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In the United States, Three B. Productions Ltd., a production company headed by Bunker Jenkins, developed ''Mazinger Z'' for American television by producing an English-dubbed version, which Jenkins retitled '''''Tranzor Z'''''. This adaptation aired in 1985, and was, like many English-dubbed anime shows that were on American TV at the time, re-edited for American audiences.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=872–873}}</ref> Many of the Japanese names used in ''Mazinger Z'' were changed for its adaptation into ''Tranzor Z;'' for example, Koji Kabuto became Tommy Davis, Sayaka Yumi became Jessica Wells, Shiro became Toad, Professor Yumi became Dr. Wells, Dr. Hell became Dr. Daemon, and Baron Ashura became Devleen.{{cn|date=May 2025}} Only 65 out of the 92 episodes were dubbed into English, as 65 was the minimum number of episodes required for syndication.{{cn|date=May 2025}}
In the United States, Three B. Productions Ltd., a production company headed by Bunker Jenkins, developed ''Mazinger Z'' for American television by producing an English-dubbed version, which Jenkins retitled '''''Tranzor Z'''''. This adaptation aired in 1985, and was, like many English-dubbed anime shows that were on American TV at the time, re-edited for American audiences.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=872–873}}</ref> Many of the Japanese names used in ''Mazinger Z'' were changed for its adaptation into ''Tranzor Z;'' for example, Koji Kabuto became Tommy Davis, Sayaka Yumi became Jessica Wells, Shiro became Toad, Professor Yumi became Dr. Wells, Dr. Hell became Dr. Daemon, and Baron Ashura became Devleen.{{cn|date=May 2025}} Only 65 out of the 92 episodes were dubbed into English, as 65 was the minimum number of episodes required for syndication.{{cn|date=May 2025}}


==== Films ====
=== Films ===
The shows spawned so-called "team-up movies" early on, which were like longer episodes that teamed up Mazinger Z with one of [[Go Nagai]]'s other creations, as in ''[[Mazinger Z vs. Devilman]]'' (マジンガーZ対デビルマン) in 1973 as well as ''Mazinger Z Vs. Dr. Hell'' (マジンガーZ対ドクターヘル) and ''[[Mazinger Z Vs. The Great General of Darkness]]'' (マジンガーZ対暗黒大将軍) both released in 1974.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
The shows spawned so-called "team-up movies" early on, which were like longer episodes that teamed up Mazinger Z with one of [[Go Nagai]]'s other creations, as in ''[[Mazinger Z vs. Devilman]]'' (マジンガーZ対デビルマン) in 1973 as well as ''Mazinger Z Vs. Dr. Hell'' (マジンガーZ対ドクターヘル) and ''[[Mazinger Z Vs. The Great General of Darkness]]'' (マジンガーZ対暗黒大将軍) both released in 1974.{{cn|date=May 2024}}


On the franchise's 45th anniversary, a sequel film titled ''[[Mazinger Z: Infinity]]'' was announced, taking place 10 years after the events of the original series. It was animated by [[Toei Animation]] and directed by [[Junji Shimizu]] and written by [[Takahiro Ozawa]]. It is released theatrically in Japan on January 13, 2018. [[Viz Media]] licensed the film for its theatrical release outside Japan.
On the franchise's 45th anniversary, a sequel film titled ''[[Mazinger Z: Infinity]]'' was announced, taking place 10 years after the events of the original series. It was animated by [[Toei Animation]] and directed by [[Junji Shimizu]] and written by [[Takahiro Ozawa]]. It is released theatrically in Japan on January 13, 2018. [[Viz Media]] licensed the film for its theatrical release outside Japan.


