, aqvapo-
rinebi daarqves. miuxedavad imisa, rom wylis molekula
polarulia, is im denad pataraa, rom membranis odnav
`gaTxevadebisas~ mas fosfolipidebis kudebs Sorisac aqvaporini
SeuZlia gaZroma.
wylis difuzias SerCeviTad ganvladi membranis gavliT osmosi uwodes. osmosi iseTi
difuziaa, romlis dros gadaadgildeba mxolod wylis molekulebi, xolo wyalSi gax
snili nivTierebebis moZraoba membranis gavliT SezRudulia.
cocxal organizmebSi osmosi mraval sasicocxlo process udevs safuZvlad.
wyali niadagidan fesvis ujredSi membranis gavliT xvdeba. is ujredis citopla
zmisken iwrafvis, radgan citoplazmaSi araorganuli da organuli nivTierebebis kon
centracia gacilebiT maRalia niadagTan SedarebiT. niadagidan Sesuli wyali zrdis
ujredis SigTavsis moculobas da is Zlier awveba ujredis kedels. am movlenas tur-
gori hqvia. am dros ujredSi wneva imdenad izrdeba, rom osmosis procesi wydeba. rom
ara ujredebis mtkice kedeli, Sesuli wyali wneviT aucileblad gaxeTqavda kedels.
xsnars, romelSic naklebi nivTierebaa gaxsnili citozolTan SedarebiT, hipotonuri
hqvia. xsnari, romelic citozolTan SedarebiT gaxsnili nivTierebis met raodenobas
Seicavs, hipertonulia. izotonurs uwodeben xsnars, romlis koncentracia citozolSi
arsebuli nivTierebebis koncentracias utoldeba.
cxovelur ujredebs kedeli ar aqvT da osmosi maTTvis didi safrTxis Semcvelia.
rogor arian cxovelebis ujredebi daculi osmosis `damangreveli~ zemoqmedebisgan?
77
ujredis komponentebi
mtknari wylis amebis ujredSi osmosiT Sesuli wyali specialuri organoidiT, e.w.
mfeTqavi vakuoliT gamoidevneba. Cvens organizmSi osmoss Tirkmelebis muSaoba aregu
lirebs.
plazmuri membranis erT-erTi daniSnuleba misi msgavsi ujredis amocnoba, mas
Tan kontaqtis damyareba da qsovilis warmoqmnaa. am procesSi datotvili
naxSirwylis
molekulebi monawileoben. isini antenebiviT arian amoSverili membranidan da msgavs
naxSirwyals mezobeli ujredis membranaSi eZeben.
simsivnur ujredebs darRveuli aqvs mocemuli qsovilis normaluri ujredebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli naxSirwylebis struqtura, amitom maT TiTqos `aviwydebaT sakuTari
warmoSoba~ _ ar ician, romel qsovils miekuTvnebian da mezobel ujredebTan kontaqts
veRar amyareben. Tu aseTi gadagvarebuli ujredebi sisxlis nakadSi moxvda, isini mTel
organizmSi vrceldebian, iWrebian normalur qsovilebSi da swrafad mravldebian.
1
• CamoaWeri kartofilis gorgals sami erTnairi zomis kubis formis naWeri
(gverdis sigrZe 2 sm.).
• Caasxi sam qimiur WiqaSi 200 ml. wyali.
• gaxseni pirvel WiqaSi 10 gr. sufris marili, meoreSi _ 1 gr.
• moaTavse kartofilis kubebi WiqebSi da daayovne 2-3 saaTi.
• ra Sedegs eli? rogor fiqrob, ra daemarTebaT kartofilis kubebs?
• ratom fiqrob ase?
• gamarTlda Seni varaudi?
78
ujredis komponentebi
2
• Caasxi menzuraSi 100 ml. wyali da Cayare masSi 50 gr. lobios Tesli. gazome
wylis done da gamoiangariSe lobios moculoba. monacemi Seitane cxrilSi.
dadgi Tavdaxuruli menzura siTboSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
• cariel menzuraSi Caasxi 100 ml. wyali, Cayare gajirjvebuli lobios Teslebi.
CainiSne wylis done da gamoiangariSe lobios Teslis moculoba. monacemi
Seitane cxrilSi.
• Seadare erTmaneTs lobios Teslis sawyisi da saboloo moculobebi.
• gaaanalize monacemebi da gamoitane Sesabamisi daskvna.
1 Seavse sqema:
membranuli transporti
aqtiuri transporti
receptordamokidebuli
qolesterini
endociozi
79
ujredis komponentebi
fosfolipidebis
Semcveloba
2 svetovani diagrama gamosaxavs najeri fosfo
lipidebis Semcvelobas civ, cxel da zomier klimatSi
mcxovrebi organizmebis membranebSi.
miakuTvne svetebs Sesabamisi organizmebi.
