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Scafell Pike (/ˈskɔːfɛl paɪk/)[1] is a mountain in the Lake District region of Cumbria, England. It has an elevation of 978 m (3.209 ft) above sea level, making it the highest and the most prominent mountain in England.[2][3] The mountain is part of the Scafell massif,[4] an inactive volcano,[5] and is one of the Southern Fells.

Сцафелл Пике (/ˈскɔːфɛл паɪк/) је планина у региону Лаке Дистрицт у Камбрији, Енглеска. Има надморску висину од 978 м (3,209 фт) изнад нивоа мора, што га чини највишом и најистакнутијом планином у Енглеској. Планина је део масива Сцафелл, неактивног вулкана, и један је од Јужних Фелса.

Etymology and name history

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Види још: Scafell § Name history

Etymology

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The name Scafell is believed by some to derive from the Old Norse skalli fjall, meaning either the fell with the shieling or the fell with the bald summit, and is first recorded in 1578 in the corrupted form Skallfield.[6] An alternative derivation is from the Old Norse "skagi", meaning a cape, headland, promontory or peninsula, so giving an etymology that aligns with Skaw in Shetland.[7]

See also Wiktionary:

  1. English skaw ..."A promontory".
    1. Icelandic skagi ..."peninsula, headland, cape".
    2. Old Norse skaga ..."to jut out”.
  2. English fell ..."a hill or mountain" — from Old Norse fjall ..."mountain”.
  3. English pike ..."a hill or mountain, particularly one with a sharp peak or summit".

Name history

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The name originally referred to Scafell, which neighbours Scafell Pike.[8] What are now known as Scafell Pike, Ill Crag, and Broad Crag were collectively called either the Pikes (peaks) or the Pikes of Scawfell (see below regarding spelling); from many angles Scafell seems to be the highest peak, and the others were thus considered subsidiary to it. The name Scawfell Pikes was adopted "by common consent" according to Jonathan Otley, shortly before the publication of the 4th edition of his guidebook in 1830.[9] Up to this point, England's highest mountain (its status as such was not known until the early 1800s) did not have a name of its own; it was labelled Sca-Fell Higher Top by the Ordnance Survey in their initial work in Cumbria in the first decade of the 19th century.[10] The newly developed name reported by Otley first appeared on a published Ordnance Survey map in 1865.

Formerly the name was spelled Scawfell, which better reflects local pronunciation.[8][11][12][note 1] This spelling has declined due to the Ordnance Survey's use of Scafell on their 1865 map and thereafter.

Topography

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Scafell Pike is one of a horseshoe of high fells, open to the south, surrounding the head of Eskdale, Cumbria. It stands on the western side of the cirque, with Scafell to the south and Great End to the north. This ridge forms the watershed between Eskdale and Wasdale, which lies to the west.[13]

The narrowest definition of Scafell Pike begins at the col of Mickledore 8.316 m (27.283 ft) in the south, takes in the wide, stony summit area and ends at the next depression, Broad Crag Col, c. 8.776 m (28.793 ft). A more inclusive view takes in two further tops: Broad Crag, 9.353 m (30.686 ft) and Ill Crag, 9.309 m (30.541 ft), the two being separated by Ill Crag Col, 8.823 m (28.947 ft). This is the position taken by most guidebooks.[14][13] North of Ill Crag is the more definite depression of Calf Cove at 8.534 m (27.999 ft), before the ridge climbs again to Great End, 9.095 m (29.839 ft).

Scafell Pike also has outliers on either side of the ridge. Lingmell 807 m (2.648 ft), to the north west, is invariably regarded as a separate fell,[14][13] while Pen, 760 m (2.490 ft), a shapely summit above the Esk, is normally taken as a satellite of the Pike. Middleboot Knotts is a further top lying on the Wasdale slopes of Broad Crag, which is listed as a Nuttall.

The rough summit plateau is fringed by crags on all sides with Pikes Crag and Dropping Crag above Wasdale and Rough Crag to the east. Below Rough Crag and Pen is a further tier, named Dow Crag and Central Pillar on Ordnance Survey maps, although known as Esk Buttress among climbers.[15]

Broad Crag Col is the source of Little Narrowcove Beck in the east and of Piers Gill in the west. The latter works its way around Lingmell to Wast Water through a spectacular ravine, one of the most impressive in the Lake District. It is dangerous in rain and treacherous in winter, as when it freezes over it creates an icy patch, with lethal exposure should you slip. Several accidents and some deaths have occurred in Piers Gill.[16][17]

Broad Crag is a small top with its principal face on the west and the smaller Green Crag looking down on Little Narrowcove. From Broad Crag, the ridge turns briefly east across Ill Crag Col and onto the shapely pyramidal summit of Ill Crag. Ill Crag and its associated crags overlook Eskdale.[13]

Scafell Pike has a claim to the highest standing water body in England in Broad Crag Tarn, which (confusingly) is on Scafell Pike proper, rather than on Broad Crag. It lies at about 820 m (2.690 ft), a quarter of a mile (400 m) south of the summit. Foxes Tarn on Scafell is of comparable height.[18]

Mountain classification

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Scafell Pike is a Marilyn summit which automatically makes it a HuMP and a TuMP. Scafell Pike is topologically unusual because the Marilyn qualification contour line (150 metres below the summit) passes around Scafell which is itself a HuMP.[тражи се извор]

Scafell Pike's Maquaco Line also encloses three other TuMP summits, Broad Crag, Ill Crag and Great End.