==== Video games ====
=== Video games ===
''Mazinger'' has also been successful in the video game area (at least in Japan), as one of the main stars in the acclaimed battle simulation game series ''[[Super Robot Wars]]'', released by [[Banpresto]], featuring characters and units from almost all ''Mazinger''-related shows, alongside other anime franchises.{{cn|date=May 2025}} In 1994, Banpresto released an arcade game called ''Mazinger Z'' which was a vertical [[shoot 'em up]] with three selectable characters: Mazinger Z, [[Great Mazinger]] and [[Grendizer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=1590 |title=mazinger z [coin-op] arcade video game, banpresto (1994) |publisher=Arcade-history.com |date=2011-01-22 |access-date=2012-08-13}}</ref> [[Hamster Corporation]] announced that ''Mazinger Z'' will be joining the [[Arcade Archives]] series later in 2023. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.famitsu.com/news/202212/03284962.html|title=Mazinger Z joining Hamster Corporation's Arcade Archives series |access-date=2022-12-03}}</ref>
''Mazinger'' has also been successful in the video game area (at least in Japan), as one of the main stars in the acclaimed battle simulation game series ''[[Super Robot Wars]]'', released by [[Banpresto]], featuring characters and units from almost all ''Mazinger''-related shows, alongside other anime franchises.{{cn|date=May 2025}} In 1994, Banpresto released an arcade game called ''Mazinger Z'' which was a vertical [[shoot 'em up]] with three selectable characters: Mazinger Z, [[Great Mazinger]] and [[Grendizer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=1590 |title=mazinger z [coin-op] arcade video game, banpresto (1994) |publisher=Arcade-history.com |date=2011-01-22 |access-date=2012-08-13}}</ref> [[Hamster Corporation]] announced that ''Mazinger Z'' will be joining the [[Arcade Archives]] series later in 2023. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.famitsu.com/news/202212/03284962.html|title=Mazinger Z joining Hamster Corporation's Arcade Archives series |access-date=2022-12-03}}</ref>


Revision as of 15:15, 26 May 2024

Mazinger Z
Cover of the first manga volume
マジンガーZ
(Majingā Zetto)
GenreSuper robot[1]
Created byGo Nagai
Manga
Mazinger Z
Written byGo Nagai
Published by
Magazine
DemographicShōnen
Original runOctober 1972 – September 1974
Volumes
Anime television series
Mazinger Z
Directed byTomoharu Katsumata
Produced byDynamic Planning
Written by
  • Keisuke Fujikawa
  • Susumu Takaku[2]
Music by
StudioToei Animation
Licensed by
Original networkFuji TV
Original run December 3, 1972 – September 1, 1974[3]
Episodes92 (List of episodes)
Manga
Written byGo Nagai
Illustrated byGosaku Ota
Published byAkita Shoten
MagazineBoken Oh
DemographicShōnen
Original runDecember 1972 – September 1974
Volumes5
Sequels
Other series
Video game

Mazinger Z (Japanese: マジンガーZ, Hepburn: Majingā Zetto, known as Tranzor Z in the United States) is a Japanese super robot manga written and illustrated by Go Nagai. It was originally serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from October 1972 to August 1973 and Kodansha's TV Magazine [ja] from October 1973 to September 1974.

Mazinger Z has since spawned a media franchise. It was adapted into an anime television series by Toei Animation, which aired on Fuji TV[citation needed] from December 1972 to September 1974. A second manga series was released alongside the TV show, this one drawn by Gosaku Ota, which started and ended almost at the same time as the TV show.[citation needed] The series was followed by several sequels and spin-off, among them being Great Mazinger, UFO Robot Grendizer and Mazinkaiser. Mazinger Z: Infinity, a theatrical film sequel, taking place 10 years after the Great Mazinger series, was animated by Toei Animation and released in theaters on January 13, 2018.[4]

Plot

See also: List of Mazinger characters

Mazinger Z is an enormous super robot, constructed with a fictional metal called Super-Alloy Z (超合金Z, Chōgokin Zetto), which is forged from a new element (Japanium) mined from a reservoir found only in the sediment of Mt. Fuji, in Japan. The mecha was built by Professor Juzo Kabuto as a secret weapon against the forces of evil, represented in the series by the Mechanical Beasts of Dr. Hell. The latter was the German member of a Japanese archeological team, which discovered ruins of a lost pre-Grecian civilization on an island named Bardos, the Mycéne Empire. One of their findings was that the Mycene used an army of steel titans about 20 meters in height. Finding prototypes of those titans underground which could be remote-controlled and realizing their immense power on the battlefield, Dr. Hell goes insane and has all the other scientists of his research team killed except for Professor Kabuto, who manages to escape. The lone survivor goes back to Japan and attempts to warn the world of its imminent danger. Meanwhile, Dr. Hell establishes his headquarters on a mobile island, forms the new Underground Empire, and plans to use the Mechanical Monsters to become the new ruler of the world. To counter this, Kabuto constructs Mazinger Z and manages to finish it just before being killed by a bomb planted by Hell's right-hand person, Baron Ashura, a half-man, half-woman. As he lays dying, he manages to inform his grandson Koji Kabuto about the robot and its use. Koji becomes the robot's pilot, and from that point on battles both the continuous mechanical monsters, and the sinister henchmen sent by Doctor Hell.