A B C
organizmebi
3 ipove logikuri wyvilebi:
cila
difuzia
wyali
osmosi
spirti
gaadvilebuli difuzia
aminomJava
fagocitozi
Jangbadi
1 2 3
80
ujredis komponentebi
citoplazma
ujredgare are
B
8 ilustraciaze sami membranuli cilaa warmodgenili.
ra Zalebi afiqsirebs am molekulebs? ratom ar Zvreba A
cila membranas? ratom ar ganidevneba B da C cilis moleku
la membranidan?
A C
6
7
5
1
9 daasaxele membranaze moniSnuli 8
komponentebi, aRwere maTi struqtura
da funqciebi.
2
81
ujredis komponentebi
82
ujredis komponentebi
Sen SeZleb:
83
ujredis komponentebi
5 amave principiT, ras daarqmev iseT toqsikur nivTierebas, romelic organizmSi niv-
TierebaTa cvlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.
6 warmoidgine, rom ginda kargad daakvirde gluvi endoplazmuri badis struqturas.
romel qsovilebs airCevdi mikroskopSi dasaTvaliereblad?
gulisa da ConCxis kunTebis gluvi endoplazmuri bade gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
kalciumis ujredSida normaluri koncentraciis SenarCunebaSi. es metad mniSvnelovania
am ujredebis funqcioni rebisTvis, radgan kal ciumi warmarTavs SekumSva-modunebis
process. am ujredebSi gluvi endoplazmuri bade kalciumis ZiriTadi sacavia. `zed
meti~ kalciumi gluv endoplazmur badeSi inaxeba, deponirdeba. kalciumi am depodan
mudmivad citoplazmisken iswrafvis da gaadvilebuli difuziiT citozolSi gadadis.
misi ukan gadatvirTva koncentraciuli gradientis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT badeSi
CaSenebuli Ca++-atf-aziT xdeba. es fermenti gluvi endoplazmuri badis mTeli membra
nuli cilebis 90%-s Seadgens.
sakvercxeebisa da saTesleebis gluv endoplazmur badeze steroiduli hormonebi _
estrogeni da testosteroni sinTezirdeba.
xorkliani, anu granularuli endoplazmuri bade ribosomebiTaa dafaruli,
Tumca isini Zlier, stabilur kavSirs ar warmoqmnian. ribosoma bades mxolod maSin
uerTdeba, rodesac is sekreciisTvis an sxvadasxva organoids membranebSi Casanergad
gankuTvnili cilis sinTezs awarmoebs. ase rom, xorkliani endoplazmuri badis ZiriTa
di funqcia cilis sinTezia.
ribosomis mier damzadebuli zogierTi cila endoplazmuri badis membranaSive CaSen
deba, transportirebisTvis gankuTvnili ki badis siRruisken gadaadgildeba _ is gol
jis aparatis, lizosomebis, plazmuri membranis, birTvis Sida membranaSi unda CaSendes.
es cilebi endoplazmuri badis membranebSi ifuTeba. warmoiqmneba patara buStuki – ve
zikula, romelic swydeba bades da citozolSi gadadis.
84
ujredis komponentebi
85
ujredis komponentebi
2 daakvirdi ilustracias.
a. saidan moemarTeba lurji vezikula?
b. ra aris masSi moTavsebuli?
g. sad warmoiqmneba wiTeli vezikula da
ras Seicavs is?
d. saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis ro
mel ujredebSi mimdinareobs msgavsi
procesi?
e. ra hqvia am process? plazmuri membrana
86
ujredis komponentebi
5 Seavse sqema:
gluvi
aqvs funqcia
87
ujredis komponentebi
1
mitoqondria:
1. gareTa membrana; 2. SigniTa membrana;
3. matriqsi; 4. dnm; 5. ribosoma;
6. damJangavi fermentebi.
88
ujredis komponentebi
plastidebi
C C
C C
C C C C
Tilakoidis membranebSi qlorofilis mole C C C C
kulebia CaSenebuli. N N N N
qlorofilis molekula Zalian waagavs he Fe Mg
N N N N
moglobinis molekulis aracilovan komponent
C C C
hems da misgan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom C
C
C2 C2
rkinis atomis nacvlad is magniumis atoms Sei O
O C C O O C
cavs. qloroplastebic mitoqondriebis msgav C O
OH OH O
sad gayofiT mravldebian. maT sakuTari dnm, C20 O
C
rnm da ribosomebi aqvT.
hemi qlorofili
89
ujredis komponentebi
lizosoma
90
ujredis komponentebi
xelis gaWrisas aTasobiT ujredi kvdeba. maT adgils axali ujre debi ikavebs. ra
emarTeba mkvdar ujredebs? ujredis dazianebas di di raodenobiT lizosomis daSla
mohyveba, rasac Tan sdevs ujredis moneleba anu autolizi.
