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List of Maraji

Article Commented Note: The list contains those Ayatollahs who have published a resalah, regardless of the number of followers they have. The general consensus on the standard by which a believer chooses the marja he/she wishes to follow requires (among other things) that the marja be the most knowledgeable shi'i mujtahid in all fields. However, the assessment of the most knowledgeable scholar ('alam) is subjective among experts in the field. The names are ordered alphabetically (by common name of mujtahids) See also: List of Ayatollahs

S No	Image	Name	Year of Birth CE AH	Birth Place	Education	Residence	Website	Notes
1		Aliari - علياري Mirza Javad Gharavi Aliari ميرزا جواد غروي علياري	1935 1353	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
2		Amoli - آملى Abdollah Javadi-Amoli عبدالله جوادى آملى	1933 1352	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
3		Ansari - انصاري Mohammad Ebrahim Ansari محمد إبراهيم الأنصاري	1936 1355	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Biography	-
4		Ardebili - اردبيلي Sayyid Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili السيد عبدالكريم موسوي اردبيلي	1926 1344	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
5		Azad - آزاد Ali Asghar Rahimi Azad علی اصغر رحیمی آزاد	1939 1358	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
6		Baghdadi - بغدادي Sayyid Ahmad Hassani Baghdadi السيد احمد الحسني البغدادي	1944 1363	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
7		Baghdadi - بغدادي Sayyid Ali Hassani Baghdadi السيد علي الحسني البغدادي	1954 1373	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
8		Dastgheib - دستغیب Sayyid Ali Mohammad Dastgheib Shirazi السيد علی محمد دستغیب شيرازي	1935 1353	Iran	Iran & Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
9		Duzduzani - دوزدوزاني Mirza Yadollah Duzduzani ميرزا يدالله دوزدوزاني	1935 1354	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
10		Fadlallah - فضل الله Sayyid Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah السيد محمد حسين فضل الله	1935 1353	Iraq	Iraq	Lebanon	Official Website	-
11		Faqih - فقيه Mirza Mohammad Hassan Ahmadi Faqih ميرزا محمد حسن احمدى فقيه	1946 1365	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
12		Fayaz - فياض Sayyid Morteza Hosseini Fayaz السيد مرتضى الحسيني فياض	1928 1347	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Biography	-
13		Fayyadh - فياض Mohammad Ishaq al-Fayyadh محمد إسحاق فياض	1930 1348	Afghanistan	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
14		Ghoraifi - غريفي Sayyid Allaedin Ghoraifi السيد علاء الدين الغريفي	1945 1364	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
15		Golpaygani - گلپایگانی Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani لطف الله صافی گلپایگانی	1919 1337	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
16		Gorgani - گرگانى Sayyid Mohammad Alavi Ali Hosseini Gorgani السيد محمد على علوى حسينى گرگانى	1926 1344	Iraq	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
17		Haeri - حائري‎ Sayyid Kazim Hussaini al-Haeri السيد كاظم حسيني حائري‎	1938 1356	Iraq	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
18		Hakeem - حكيم Sayyid Mohammad Sa'eed Tabatabai al-Hakeem السيد محمد سعيد الطباطبائي الحكيم	1936 1354	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
19		Hamedani - همداني Hossein Noori Hamedani حسين نوري همداني	1926 1344	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
20		Hassani - حسني Sayyid Mohammad Ali Tabatabaei Hassani السيد محمد علي الطباطبائي الحسني	1945 1364	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Biography	-
21		Jannaati - جناتی Mohammad Ebrahim Jannaati محمد ابراهيم جناتی	1932 1350	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
22		Jazayeri - جزایری Sayyid Mohammad Ali Moosavi Jazayeri السید محمد علی موسوی جزایری	1941 1360	Iran	Iran & Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
23		Jooybari - جويباري Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari يعسوب الدين رستگار جويباري	1940 1359	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography	-
24		Kaboli - كابلى Qorban Ali Kaboli قربان علي كابلى	1928 1346	Afghanistan	Afghanistan &Iraq	Afghanistan	Official Website	-
25		Kashani - کاشانی Khalil Mobasher Kashani خلیل مبشر کاشانی	1951 1370	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
26		Kashani - کاشانی Sayyid Abbas Hosseini Kashani السید عباس حسيني کاشانی	1931 1350	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
27		Khalesi - خالصي Mohammad Mehdi Khalesi محمد مهدي الخالصي	1938 1357	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
28	File:Ali Khamenei,.jpg	Khamenei - خامنه اي Sayyid Ali Hoseyni Khamenei السيد علي حسيني خامنه اي	1939 1358	Iran	Iran & Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
29		Khansari - خوانساري Sayyid Mohammad Hadi Ghazanfari Khansari السيد محمد هادي غضنفري خوانساري	1957 1376	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography	-
30		Khaqani - خاقاني Mohammad Mohammad Taher Aleshobair Khaqani محمد محمد طاهــــر آل شبيـر الخاقانـــــي	1940 1359	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
31		Khorasani - خراساني Hossein Vahid Khorasani حسين وحيد خراساني	1924 1342	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
