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Aethelbald of Mercia

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A charter of Aethelbald's to Cyneberht, 736.

Aethelbald (also spelled Æthelbald) (died 757) was a Mercian nobleman who became the King of Mercia. He brought Mercia back to a position of power not seen since the days of Penda and Wulfhere. Because of his authority and his use of the title "king of the gens Anglorum"[a] his people began calling themselves English instead of Saxons, Jutes or Angles. But Aethelbald was not a supporter of the Church. He claimed to be Christian but he led a scandalous and bad lifestyle.

King of Mercia

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Aethelbald the son of Alweo and the grandson of Penda's brother Eowa.[1] As an atheling and possible competitor for the throne, he was forced to leave Mercia by his cousin Ceolred.[2] Aethelbald found refuge with his kinsman, (Saint) Guthlac of Crowland. St. Guthlac died in 714 but predicted Aethelbald would be king of Mercia.[3] Two years later at the death of Ceolred, Aethelbald became king. One of his first acts was to begin construction of Crowland Abbey which he promised to build for Guthlac if his prediction came true.[4] At the start of his reign Aethelbald found himself dealing with two strong kings on his borders. Ine of Wessex and Wihtred of Kent had influence in southern England.[2] Aethelbald had influence with other southern kings.[1] Wihtred died in 725 and Ine abdicated his throne in 726.[2] He supported Athelheard of Wessex to become king in 726.

Bretwalda

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Aethelbald began taking over parts of Wessex. He obtained Berkshire in 730. Three years later he took Somerton from Wessex.[1] Aethelbald was able to give the Archbishop of Canterbury a gift of the monastery of Cookham in Berkshire (Wessex).[5] By 731 as Bede was finishing his Ecclesiastical History, Aethelbald was overlord of all the English kingdoms south of the River Humber.[b][7] In 740 Aethelbald burned York and destroyed much of Northumbria.[1] The same year Athelheard of Wessex died and was replaced on the throne by Cuthred. Cuthred made it known he was not as weak a ruler as Athelheard and struggled against Aethelbald being his overlord.[8] In the first three years of Cuthred's rule he warred with Mercia but made few gains. In 743 Cuthred joined Aethelbald in fighting the Welsh.[9] In 748 Cuthred's son, Cynric, tried to depose his father and died in the rebellion.[10] According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the rebellion was encouraged by Aethelbald.[11] In 752, Cuthred tried to break free of King Aethelbald.[12] This led to a battle at Burford[c] where Cuthred battled against Aethelbald.[9] The battle ended up with Aethelbald fleeing the battlefield.[10] From that time on Cuthred maintained independence from Mercia for the rest of his reign.[5]

Aethelbald and the Church

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He influenced the selections of three succeeding Archbishops of Canterbury (in Kent). These were Tatwine in 731, Nothhelm in 734 and Cuthbert in 740.[7] Mercia was by this time a very wealthy kingdom and Aethelbald himself was very rich. He apparently used church funds for his own purposes.[1] He forced monks to work on his building projects. Aethelbald not only forced himself on nuns but he promoted the same wicked behavior among monks.[1] Saint Boniface complained to King Aethelbald of his evil ways in a letter dated c. 746–747.[13] He pointed out Aethelbald had not taken a lawful wife nor had he observed chastity.[14] He said the king had ruined his good name before men. Finally that the crimes Aethelbald had committed in convents with nuns and virgins doubled his offense.[14] He warned the king to change his ways before he met a terrible death. This had no effect on Aethelbald. He grew impatient with churchmen and interfered with their privileges.[15] Only in his later years did he develop a less high-handed way of dealing with the Church.[15]

In 757 Aethelbald was murdered at night by one of his own bodyguards.[1] The throne was taken over by Beornred temporarily until Offa came to power the same year Aethelbald died.[16] Aethelbald maintained his overlordship of all the south English kingdoms for longer than any other bretwalda.[17] He did this partially by force; Aethelbald was a great war leader.[17] He did this partly through his great wealth through tributes paid to him by other kings. He could afford a large labor force as well as a large army.[17] He also attempted to use the great wealth of the Church to his own advantage. But he also gave grants to the church for building monasteries. He attended great church councils that would not have taken place without his support.[17] He was a powerful king but a less than an ideal Christian.[17]

Notes

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  1. ↑ Latin: gens Anglorum meaning the English people.
  2. ↑ The River Humber traditionally separated the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from Northumbria.[6]
  3. ↑ This battlefield has not been identified. Earlier speculation that it was the same as Burford in Oxfordshire had been proved to be wrong.[5]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 256
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 203
  3. ↑ Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac: Texts, Translation and Notes, trans. Bertram Colgrave (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 18
  4. ↑ Benjamin Holdich; Richard Gough; et al., The History of Crowland Abbey (Stamford: J. Drakard, 1816), p. 20
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 204
  6. ↑ John Marsden, Northanhymbre Saga; The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria (London: Kyle Cathie, 1992), p. 6
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 111
  8. ↑ Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 310
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sharon Turner, The history of the Anglo-Saxons from the earliest period to the Norman conquest, Volume 1 (Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1841), p. 267
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon, ed. & trans. Thomas Forester (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853), p. 129
  11. ↑ Sharon Turner, The history of the Anglo-Saxons from the earliest period to the Norman conquest, Volume 1 (Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1841), p. 267, note i
  12. ↑ Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 311
  13. ↑ Saint Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, The Letters of Saint Boniface (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 108
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 P. H. Sawyer, From Roman Britain to Norman England, Second Edition (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 193
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Peter Hunter Blair, Roman Britain and Early England; 55 B.C.–A.D. 871 (New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1966), p. 216
  16. ↑ Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 25y
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Who's who in British History: Beginnings to 1901, Volume 1, ed. Geoffrey Treasure (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998), p. 432
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