apoptozi _ autolizis erT-erTi saintereso formaa, romelsac ujredis programi
rebul sikvdils uwodeben. is Zireulad gansxvavdeba ujredis `iZulebiTi~ sikvdilisgan
- nekrozisgan. apoptozis dros ujredi aqtiur mo na
wile
obas iRebs sakuTari Tavis
ganadgurebaSi ise, rom proble mebs ar uqmnis mezobel ujredebs. am dros, nekrozis
gan gansxvavebiT, ujredis plazmuri membrana ar ziandeba, ujredis SigTavsi gareT ar
gadmoiRvreba da anTebiTi procesi ar viTardeba.
apoptozis gziT Cveni organizmi yovel wams milionobiT daziane bul, daberebul
ujreds icilebs Tavidan. magaliTad, apoptozis gziT nadgurdeba msxvili nawlavis epi
Telis ujredebi, romlebic sakvebSi arsebuli toqsinebiT ziandeba; aseve epidermisis
ujredebi, romlebzec mravali faqtori moqmedebs damazianeblad.
lizosomebis disfunqciasTan mravali daavadebaa dakavSirebuli. erT-erTi, Zalze
iSviaTi, genetikuri daavadebisas ujredebSi ar muSaobs arcerTi hidrolaza, Tumca
isini ujredebSi sinTezirdebian. aRmoCnda, rom goljis kompleqss ar SeuZlia maTi Tav
moyra lizosomebSi. amas qsovilebSi cilebis, lipidebisa da naxSirwylebis dagroveba
mohyveba.
peroqsisoma
peroqsisoma mcire zomis (0,5-1.5 mkm) erTmembraniani
organoidia, romelic yvela saxis eukariotul ujredSia
nanaxi. prokariotuli ujredebi peroqsisomebs ar Sei
caven. peroqsisomebi endoplazmur badeze yalibdeba. is
Seicavs membraniT SemosazRvrul 50-mde sxvadasxva saxis
ferments. misi membranuli cilebi ki monawileoben niv
TierebaTa transportirebaSi citozolidan peroqsisomaSi
da piriqiT. peroqsisoma
91
ujredis komponentebi
vakuoli
92
ujredis komponentebi
93
ujredis komponentebi
a b g d e v z
1
2
3
4
5
94
ujredis komponentebi
95
ujredis komponentebi
ujredis ConCxi
imetyvele, rogorc
mecnierma
96
ujredis komponentebi
Sualeduri filamentebi ujredis namdvili ConCxia. misi Zalian mtkice da, amavdrou
lad, elastikuri cilovani Zafebi ukavSirdeba birTvs, endoplazmur bades, mitoqon
driebs, afiqsirebs maT da gansazRvravs maT adgils citoplazmaSi.
am cilebis damsaxurebaa, rom organoidebi ujredSi Tavisuflad ar dacuraven. es
cilebi uzrunvelyofen ujredebis gamZleobas sxvadasxva meqanikuri stresis mimarT.
iTvleba, rom umeteswilad swored isini gansazRvraven ujredis formas. miuxedavad
unarisa, warmoqmnas aseTi myari struqtura ujredis SigniT, es bade Zalian swrafad
iSleba ujredis gayofis dros. Sualeduri filamentebi sxvadasxva qsovilis ujredebSi
sxvadasxva saxis ciliTaa warmodgenili.
F
1 G + -
citoConCxi
3 + - 1. mikrofilamenti;
2. Sualeduri filamenti;
3. mikromilaki.
97
ujredis komponentebi
centrosoma
98
ujredis komponentebi
ujredgare matriqsi
3
2
1
4
ujredgare matriqsi
1. plazmuri membrana; 2. proteoglikani; 3. kolageni; 4. mikrofilamentebi.
99
ujredis komponentebi
iSleba mitozisas
100
ujredis komponentebi
101
ujredis komponentebi
ujredis komponentebi
membranuli
transporti
patara
molekulebi
pasiuri
transporti egzocitozi
osmosi
wyali
102
ujredis komponentebi
D
A B C
1. sayrden-mamoZravebeli sistema 1.
3. sasunTqi sistema 3.
4. satransporto sistema 4.
5. eqskretoruli sistema 5.
6. regulatoruli sistema 6.
103
ujredis komponentebi
organuli nivTiereba
aris
Sedis qsovilebis aqvs
SedgenilobaSi funqciebi
cila
11. bayayis Tavkombalas kudi aqvs, zrdasrul bayays _ ara. rogor qreba kudi?