Summit

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The summit of Scafell Pike, seen from neighbouring Broad Crag

The summit was donated to the National Trust in 1919 by Lord Leconfield "in perpetual memory of the men of the Lake District who fell for God and King, for freedom peace and right in the Great War 1914–1918 ...".[19] There is a better-known war memorial on Great Gable, commemorating the members of the Fell & Rock Climbing Club.[20][21]

The actual height of Scafell Pike is a matter of definition or guesswork. The highest point is buried beneath a massive summit cairn over 3 metres high and it is not known how high the fabric of the mountain rises under the cairn. Traditionally the height was given as a very memorable 3.210 ft (978,4 m).[13] The rounded metric height of 978 metres converts to 3209 feet ±16 ft 5 in.

Scafell Pike is one of three British peaks climbed as part of the National Three Peaks Challenge, and is the highest ground for over 90 mi (145 km). Шаблон:GB summits start Шаблон:GB summits entry Шаблон:GB summits entry Шаблон:GB summits entry Шаблон:GB summits end

Geology

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Ordovician and volcanic activity

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Scafell Pike consists of igneous rock, including breccia, andesite and rhyolite, as well as geothermal tufa,[22] dating from the Ordovician; it is geologically part of the Borrowdale Volcanics and along with the other peaks of the Scafells, forms part of an extinct volcano which was active around 400-450 million years ago.[5]

Pleistocene glacial activity

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The rugged summit of Scafell Pike was shaped by glacial erosion of the Last Glacial Maximum (~20,000 YA), during which the Lake District was overlain by ice sheets with thicknesses of several kilometers.[23]

Contemporary weathering

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The summit plateau of Scafell Pike, and that of other neighbouring peaks, is covered with shattered rock debris which provides the highest-altitude example of a summit boulder field in England.[24] The boulder field is thought to have been caused in part by weathering, such as frost action. Additional factors are also considered to be important; however, opinion varies as to what these may be. James Clifton Ward suggested that weathering with earthquakes as a secondary agent could be responsible, while John Edward Marr and Reginald Aldworth Daly believed that earthquakes were unnecessary and suggested that frost action with other unspecified agents was more likely.[25] To the north of the summit are a number of high altitude gills which flow into Lingmell Beck. These are good examples in Cumbria for this type of gill and are also biologically important due to their species richness.[24]

Tourism

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Scafell Pike is a popular destination for walkers. There is open access to Scafell and the surrounding fells, with many walking and rock climbing routes. Paths connect the summit with Lingmell Col to the northwest, Mickledore to the southwest, and Esk Hause to the northeast, and these in turn connect with numerous other paths, giving access to walkers from many directions including Wasdale Head to the west, Seathwaite to the north, Langdale to the east, and Eskdale to the southwest. The shortest route is from Wasdale Head, about 80 metres above sea level, where there is a climbers' hotel, the Wasdale Head Inn, made popular in the Victorian period by Owen Glynne Jones and others. According to the National Trust, as of 2014 there were over 100,000 people per year climbing Scafell Pike from Wasdale Head,[26] many as part of the National Three Peaks Challenge.

Survey point

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Scafell Pike was used in 1826 as a station in the Principal Triangulation of Britain by the Ordnance Survey when they fixed the relative positions of Britain and Ireland. Angles between Slieve Donard in Northern Ireland and Scafell Pike were taken from Snowdon in Wales as were angles between Snowdon and Scafell Pike from Slieve Donard. Given the need for clear weather to achieve these very long-range observations (111 mi (179 km) to Slieve Donard), the Ordnance surveyors spent much of the summer camped on the respective mountain tops. Scafell Pike was not used as a station in the earlier part of the Principal Triangulation of Britain, even though Sca-Fell formed one corner of a Principal Triangle.[note 2] The Ordnance Survey's high precision theodolite was not taken to the summit until 1841.[10][27][28]

Views from the summit

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Summer

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A panorama from the summit of Scafell Pike, August 2007

(Scroll left or right)

Winter

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Panorama of the arc from Helvellyn to Scafell in the snow of 2010. The south summit of Scafell Pike is in the foreground.