The anime culminated in the destruction of the original robot by new enemies (after Doctor Hell's final defeat in the penultimate episode) and the immediate introduction of its successor, Great Mazinger, an improved version of Mazinger, along with its pilot, Tetsuya Tsurugi.

Development

In his Manga Works series, Go Nagai reveals that he had always loved Tetsuwan Atom (Astro Boy) and Tetsujin-28 (Gigantor) as a child, and wanted to make his own robot anime.[5][full citation needed] However, for the longest time he was unable to produce a concept that he felt did not borrow too heavily from those two shows. One day, Nagai observed a traffic jam and mused to himself that the drivers in back would surely love a way to bypass the ones in front. From that thought came his ultimate inspiration: a giant robot that could be controlled from the inside, like a car. In his original concepts, the titular robot was Energer Z, which was controlled by a motorcycle that was driven up its back and into its head (an idea which was recycled for the Diana A robot). However, with the sudden popularity of Kamen Rider, Nagai replaced the motorcycle with a hovercraft. He later redesigned Energer Z, renaming it Mazinger Z to evoke the image of a demon god (Ma, 魔, meaning demon and Jin, 神, meaning god).

The motif of the Hover Pilder docking itself into Mazinger's head also borrows from Nagai's 1971 manga Demon Lord Dante (the prototype for his more popular Devilman), in which the titular giant demon has a human head (of Ryo Utsugi, the young man who merged with him) in his forehead. Koji Kabuto takes his surname (the Japanese word for a helmet) because he controls Mazinger Z from its head.

Media

See also: Mazinger

Manga

Mazinger Z is written and illustrated by Go Nagai. It began serialization in Weekly Shōnen Jump in October 1972.[6][7] While the manga was being published in Weekly Shōnen Jump, Go Nagai made an agreement with Kodansha to have Mazinger Z also be published in TV Magazine [ja], in an effort to reach a younger audience.[7] After Tadasu Nagano [ja], the editor-in-chief of Weekly Shōnen Jump, heard of this agreement, it was announced that the serialization of Mazinger Z in Weekly Shōnen Jump would be discontinued, as Shueisha thought it unacceptable to serialize the same manga as a rival company.[7] The serialization of the manga in Weekly Shōnen Jump ended in August 1973, and it was serialized in TV Magazine from October 1973 to September 1974.[6][7] The manga was collected into four tankōbon volumes by Shueisha in 1973 and five tankōbon volumes by Kodansha in 1975 and 1976.[8][9] The manga was also collected into five tankōbon volumes by Asahi Sonorama in 1974, four volumes by Chuokoron-Shinsha in 1994 and 1995, and three volumes by Daitosha [ja] in 1996.[10][11][12]

Anime

See also: List of Mazinger Z episodes

An anime adaption of Mazinger Z was produced by Dynamic Planning and Toei Animation, with Toei handling the animation.[13][14] The series ran for a total of 92 episodes from December 3, 1972 to September 1, 1974.[13]

In the 1980s, on behalf of Dynamic Planning, Masami Ōbari and other independent animators (Toshiki Hirano) not part of Toei Animation began work on a miniseries of Mazinger Z. The OVA (Original Video Animation) would have been called Dai-Mazinger (or Daimajinga, 大魔神我) and would have presented the same characters known to the general public, starting with the main protagonist Koji. The robot would be more realistic: for example, it would have exhaust pipes and its rocket fists would not be able to automatically return to its arms.[15]

The news, initially protected by tight secrecy, managed to leak and was spread by the specialized press.[citation needed] Toei protested, saying to Dynamic that the rights of the animation of Mazinger was only theirs and that they did not tolerate a Mazinger animated by others.[citation needed] As a consequence, the Daimajinga project was blocked.[citation needed] This wasn't helped with the fact that Nagai was in the middle of a court battle with Toei, suing them for not properly crediting him and not paying him royalties over the creation of Gaiking in 1976.[citation needed] However, since then the relationship between Nagai and Toei had steadily improved.[citation needed]

International release

In 1976, Honolulu-based entertainment concern, Consolidated Amusement Co., licensed the first 52 episodes of the series from Toei, as reported by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, and commissioned M&M Communications, a local sound studio, to produce an English language dub.[citation needed] Consolidated, which ran four of the biggest theater chains in Hawaii, packaged the episodes of Mazinger Z for weekend kiddie matinee screenings in their venues, starting with a big promotional push over Thanksgiving weekend (November 27 & 28) that same year with a "personal appearance" (a 10' electronic model) at the Pearlridge Shopping Center, as promoted in the Honolulu Advertiser.[citation needed] The first package of episodes debuted at the Pearlridge 4-Plex Theaters on Saturday, December 4, 1976 (according to the Honolulu Star-Bulletin).[citation needed] Unlike other English adaptations of various anime series at the time, Mazinger Z was left with its plot and character names unaltered. This English dub also aired in the Philippines; it proved so popular in there that additional episodes were locally dubbed.[16]