104
ujredis komponentebi
10 13 34 44 16 39 50 35 42 51 42
daSifruli sityva
1 2 3
105
ujredis komponentebi
18.
arcTu ise didi xnis win mecnierebs membrana sendviCis msgavs struqturad war
moedginaT, sadac fosfolipidebis ormagi Sre gamomwyvdeuli iyo cilebis zeda da qve
da Sreebs Soris. dRes membranologiaSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom biologiuri mebrana
Txevad mozaikas hgavs, romlis Txevad nawils fosfolipidebi qmnis, xolo mozaikis myar
nawils ki _ masSi sxvadasxva poziciaze ganlagebuli cilebi.
modelis demonstrirebisas:
• daasaxele organuli nivTerebebi, romlebic monawileobs membranis SenebaSi;
• ganmarte, romeli organuli nivTierebebi qmnis membranis ZiriTad nawils;
• imsjele, ratom aris ganlagebuli fosfolipidebi membranaSi or Sred;
• ganmarte, romel nivTierebebs atarebs fosfolipidebis ormagi Sre daubrkoleblad;
• imsjele, romeli nivTierebebi zRudaven membranis zedmetad gaTxevadebas an gamyare
bas temperaturis gavleniT;
• aRwere, rogor poziciebs ikaveben membranaSi cilebi;
• Camoayalibe, ra daniSnuleba aqvT cila-transporterebs;
• Seadare transporterebis ganlageba da funqcia zedapiruli cilebis funqciebs;
• Seajame glikoproteinebisa da glokolipidebis roli membranaSi.
106
ujredis komponentebi
kolagens;
hialuronis mJavas;
spilenZs;
siliciums.
107
ujredis komponentebi
proeqti
cilebis mogzauroba
108
ujredis komponentebi
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
Sexvedra
1
aqtivoba 1 6
aqtivoba 2
aqtivoba 3
aqtivoba 4
aqtivoba 5
109
3
ujreduli
metabolizmi
warmoidgendi, rom ujredi energiis erTgvari gar-
damqmnelia, romelsac erTi saxis energia sxva saxis ener-
3.1. ujreduli sunTqva giaSi gadahyavs?
fotosinTezi
ujreduli sunTqva
siTbo
atf
Sen SeZleb:
imetyvele, rogorc
metabolizmi
mecnierma
Sen ukve ici, romel nivTierebebs Seicavs ujre
metabolizmi di; gaqvs warmodgena, romeli nivTierebebi aSeneben
plastikuri cvla organoidebs da rogor ganapirobeben isini am or
energetikuli cvla ganoidebis funqciebs. magram sainteresoa, saidan
makroerguli bma aRmoCnda an rogor warmoiqmna es nivTierebebi
glikolizi ujredSi?
eleqtronebis gadamtani jaWvi ujredi Caketili da izolirebuli struq
obligaturi anaerobi tura ar aris. is ga re
mosTan mudmivad awarmoebs
fakultaturi anaerobi nivTierebaTa da energiis mimocvlas. es procesi
spirtuli duRili grZeldeba manam, vidre ujredi cocxalia. ujred
rZemJava duRili Si yovel wams aTasobiT sxvadasxva reaqcia mimdi
nareobs, romelTa gareSe sicocxle war moudge
neli iqneboda. am reaqciebis erTobliobas nivTierebaTa cvla, anu metabolizmi hqvia.
metabolizmi ujredis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sasicocxlo Tvisebaa. mas pirobiTad,
plastikur da energetikul cvlad yofen.
plastikuri cvlis reaqciebSi aerTianeben yvela im tipis reaqcias, romlis drosac
martivi nivTierebebidan rTuli nivTierebebi sinTezirdeba. sityva plastika berZnulad
skulpturas, gamoZerwils aRniSnavs. am terminiT mecnierebs imis xazgasma surdaT, rom
sinTezis gziT warmoqmnili rTuli organuli nivTierebebi Zerwaven, aSeneben sakuTar
organoidebs, ujredebs da mTel sxeuls. magram am rTuli da Sromatevadi samuSaos Se
sasruleblad ujreds energia sWirdeba. `vin~ amargebs ujreds energiiT?
mza energiis uwyveti nakadiT mxolod qlorofilis Semcveli organizmebia `ganebivre
buli~. mxolod maT SeuZliaT, mzis energia gamoiyenon martivi araorganuli nivTiere
bebidan organuli nivTierebebis dasamzadeblad, anu mxolod maT SeuZliaT, sxva orga
nizmebisgan damoukideblad, TviTon daimzadon organuli nivTierebebi da aiSenon sxeuli
`mza“ energiis xarjze. amitomac uwodes maT avtotrofebi.