32		Malakouti - ملكوتی Moslem Malakouti مسلم ملكوتی	1923 1341	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
33		Maleki - مالكي Fazel Maleki فاضل المالكي	1953 1372	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
34		Mamaqani - مامقاني Mohammad Amin Mamaqani محمد أمين المامقاني	1952 1371	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
35	File:Hossein Mazaheri.jpg	Mazaheri - مظاهري Hossein Mazaheri حسين مظاهري	1934 1352	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
36		Mazandarani - مازندرانی Morteza Sadouqi Mazandarani مرتضی صدوقی مازندرانی	1946 1365	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
37		Modaressi - مدرسي Sayyid Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi السيد محمد تقي المدرسي‎	1945 1364	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
38		Mohseni - محسني Mohammad Asif Mohseni محمد آصف محسني	1936 1354	Afghanistan	Iraq	Afghanistan	Official Website	-
39		Mousavi - موسوي Sayyid Mohammad Mofti al-Shi'a Mousavi السيد محمد مفتي الشيعة موسوي	1928 1347	Iran	Iran & Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
40		Najafi - نجفي Bashir Hussain Najafi بشير حسين النجفي	1942 1361	British India	Pakistan & Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
41	File:Hussainnajafy.jpg	Najafi - نجفي Muhammad Hussain Najafi محمد حسين النجفي	1932 1350	British India	Pakistan & Iraq	Pakistan	Official website	-
42	File:Hossein Nassab.jpg	Nassab - نسب Sayyid Reza Hosseini Nassab السيد رضا حسيني نسب	1960 1380	Iran	Iran	Canada	Official Website
43		Nekoonam - نکونام Mohammad Reza Nekoonam محمد رضا نکونام	1948 1367	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
44		Qomi - قمي Mohammad Ali Gerami Qomi محمدعلى گرامى قمي	1938 1357	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
45		Qomi - قمي Sayyid Taqi Tabatabaei Qomi السيد تقي طباطبايي قمي	1922 1341	Iran	Iraq	Iran	_	-
46		Qomsheiy - قمشه‏اي Mohammad Ali Esmailpour Qomsheiy محمد علي اسماعيل‏پور قمشه‏اي	1940 1359	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
47		Rohani - روحاني Sayyid Mohammad Sadeq Hosayni Rohani السيد محمد صادق حسيني روحاني	1926 1344	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
48		Saan'ei - صانعي Yousuf Saan'ei يوسف صانعي	1937 1355	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
49		Sadr - صدر Sayyid Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr السيد حسين إسماعيل الصدر	1952 1371	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
50		Shahroudi - شاهرودي Sayyid Mohammad Shahroudi السيد محمد شاهرودي	1925 1343	Iraq	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
51		Shirazi - شيرازي Naser Makarem Shirazi ناصر مكارم شيرازي	1927 1345	Iran	Iran & Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
52		Shirazi - شيرازي Sayyid Mohammad Ali Shirazi السيد محمد علی شيرازي	1948 1367	Iraq	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
53		Shirazi - شيرازي Sayyid Mohammad Baqer Shirazi السيد محمد باقر شيرازي	1931 1350	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Biography	-
54		Shirazi - شيرازي Sayyid Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi السيد صادق حسيني شيرازي	1942 1361	Iraq	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
55		Sirjani - سیرجانی Mohammad Rahmati Sirjani محمد رحمتی سیرجانی	1928 1347	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
56	File:Ali Sistani.jpg	Sistani - سيستاني Sayyid Ali Husayni as-Sistani السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني‎	1930 1348	Iran	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
57		Sobhani - سبحاني Ja'far Sobhani جعفر سبحاني	1928 1346	Azerbaijan	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
58		Sorkhi - صرخي Sayyid Mahmoud Hassani Sorkhi السيد محمود الحسني الصرخي	1964 1383	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
59		Tabrizi - تبریزی Mirza Mohsen Koochebaghi Tabrizi میرزا محسن كوچه باغي تبریزی	1924 1342	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
60		Tabrizi - تبریزی Sayyid Yousef Madani Tabrizi السيد يوسف مدنی تبریزی	1928 1347	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
61		Taei - طائي Qasem Taei قاسم الطائي	1960 1379	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
62		Taei - طائي Saleh Taei صالح الطائي	1958 1377	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
63		Tehrani - تهراني Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani محمد صادقی تهراني	1926 1345	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
64		Tehrani - تهراني Mojtaba Tehrani مجتبي تهراني	1933 1352	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
65		Vaezi - واعظي Shamsodin Vaezi شمس الدين الواعظي	1936 1355	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
66		Yaqoobi - يعقوبي Mohammad Yaqoobi محمد اليعقوبي	1960 1379	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
67		Yazdi - يزدي Sayyid Abbas Modaresi Yazdi السيد عباس مدرسي يزدي	1945 1364	Iran	Iran	Iran	_	-
68		Zanjani - زنجانی Asadollah Bayyat Zanjani اسدالله بیات زنجانی	1942 1361	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
69		Zanjani - زنجانی Sayyid Mohammad Ezodin Hosseini Zanjani السید محمد عزالدین حسيني زنجانی	1921 1340	Iran	Iran & Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
70	File:Shabiri.jpg	Zanjani - زنجانی Sayyid Mousa Shubayri Zanjani السيد موسى شبيري زنجانی	1927 1345	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography

