Wavisigoti

Wavisigoti (yaani Wagoti wa Magharibi) walikuwa kabila la Kigermanik, ambalo pamoja na Waostrogoti, walichangia sana anguko la Dola la Roma na mwanzo wa Karne za Kati Ulaya.

Historia

Wakitokea labda Uswidi, wanatajwa na waandishi wa Roma ya Kale kama wakazi wa beseni la Vistula (leo Polandi Kaskazini) katika karne ya 1. Baadaye walienea kwenye Bahari Nyeusi, walipowazidi Wasarmatia kama watawala wa Mbuga za Ponto wakaanza kushambulia maeneo ya Dola la Roma hadi Cyprus.

Wakati huo waligawanyika kati ya Wathervingi na Wagreuthungi. Miaka ya 300, Ermanariki, mfalme wa Wagreuthungi, alitawala kutoka Bahari ya Baltiki hadi Bahari Nyeusi, na Milima ya Urali. Wakati huo wengi wao waliingia Ukristo wa madhehebu ya Uario kwa umisionari wa Ulfilas, aliyebuni alfabeti ya Kigoti kuandika Biblia ya Kigoti.

Miaka ya 370 maeneo ya Wagoti yalivamiwa na Wahunni. Wagreuthungi wakakaa chini yao wakaja kuitwa Waostrogoti, kumbe Wathervingi, waliojulikana baadaye kama Wavisigoti, walivuka mto Danube na kuvamia Dola la Roma. Baada ya kunyanyaswa sana, waliasi na kushinda Warumi katika Mapigano ya Adrianopoli mwaka 378. Chini ya Alariki I, waliteka Roma yenyewe mwaka 410, na hatimaye wakalowea Galia na Hispania, walipounda Ufalme wa Wavisigoti.

Wakiungana na Dola la Roma Magharibi dhidi ya Wahunni wa Attila na Waostrogoti walipata ushindi kwenye Mapigano ya Mabonde ya Katalunya mwaka 451. Hapo Waostrogoti walijinasua katika utawala wa Wahunni wakavamia Italia mwishoni mwa karne ya 5 chini ya mfalme Theodoriki Mkuu, wakaanzisha Ufalme wa Waostrogoti hadi mwaka 535 waliposhindwa na Kaisari Justinian I.

Ufalme wa Wavisigoti ulidumu hadi mwaka 711, ulipoangamizwa na Waislamu wa ukhalifa wa Umayyad. Kaskazini mwa Hispania, mabaki ya Wavisigoti chini ya Pelagius wa Asturias walianzisha Ufalme wa Asturias na kujiandaa kutwaa tena rasi yote (Reconquista).

Wazalendo wa Hispania walidai kuwa wazao wa Wagoti.

Tanbihi

Marejeo

Arce, Javier (1999). "The City of Merida (Emerita) in the Vitas Patrum Emeritensium (Vith Century)". Katika Evangelos Chrysos; Ian Wood (whr.). East and West, Modes of Communication: Proceedings of the First Plenary Conference at Merida. Juz. la Vol. 5 [Transformation of the Roman World]. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00410-929-2. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Burns, Thomas (2003). Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.–A.D. 400. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-80187-306-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bury, J. B. (2000). The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-39300-388-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Carr, Karen (2004). "Visigoths". Katika Peter Bogucki; Pam J. Crabtree (whr.). Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C.–A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Juz. la Vol. 2 [Bronze Age to Early Middle Ages]. New York: Thomson Gale. ISBN 0-684-31421-5. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Claude, Dietrich (1998). "Remarks to the Relationship between Visigoths and Hispano-Romans in the 7th Century". Katika Walter Pohl; Helmut Reimitz (whr.). Strategies of Distinction: Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800 (The Transformation of the Roman World, vol. 2). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9-00410-846-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Collins, Roger (1992). Law, Culture, and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain. Great Yarmouth: Variorum. ISBN 0-86078-308-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Collins, Roger (1995). The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 978-0-63119-405-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Collins, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33365-808-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Collins, Roger (2000). "Visigothic Spain, 409–711". Katika Raymond Carr (mhr.). Spain: A History. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19280-236-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-18185-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Coolidge, Grace (2011). Guardianship, Gender, and the Nobility in Early Modern Spain. Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-40940-053-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Durant, Will (1950). The Age of Faith. The Story of Civilization. Juz. la IV. New York: Simon and Schuster. ASIN B000HFCEIO. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Fletcher, Richard (2006). Moorish Spain. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52024-840-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-263-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Fuller, J.F.C. (1998). Armaments & History. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680-859-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Georgescu, Vlad (1991). The Romanians. A History. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0814205119. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Gerber, Jane (1992). The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02911-573-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Gonzalez-Salinero, Raul (1999). "Catholic Anti-Judaism in Visigothic Spain". Katika Alberto Ferreiro (mhr.). The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00411-206-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Graetz, Heinrich (1894). History of the Jews. Juz. la Vol. III [From the Revolt Against the Zendik (511 CE) to the Capture of St. Jean D'acre By the Mahometans (1291 C. E.)]. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. ASIN B000JRBM60. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52143-543-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. ASIN B00RWST3HE. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Heather, Peter (2005). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19515-954-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Heather, Peter (2013). The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19936-851-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Hillgarth, J. N. (2010). The Visigoths in History and Legend. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88844-166-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
James, Edward (2009). Europe's Barbarians AD 200–600. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-58277-296-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Katz, Solomon (1955). The Decline of Rome and the Rise of Mediaeval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ASIN B002S62FYI. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Lim, Richard (1999). "Christian Triumph and Controversy". Katika G.W. Bowersock; Peter Brown; Oleg Grabar (whr.). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-67451-173-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Mathisen, Ralph W.; Sivan, Hagith S. (1999). "Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Aquitania, 418–507". Katika Alberto Ferreiro (mhr.). The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00411-206-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Nadeau, Jean-Benoit; Barlow, Julie (2013). The Story of Spanish. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-31265-602-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Odobescu, Alexandru (1889). Le Trésor de Pétrossa. Étude sur l'orfèvrerie antique. Paris: Éditions J. Rothschchild. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Ostler, Nicholas (2006). Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06093-572-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Roberts, J. M. (1997). A History of Europe. New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-96584-319-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Roth, Norman (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00409-971-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Sarris, Peter (2002). "The Eastern Roman Empire from Constantine to Heraclius, 306–641". Katika Cyril Mango (mhr.). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19814-098-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Sivan, Hagith (1987). "On Foederati, Hospitalitas, and the Settlement of the Goths in A.D. 418". American Journal of Philology. 108 (4): 759–772. doi:10.2307/294799. JSTOR 294799. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Stevenson, W. H. (1899). "The Beginnings of Wessex" (PDF). The English Historical Review. 14 (53). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 32–46. JSTOR 548095. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Todd, Malcolm (2000). The Early Germans. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-63119-904-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816049646. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Williams, Mark (2004). The Story of Spain. San Mateo, CA: Golden Era Books. ISBN 978-0-97069-692-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (2014). Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10763-481-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52005-259-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08511-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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