113
ujreduli metabolizmi
ujreduli sunTqva
114
ujreduli metabolizmi
rogorc xedav, erTi molekula glukozis wvisas 38 molekula atf warmoiqmneba. ro
gor SeiZleba erTma molekula glukozam, romelic saerTod ar Seicavs makroergul
bmas, warmoqmnas 38 molekula ori makroerguli bmis Semcveli naerTi? rogor xdeba es
`saswauli~?
ujreduli sunTqva urTulesi procesia, romelSic sxvadasxva ujreduli struqtura
da mravali fermentia CarTuli. mas sam ZiriTad stadiad yofen. es stadiebia:
•• glikolizi,
•• krebsis cikli
•• eleqtronebis transporti.
hans krebsi iyo mecnieri, romelic ujredul sunTqvas swavlobda.
glukoza
eleqtronebis
ZmarmJava krebsis gadamtani
cikli jaWvi
piruvati
2 2 34
atf atf atf
ujreduli sunTqva
115
ujreduli metabolizmi
3 H+ H+ H+ H+
+
_ 4
e
_ e
2 _
e
_
e
H adf atf
_
H H+
__
1 H H O2 + 4 H+ 2H2O
saqme isaa, rom eleqtrons sakmaod maRali potenciuri energia aqvs. JangbadTan misi
pirdapir mierTebis SemTxvevaSi, is ucbad gamoTavisufldeboda da energia siTbos sa
xiT gaifanteboda. jaWvSi moZraobis dros ki es energia patara ulufebad Tavisufldeba
da is dadebiTad damuxtuli wyalbadis ionebis membranaTaSoris sivrceSi gadatvirTvas
xmardeba.
ase rom, mitoqondriis SigniTa membranaze erTdroulad ori procesi mimdinareobs:
uaryofiTi muxtis dagroveba membranis matriqsisken mi marTul zedapirze (O2--) da
+
dadebiTi muxtis dagroveba membranis gareTa zedapirze (H ).
116
ujreduli metabolizmi
ujreduli
rZemJava duRili spirtuli duRili
sunTqva
117
ujreduli metabolizmi
118
ujreduli metabolizmi
8 1
H
7 2 CO2
3 ipove Secdomebi krebsis ciklis sqemaSi.
H
6 3
CO2
H H
5 4
A B C
119
ujreduli metabolizmi
eleqtronebis gadatana
plazmuri membrana
glikolizi
citozoli
krebsis cikli
mitoqondriis SigniTa membrana
CO2-is transporti
matriqsi
O2-is transporti
120
ujreduli metabolizmi
a. Jangbadi;
b. spirti;
g. wylis orTqli;
d. naxSirorJangi.
121
ujreduli metabolizmi
3.2 fotosinTezi
Sen SeZleb:
imetyvele, rogorc
plastikuri cvla ujredSi fotosinTezis magaliTze
mecnierma
ganvixi
loT. fotosinTezis gziT yovelwliurad Cvens
sinaTlis faza planetaze asobiT mili oni tona organuli nivTiereba
sibnelis faza mzaddeba, romelic kvebavs da aSenebs ara mxolo mcenaree
karotinoidi bis organizms, aramed yovel cocxals dedamiwaze.
qromatografia
1 CamoTvale ra saxis sakvebs iReb dRis ganmavlobaSi da ifiqre, ra kavSiri aqvs mas fo-
tosinTezTan.
sinaTlis energia
122
ujreduli metabolizmi
qlorofili b
qlorofili a
STanTqma
karotinoidi
123
ujreduli metabolizmi
stroma
CO2 + H0 naxSirwyali
e- + H+ H0
atf adf
H+
e-
- - -
e e e
atf
sinTaza
e-
H+ H+
H 2O H+
H+ H+
O2
Tilakoidis membrana
fotosinTezi
4 Seni azriT, ra Sedegi unda mohyves am situacias? rogor unda warimarTos Semdegi
procesi?
Tilakoidis membranaSi CaSenebuli atf-sinTaza, mitoqondriebis atf-sinTazas msgav
sad, iyenebs protonebis gradientis energias atf-is sinTezisTvis. amiT fotosinTezis
sinaTlis faza mTavrdeba. am fazis produqtebia Jangbadis molekula, atf-is molekula
da wyalbadis atomebi.
sibnelis etapi
sibnelis faza stromaSi mimdinareobs. kalvinis ciklis fermentebi atf-is energias
CO2-is naxSirbadis atomebis erTmaneTze gada ke
rebas axma
ren. sabolood iqmneba eqvs
naxSirbadiani jaWvi, romelsac wyalbadisa da Jangbadis atomebi aqvs mierTebuli, anu
sinTezirdeba glukozis molekula. rogorc xedav, swored aq, am etapze iqmneba dedami
waze pirveli organuli nivTiereba, romelic Semdeg sxva organul naerTebs warmoqmnis.