Discotek Media acquired the American home video rights to the show.[17] The result was a release of all 92 episodes of the original series in 2 volumes: Mazinger Z TV Series Vol 1, Ep. 1–46 and Mazinger Z TV Series Vol 2, Ep. 47–92. Discotek Media later released a double feature DVD on April 29, 2014, alongside Amazing Nuts!, Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade, and Unico.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

Tranzor Z

In the United States, Three B. Productions Ltd., a production company headed by Bunker Jenkins, developed Mazinger Z for American television by producing an English-dubbed version, which Jenkins retitled Tranzor Z. This adaptation aired in 1985, and was, like many English-dubbed anime shows that were on American TV at the time, re-edited for American audiences.[27] Many of the Japanese names used in Mazinger Z were changed for its adaptation into Tranzor Z; for example, Koji Kabuto became Tommy Davis, Sayaka Yumi became Jessica Wells, Shiro became Toad, Professor Yumi became Dr. Wells, Dr. Hell became Dr. Daemon, and Baron Ashura became Devleen.[citation needed] Only 65 out of the 92 episodes were dubbed into English, as 65 was the minimum number of episodes required for syndication.[citation needed]

Films

The shows spawned so-called "team-up movies" early on, which were like longer episodes that teamed up Mazinger Z with one of Go Nagai's other creations, as in Mazinger Z vs. Devilman (マジンガーZ対デビルマン) in 1973 as well as Mazinger Z Vs. Dr. Hell (マジンガーZ対ドクターヘル) and Mazinger Z Vs. The Great General of Darkness (マジンガーZ対暗黒大将軍) both released in 1974.[citation needed]

On the franchise's 45th anniversary, a sequel film titled Mazinger Z: Infinity was announced, taking place 10 years after the events of the original series. It was animated by Toei Animation and directed by Junji Shimizu and written by Takahiro Ozawa. It is released theatrically in Japan on January 13, 2018. Viz Media licensed the film for its theatrical release outside Japan.

Video games

Mazinger has also been successful in the video game area (at least in Japan), as one of the main stars in the acclaimed battle simulation game series Super Robot Wars, released by Banpresto, featuring characters and units from almost all Mazinger-related shows, alongside other anime franchises.[citation needed] In 1994, Banpresto released an arcade game called Mazinger Z which was a vertical shoot 'em up with three selectable characters: Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger and Grendizer.[28] Hamster Corporation announced that Mazinger Z will be joining the Arcade Archives series later in 2023. [29]

Merchandise

Mazinger remains one of Go Nagai's most enduring success stories, spawning many products in the realm of merchandising, model kits, plastic and die-cast metal toys (the now famous Soul of Chogokin line), action figures and other collectibles.[citation needed]

A 40-foot tall statue of Mazinger Z was built in a suburb called "Mas del Plata" in Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain) in the early 1980s, to serve as the suburb's entrance, yet the suburb was never completed and the statue remains there.[30]

Reception and influence

Mazinger Z sculpture in the Mas del Plata urbanization, in Cabra del Camp, Catalonia, Spain

The Mazinger Z anime consistently achieved high audience ratings while it was airing.[31] Its period of greatest popularity lasted from roughly October 1973 to March 1974, during which time it regularly scored audience ratings in the high twenties.[31] Episode 68, broadcast March 17, 1974, achieved the series' highest rating of 30.4%, making Mazinger Z one of the highest-rated anime series of all time.[31]

Mazinger Z helped to create the 1970s boom in mecha anime.[32] The series is noteworthy for introducing many of the accepted stock features of super robot anime genres, including the first occurrence of mecha robots being piloted by a user from within a cockpit.[33]

In 2001, the Japanese magazine Animage elected Mazinger Z TV series the eleventh best anime production of all time.[34] TV Asahi ran a series of four polls in 2005 and 2006 to determine Japan's 100 favorite anime, in which Mazinger Z placed 91st twice and 98th once.[35][36][37]

Guillermo del Toro has cited the show—which was a huge success in his native Mexico during the 1980s—as an important influence on Pacific Rim.[38]

As of July 2023, Mazinger Z has reached a total of 20 million copies in circulation worldwide.[39]