List of summits visible

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As the highest ground in England, Scafell Pike has a very extensive view, ranging from the Mourne Mountains in Northern Ireland to Snowdonia in Wales. On a clear day, the following prominent mountain tops (Marilyns) can be seen the summit.[29]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ These references on spelling of "Scafell"/"Scawfell" are examples of the more common usage during the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century, as can readily be found in the many contemporary guidebooks and local and national newspapers. A useful contrast is the difference in Baddely's guide (1st edn. 1888 and many later editions) between the guide text ("Scafell", following the maps used in this common guide-book) and all the adverts therein of hotels, tours and views, which were placed by local businesses ("Scawfell").
  2. ^ Absence of angles taken from one corner of some triangles was attributed to difficulties of access in the preface of the 1811 report by the Ordnance Survey.

References

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  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John, ур. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18. изд.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.  In isolation Scafell is /ˌskɔːˈfɛl/.
  2. ^ Грешка код цитирања: Неважећа ознака <ref>; нема текста за референце под именом Bathurst_2012.
  3. ^ „Marilyns of England”. www.peakbagger.com. Приступљено 23. 11. 2020. 
  4. ^ Gannon, Paul (април 2009). Rock Trails Lakeland - A Hillwalker's Guide to the Geology & Scenery. Pesda Press. ISBN 9781906095154. Приступљено 29. 4. 2021. 
  5. ^ а б Geology of England and Wales, pp118ff
  6. ^ Stuart Rae. „Fells”. 
  7. ^ Zoëga, G T (1922). Icelandic-English Dictionary. стр. 444. 
  8. ^ а б Dorothy Wordsworth's ascent of Scafell Pike, 1818, http://www.pastpresented.ukart.com/eskdale/wordsworth1.htm
  9. ^ Otley, Jonathan (1830). A concise description of the English lakes, and adjacent mountains: with general directions to tourists; notices of the botany, mineralogy, and geology of the district; observations on meteorolgy; the floating island in Derwent lake; and black-lead mine in Borrowdale. (4th изд.). Keswick: author. стр. 64. Приступљено 13. 6. 2017. 
  10. ^ а б Mudge, Lieutenant-Colonel William; Colby, Captain Thomas (1811). An Account of the Trigonometrical Survey Carried on by Order of the Master-General of His Majesty's Ordnance in the Years 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808 and 1809 (PDF). Charing Cross, London: W Faden. 
  11. ^ Martineau, Harriet (1855). A Complete Guide to the English Lakes. Windermere: John Garnett — преко Archive.org. 
  12. ^ Holland, CF (1924). Climbs on the Scawfell Group – A Climbers' Guide. (1st изд.). Fell & Rock Climbing Club. 
  13. ^ а б в г д Wainwright, A. (1960). The Southern Fells. London: Francis Lincoln. ISBN 0-7112-2230-4. 
  14. ^ а б Richards, Mark: Mid-Western Fells: Collins (2004): ISBN 0-00-711368-4
  15. ^ British Mountain Maps: Lake District: Harvey (2006): ISBN 1-85137-467-1
  16. ^ „Piers Gill – Scafell Pike – Wasdale Mountain Rescue”. www.wmrt.org.uk. 
  17. ^ „Piers Gill – Wasdale Mountain Rescue”. www.wmrt.org.uk. 
  18. ^ Blair, Don: Exploring Lakeland Tarns: Lakeland Manor Press (2003): ISBN 0-9543904-1-5
  19. ^ Scafell Pike Summit, Cumbria – World War I Memorials and Monuments on. Waymarking.com. Retrieved on 2014-04--04-12.
  20. ^ Westaway, Jonathan. (1970-01-01) Mountains of Memory, Landscapes of Loss: Scafell Pike and Great Gable as War Memorials, 1919–1924 | Jonathan Westaway. Academia.edu. Retrieved on 2014-04-12.
  21. ^ „Mammoth mission to repair remarkable World War One memorial on Scafell Pike”. Whitehaven News. 15. 5. 2018. 
  22. ^ „About Scafell”. ClimbScafell. Приступљено 28. 4. 2021. 
  23. ^ Scoon, Roger N (8. 4. 2021). Geotraveller - Geology of Famous Geosites and Areas of Historical Interest. Springer. ISBN 978-3030546939. 
  24. ^ а б „Scafell Pikes SSSI citation sheet” (PDF). English Nature. Приступљено 2006-11-10. 
  25. ^ Hay, T (1942). „Physiographical Notes from Lakeland”. The Geographical Journal. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 100, No. 4. 100 (4): 165—173. JSTOR 1788974. doi:10.2307/1788974. 
  26. ^ „Three Peaks Partnership (formerly the Inter Mountain Working Group)” (PDF). www.thebmc.co.uk. Приступљено 16. 10. 2021. 
  27. ^ Seymour, W. A., ур. (1980). A History of the Ordnance Survey (PDF). Folkestone, Kent: Wm Dawson & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 0-7129-0979-6. 
  28. ^ „Carlisle Journal”. Col 8. 9. 10. 1841. стр. 2. Приступљено 12. 6. 2017. 
  29. ^ Computer generated virtual panoramas North South Index
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Шаблон:Southern Fells Шаблон:Highest mountains of the United Kingdom Шаблон:British hills Шаблон:Marilyns N Eng

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