termini `sibnelis reaqciebi~ srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom am reaqciebisTvis
sibnelea aucilebeli. es reaqciebi sinaTlis fazis reaqciebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens
da maTTan erTad mimdinareobs. aRniSnuli terminiT mecnierebs imis xazgasma surdaT,
rom am reaqciebis warmarTvisTvis ujreds sinaTlis energia aRar esaWiroeba. sinaTlis
energia ukve atf-is energiadaa gardaqmnili, romelic glukozis molekulaSi qimiuri
bmebis warmoqmnisTvis ixarjeba.
fotosinTezi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sasicocxlo procesia, romelic sa-
fuZvlad udevs yvela cocxalisTvis damaxasiaTebel or umniSvnelovanes sasicocxlo
Tvisebas _ kvebasa da sunTqvas dedamiwaze. fotosinTezis procesSi sinaTlis energia
qimiuri bmis energiad gardaiqmneba. fotosinTezi qloroplastebSi or etapad mimdin-
areobs. sinaTlis fazaSi qlorofilis monawileobiT wylis molekula iSleba. am fazis
produqtebia O2 , H da atf. sibnelis fazaSi glukozis molekula sinTezirdeba.
124
ujreduli metabolizmi
125
ujreduli metabolizmi
fotosinTezi
moicavs fazebs
H 2O
warmoiqmneba
warmoiqmneba
Seicavs
atf qloroplasti
+ +
126
ujreduli metabolizmi
fotosinTezis siCaqre
3 grafiki gamoxatavs fotosinTezis siCqaris
damokidebulebas temperaturaze. axseni, ratom
mcirdeba fotosinTezis siCqare maRal tempera
turaze.
temperatura
127
ujreduli metabolizmi
Sen SeZleb:
3
2
5
4
foTlis agebuleba
1. cvili;
2. epidermisi;
3. mesriseburi ujredebi;
4. Rrubliseburi ujredebi;
5. ZarRvi;
6
6. bage.
foTlis firfitas didi zedapiri aqvs da Txelia, raTa sinaTlem advilad ganWolos.
foTlis zeda da qveda zedapirebi dafarulia wvrili, sqel kedliani, erTmaneTTan
mWidrod mijrili ujredebis erTi SriT _ epidermisiT. es ujredebi gamoyofs cvils,
romelic icavs foTols mikrobebis SeWrisgan. cvili uferulia da sinaTles advilad
atarebs. foTlis epidermisis ujredebic uferulia. isini qloroplastebs ar Seicavs.
sinaTle, maTi gavliT, advilad aRwevs fotosinTezis mTavar adgilamde, e.w. mesrise-
bur ujredebamde. es Txel kedliani, cilindruli ujredebi epidermisis perpendi ku
larulad, marTlac meseriviT aris ganlagebuli. isini, mis qveS mdebare RrubeliviT
gafantul ujredebTan SedarebiT, didi rao denobiT qloroplasts Seicaven. ZarRve-
bis saSualebiT foTols fotosinTezisTvis saWiro wyali da mineraluri nivTierebebi
miewodeba da foTolSi damzadebuli organuli nivTierebebi sxva organoebSi gadana
wildeba.
128
ujreduli metabolizmi
1 A
saxamebeli iodiT muq iisfrad,
TiTqmis Savad iRebeba. cade, gaaanalizo
ilustraciaze warmodgenili cdis Se
degebi. iodiT damuSavebuli A, B da C
B
foToli or sxvadasxva qoTnis mcenares
ekuTvnoda. erT-erT qoTnis mcenares
Wreli foTlebi aqvs _ foTlis kideebi
TeTria, qlorofils ar Seicavs, Sua na
wili ki mwvane. C
1 2
pirveli qoTnis mcenaris erT-erTi foToli frTxilad moaTavses farTopirian
kolbaSi, romelSic KOH-is xsnari esxa, meore ki NaHCO3-ian kolbaSi. kolbebs
mWidrod daucves Tavi sacobiT.
129
ujreduli metabolizmi
2 saxameblis aRmomCeni iodis testi, e.w. Tvisobrivi testia. is, ubralod, gviCve
nebs, aris Tu ara foTolSi saxamebeli. fotosinTezis procesze dasakvirveblad da mis
raodenobrivad Sesafaseblad aseTi martivi mowyobiloba gamoiyene:
ganmarte:
a. romelia am eqsperimentSi damoukideblad cvladi sidide?
b. romelia damokidebulad cvladi?
g. ra damokidebuleba arsebobs am or sidides Soris?
d. cdis msvlelobisas ucvleli iyo Tu ara yvela sxva parametri?
e. xom ar icvleboda romelime parametri Sengan damoukideblad?
v. SesaZloa am parametrs raime gavlena hqonoda cdis Sedegze? ratom?
z. ifiqre, rogor SeiZleba Tavidan aicilo am parametris cvlileba?
