Scots
| Scots | |
|---|---|
| Scots: Scots leid | |
| Native to | United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland |
| Region | Scotland: Scottish Lowlands, Northern Isles, Caithness, Arran and Campbeltown Ulster: Counties Down, Antrim, Derry and Donegal |
Native speakers | (100,000 cited 1999)[1] 1.5 million L2 speakers[1] Total: 17%[2] to 85%[3] of the Scottish population speak it to some degree |
Early forms | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | None — Classified as a "traditional language" by the Scottish Government. — Classified as a "regional or minority language" under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, ratified by the United Kingdom in 2001. — Classified as a "traditional language" by The North/South Language Body |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sco |
| ELP | Scots |
Scots is a West Germanic language. It is sometimes called Lowland Scots or Lallans. It is not Scottish English but the two are similar. Scottish English is a dialect of English and Scots is a separate language.[4] Ulster Scots is a form of Scots found in the north of Ireland. Scots is very different from the Scottish Gaelic language, which is a Celtic language.
There have been disagreements about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots. Focused broad Scots is at one end of a scale, with Scottish Standard English at the other.[5][6] Scots is generally regarded as one of the ancient varieties of English, and has its own distinct variants[5] such as Doric.
History
[change | change source]
Origin
[change | change source]Northumbrian Old English was established in what is now southeastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the seventh century. The region was part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.[7] Early Scots began to diverge from Northumbrian English in the twelfth and thirteenth century. There was immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.[8]
Later influences on the development of Scots were from Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman[9] and later Parisian French from the Auld Alliance and Dutch and Middle Low German influences by trade and immigration from the Low Countries.[10] Scots also includes loanwords from contact with Gaelic.
13-14th century
[change | change source]From the 13th century, Early Scots spread further into Scotland through the burghs established by King David I. The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century and the decline of French in Scotland made Scots the prestige dialect in most of eastern Scotland.[11]
17th century
[change | change source]From 1610 to the 1690s, during the Plantation of Ulster, many Scots-speaking Lowlanders, about 200,000, settled there.[12] In the core areas of Scots settlement, there were five or six times as many Scots as English settlers.[13] Southern Modern English was adopted as the literary language after 1700, and "Modern Scots" is sometimes used to describe the spoken language after 1700.
Related pages
[change | change source]References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Scots at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) (The figure of 200,000 is an error, from the total being listed in two countries.)
- ↑ [Iain Máté] (1996) Scots Language. A report on the Scots language research carried out by the General Register Office for Scotland in 1996, Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland).
- ↑ The Scottish Government. "Public attitudes towards the Scots language". Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ↑ "What Is Scottish English?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 A.J. Aitken 1992. In The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, p894
- ↑ Stuart-Smith J. 2008. Scottish English: phonology in Varieties of English: the British Isles. Kortman & Upton (eds), Mouton de Gruyter, New York. p47
- ↑ A History of Scots to 1700, Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST) Vol. 12 p. xxxvi
- ↑ A History of Scots to 1700, DOST Vol. 12 p. xliii
- ↑ A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxiii-lxv
- ↑ A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxiii
- ↑ "A Brief History of Scots" in Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (eds) 2003. The Edinburgh Companion to Scots. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2. pp. 9ff
- ↑ Montgomery & Gregg 1997: 572
- ↑ Adams 1977: 57