See also

References

  1. ^ "'Mazinger Z' Comes to U.S. Cinemas With 'INFINITY' for Two Special Screenings February 11 and 12 - Anime News Network". Anime News Network. January 19, 2018. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  2. ^ Loo, Egan (July 23, 2009). "Mazinger Z, North Star Scriptwriter Susumu Takaku Dies". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  3. ^ "マジンガーZ". Toei Animation. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  4. ^ 「劇場版マジンガーZ」　2017年10月にイタリア公開、日本より3ヵ月先行 - アニメーションビジネス・ジャーナル
  5. ^ "Gn-mazingerz01.JPG (1445x2156 pixels)". Archived from the original on 29 May 2004.
  6. ^ a b "Go Nagai's manga works 1971–1975". Nagai Go Special Corner (in Japanese). ebookjapan initiative. Archived from the original on 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  7. ^ a b c d Nakagawa, Yūsuke (November 19, 2023). テレビアニメの大ヒットが皮肉にも、人気漫画家と漫画誌との蜜月終了のきっかけに。「マジンガーZ」がジャンプからテレビマガジンに移籍した背景. Shueisha (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  8. ^ マジンガーZ [Mazinger Z]. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  9. ^ マジンガーZ [Mazinger Z]. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  10. ^ マジンガーZ [Mazinger Z]. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  11. ^ マジンガーZ [Mazinger Z]. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  12. ^ マジンガーZ [Mazinger Z]. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  13. ^ a b マジンガーZ [Mazinger Z]. Toei Animation List of Works (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  14. ^ "Mazinger Z: TV Series Vol. 1 - 6 Disc Set". Discotek. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  15. ^ "Intervista a Masami Obari". Italian Magazine Mangazine (in Italian). 29.
  16. ^ "Mazinger Z (M&M Communications English Dub)". Internet Archive. 1978. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  17. ^ "Discotek Adds Mazinger Z Super Robot TV Anime - News". Anime News Network. 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  18. ^ "Discotek Sets "Unico" Anime Film Double Feature DVD for April 29". Crunchyroll. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  19. ^ "Discotek Adds Amazing Nuts! Video Anime Anthology". Anime News Network. January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  20. ^ "Discotek Media Acquires 'Amazing Nuts' Anime Short Anthology". The Fandom Post. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  21. ^ "'Mazinger Z' Anime DVD Gets Release Date, Cover Art". The Fandom Post. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  22. ^ "Discotek Media Dates 'Jin-Roh' Separate DVD & Blu-ray Anime Feature Releases". The Fandom Post. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  23. ^ "Discotek Sets Date for Mazinger Z and More". Otaku USA. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  24. ^ "Discotek Media Brings Studio 4°C Anime Short Anthology "Amazing Nuts!" to DVD". Crunchyroll. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  25. ^ "First "Mazinger Z" TV Anime DVD Set Delivers 46 Episodes on April 29". Crunchyroll. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  26. ^ "Discotek Media Sets "Jin-Roh" DVD for April 29". Crunchyroll. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  27. ^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 872–873. ISBN 978-1476665993.
  28. ^ "mazinger z [coin-op] arcade video game, banpresto (1994)". Arcade-history.com. 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  29. ^ "Mazinger Z joining Hamster Corporation's Arcade Archives series". Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  30. ^ "Mazinger Z". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  31. ^ a b c マジンガーシリーズＴＶ放映リスト [Mazinger Z Broadcast List]. Mazinger Z (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 05, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2024. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  32. ^ "Bigger Audiences, More Varied Productions". Nipponia. 2003-12-15. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  33. ^ Gilson, Mark (1998). "A Brief History of Japanese Robophilia". Leonardo. 31 (5): 367–369. doi:10.2307/1576597. JSTOR 1576597. S2CID 191411400.
  34. ^ "Animage Top-100 Anime Listing". Anime News Network. January 15, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
  35. ^ Macdonald, Christopher (September 23, 2005). "TV Asahi Top 100 Anime". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  36. ^ Macdonald, Christopher (September 23, 2005). "TV Asahi Top 100 Anime Part 2". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  37. ^ Macdonald, Christopher (October 12, 2006). "Japan's Favorite TV Anime". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  38. ^ newch (2013-08-11). "Guillermo del Toro meets Gundam in Japan". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  39. ^ "【8月2試合】マジンガーZ×愛媛FC コラボイベント開催！". 愛媛FC公式サイト【EHIME FC OFFICIAL SITE】. 2023-07-07. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
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