T. SeiZleba Tu ara, es meTodi fotosinTezis siCqaris gazomvis zust meTodad
CaiTvalos?
130
ujreduli metabolizmi
fotosinTezi sunTqva
3. STainTqmeba naxSirorJangi; 3.
4.gamoiyofa Jangbadi; 4.
6. mimdinareobs mxolod
6.
qlorofilis monawileobiT.
131
ujreduli metabolizmi
Sen SeZleb:
3
1 3
2 2
j. uotsonma da f. krikma kidev erTi Tamami da uCveulod martivi hi poTeza wa
moayenes. maT dauSves, rom ujredis gamravlebisas dnm-is molekula or polinukleoti
dur jaWvad iSleba da Semdeg ujredSi arsebuli nukleotidebisgan TiToeul maTganze
axali jaWvebi Sendeba. ase miiReba dnm-is erTi molekulisgan misi msgavsi ori erTnairi
dnm-is molekula, romlebsac Svileuli ujredebi iReben.
132
ujreduli metabolizmi
133
ujreduli metabolizmi
A B
A B
4 3
dnm
A B
dnm
dnm
A B
134
ujreduli metabolizmi
X A B C
a. azotovani fuZeebi;
b. wyalbaduri bmebis adgili;
g. ferment helikazas moqmedebis adgili;
d. ferment dnm-polimerazas moqmedebis adgili;
e. `Svileuli~ jaWvi.
135
ujreduli metabolizmi
Sen SeZleb:
• ganmarto, saidan warmosdga termini „namgliseburi anemia“;
• daasaxelo namgliseburi anemiis simptomebi da axsna maTi mizezebi;
• aRwero l.polingisa da h.itanos cdis dizaini;
• axsna, ra princips emyareba eleqtroforezis meTodiT narevis komponentebis gancalkeveba;
• gaSifro eleqtroforegrama;
• imsjelo cilis Tvisebebze eleqtroforegramis monacemebiT;
• Seajamo rogor aisaxeba genis struqturis cvlileba cilis funqciaze da Sesabamisad ada
mianis janmrTelobaze.
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
dambla pnevmonia
daqveiTeba
136
ujreduli metabolizmi
137
ujreduli metabolizmi
amis mizezis garkveva ramdenime wlis Semdeg sxva mecnierma, v. ingremma moaxerxa.
man orive saxis hemoglobinis aminomJavuri Sedgeniloba gamoikvlia. aRmoCnda, rom
janmrTeli (A) da daavadebuli (B) adamianebis hemoglobini mxolod erTi aminomJavaTi
gansxvavdeba. am uzarmazar molekulaSi, romelic 574 aminomJavas Seicavs, rigiT meeqvse
adgilze mdgomi aminomJava glutaminis Canacvleba aminomJava valiniT mTlianad cvlis
hemoglobinis struqturas, rac mZime SedegiT mTavrdeba.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
B valini
glutaminis
valini histidini leicini treonini prolini mJava
138
ujreduli metabolizmi
1 2
1 2 3
3 davuSvaT, rom ilustracia cilis molekula ze
saWmlis momnelebeli ori fermentis moqmedebis Sedegs
asaxavs. pirvel bilikze cilis molekulaa, meoresa da
mesameze ki — am cilaze sxvadasxva fermentis moqme-
debis Sedegad warmoqmnili cilis fragmentebi.
a. ra ewodeba am fermentebs?
b. cilis ramden ubans `utevs~ TiToeuli maTgani?
g. rogor fiqrob, saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis ro
mel ganyofilebaSi moqmedeben isini?
139
ujreduli metabolizmi
Sen SeZleb:
140
ujreduli metabolizmi
transkripcia translacia
dnm rnm cila
1
ujredi uamrav ribosomas Seicavs, romlebic r-rnm-
isa da cilebisgan aris aSenebuli. TiToeuli ribosoma
ori _ didi da mcire suberTeulisgan Sedgeba, romlebic 3
erTmaneTs mxolod cilis sinTezis procesSi uerTdebi
an.
i-rnm-is mier motanili brZanebis mixedviT riboso
maze cilis sinTezis process translacia ewodeba, rac
Targmnas niSnavs. am procesSi nukleotidebis enaze Cawe 2
rili brZaneba aminomJavebis enaze iTargmneba. 1. ribosomis didi suberTeuli;
`Tarjimani~ molekula, romelic orive enaze sau 2. ribosomis mcire suberTeuli;
3. i-rnm.
brobs, t-rnm-a.
141
ujreduli metabolizmi
3
am mcire zomis molekulas ori funqciuri
ubani aqvs. erTi ubniT is konkretul aminomJavas 2
ierTebs, xolo meore ubniT, romelsac antikodo-
ni hqvia, i-rnm-Si mocemuli aminomJavas Sesabamis
kodons amoicnobs. i-rnm-is kodonebi da t-rnm-is
antikodonebi komplementarul azotovan fuZeebs
Seicaven.
aminomJavebiT datvirTuli t-rnm-ebi riboso t-rnm
misken miemarTebian. 1. antikodoni;
2. aminomJavas ubani;
1
3. aminomJava.
2 2
1 2 2 4 3 4 3 13
4 3 4 3 5 5
5 5 6 7 8
6 7 8 6 7 8 7 8
6
9 9
9 12 9 10 10
10 10 11 11
1 3 11 12 12
2 5
A 4 B C D
142
ujreduli metabolizmi
u c a g
u u u fenil- u c u u a u u g u u
Tirozini cisteini
u u c alanini u c c u a c u g c c
u serini
u u a u c a u a a stop-kodoni u g a stop-kodoni a
leicini
u u g u c g u a g stop-kodoni u g g triftofani g
c u u c c u c a u c g u u
histidini
c u c c c c c a c c g c c
c leicini prolini arginini
c u a c c a c a a c g a a
glutamini
c u g c c g c a g c g g g
a u u a c u a a u a g u u
asparagini serini
a u c izoleicini a c c a a c a g c c
a treonini
a u a a c a a a a a g a a
meTionini lizini arginini
a u g start-kodoni a c g a a g a g g g
g u u g c u g a u asparaginis g g u u
mJava
g u c g c c g a c g g c c
g valini alanini glicini
g u a g c a g a a glutaminis g g a a
mJava
g u g g c g g a g g g g g
* start-kodoni aug cilis sinTezis dawyebis niSania.
* stop-kodoni uaa, uag, uga cilis sinTezis damTavrebas miuTiTebs.
143
ujreduli metabolizmi
c g a g g a c T T a c g T T a
c a T T T a
c g u a a a u a
c g T
a g
u
g
T
a
X
X
X
X
X
X
144
ujreduli metabolizmi
8
a. t-rnm sinTezirdeba citozolSi i-rnm-is matricaze;
b. t-rnm-s gadaaqvs i-rnm birTvidan citozolSi;
g. t-rnm-Si Cawerilia informacia cilis pirveladi struqturis Sesaxeb;
d. t-rnm sinTezdeba birTvSi;
e. t-rnm uerTdeba ribosomis mcire suberTeuls;
v. t-rnm ierTebs aminomJavas da Tavsdeba ribosomis did suberTeulze.
a b g d e v
a. rnm; z. dnm;
b. rnm-polimeraza; T. dnm-polimeraza;
g. saqaroza; i. lipidi;
d. saqaraza; k. lipaza;
e. laqtoza; l. qitini;
v. laqtaza; m. qitinaza.
a b g d e v z T i k l m
145
ujreduli metabolizmi
ujreduli metabolizmi
1.
naxSirbadis monoqsidi da cianidi sasikvdilo Sxamebia. isi
ni sunTqviT jaWvSi
eleqtronebis moZraobas blokaven.
axseni, ratom iRupeba amis gamo adamiani?
a) mxolod 1;
b) mxolod 4;
g) 2 da 3;
d) 1 da 4.
146
ujreduli metabolizmi
a. dnm-polimeraza;
b. rnm-polimeraza;
g. kalvinis ciklis fermentebi;
d. helikaza; a b g d e
9 14 19 4 32 6 25 41 46 24
daSifruli sityva
147
ujreduli metabolizmi
u
g u
g a
a
c gu ca a
cu c u u g g g u cc g c a g u u a a u u u c u a u c
148
ujreduli metabolizmi
tad spirogira;
• ganmarte, ras warmoadgenen qromatoforebi;
• moiyvane argumentebi, ratom Seitana wylis wveTSi v. engelmanma aerobuli baqte
riebi, ra hipoTeza hqonda mecniers;
• romeli ilustracia asaxavs situacias sibneleSi da romeli _ sinaTleSi.
149
ujreduli metabolizmi
proeqti
feradi samyaro
150
ujreduli metabolizmi
151
sakvanZo sityvebi
lipidebi Lipids
cximovani mJava Fatty acid
fosfolipidi Phospholipid
steroidi Steroid
cvili Wax
ribosoma Ribosome
endoplazmuri bade Endoplasmic reticulum
goljis kompleqsi Golgi apparatus
lizosoma Lysosome
mitoqondria Mitochondria
qloroplasti Chloroplast
citoConCxi Cytoskeleton
eleqtroforezi Electrophoresis
replikacia Replication
transkripcia Trancription
translacia Translation
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo maswavleblis
nawili 1 nawili 2 saxelmZRvanelo