Deceased

Note: The names are ordered by date of death (descending) as an arbitrary standard.

Till 350 AH/960 CE

Following are ulema who have spent their major life spans before 350 AH/960 CE:

S No	Image	Name	Year of Birth CE AH	Year of Death CE AH	Birth	Education	Death	Website	Notes
1	-	Aban bin Taghlib - Abu Saeed bin Rubah Bakri Jurairi Kindi Rabie Kufi -	- -	758 141	Iraq	Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia	Biography
2	-	Abu Baseer Asadi - Yehya Bin al-Qasim al-Hadhdha’ -	- -	- 150	-	-	-	Biography
3	-	Ibn Muslim - Mohammad bin Muslim -	- -	- -	-	-	-	Biography
4	-	Qummi - Zakariya bin Adam-e-Qummi -	- -	- -	-	-	-	-
5	-	Yunus - Yunus bin Abdul-Rahman -	- -	- -	-	-	-	-	,
6	-	Sabiri - Bayya' al-Sabiri -	- -	- -	-	-	-	-
7	-	Umayr - Muhammad bin Abi-Umayr -	- -	- -	-	-	-	-
8	-	Mughirah - Abdullah bin al-Mughirah -	- -	- -	-	-	-	-
9	-	Rad - al-Hassan bin Mahboob al-Rad -	- -	- -	-	-	-	-
10	-	Abi-Nasr - Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abi-Nasr -	- -	- -	-	-	-	-
11	-	Uraidhy - Ali ibne Ja’far al-Sadeq -	757- 140-	835+ 220+	Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia	Iran	Biography	-
12	-	Amri - Usma bin Saeed al-Amri -	- -	- 267-	-	-	-	-
13	-	Abū Is’hāq - Abū Is’hāq Ibrāhīm ibn Muhammad ibn Sa’eedibn Hilāl Thaqafī Isfahānī -	- -	896+ 283	Iraq	Iraq	Iran	Biography	-
14	-	Ahwāzī - Abū Muhammad Husein ibn Sa’īd ibn Hamād ibn Mehrān Ahwāzī -	-	896+ 283+	Iraq	Iraq	Iran	Biography	-
15	-	Amri - Mohammad bin Saeed al-Amri -	- -	- 305	-	-	-	-
16	-	Ummani - Ibn Abi Aqil Ummani -	- -	941 329	-	-	-	-
17	-	Qummi - قمي' Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi علي بن القمي	- -	941 329	-	-	-	-
18	-	Kulayni - الكليني Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni محمد بن يعقوب الكليني	864 250	941 329	Iran	Iraq	Iraq	Biography
19	-	Iskāfī - Abū Alī Muhammad ibn Humām ibn Suhail Iskāfī -	872 258	947 336	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Biography	-

351 AH/961 CE to 1200 AH/1785 CE

Following are ulema who have spent their major life span between 350 AH/961 CE & 1200 AH/1785 CE:

S No	Image	Name	Year of Birth CE AH	Year of Death CE AH	Birth	Education	Death	Website	Notes
1	-	Ibn-e Qūliwayh - Sheikh Abul-Qāsim Ja’far ibn Muhammad son of Ja’far ibn Mūsā ibn Masrūr ibn Qūliwayh-e Qummī -	- -	0977 367	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography	-
2	-	Ayyashi - عياشي Ayyashi al-Samarqandi عياشي السمرقندي	- -	0978 368	-	-	-	-
3	-	Abū Ghālib Zurārī Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Suleimān ibn Hasan ibn Jahm ibn Bukair ibn A’yun Shaybānī Kūfī Baghdadi -	898 285	0978 368	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Biography	-
4	-	Iskafi - Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi -	- -	0991 381	-	-	-	-
5	-	Shaykh Saduq - شيخ صادق Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi أبو جعفر محمد ابن علي ابن بابويه القومي	918 305	0993 383	Iran	Iraq	Iran	-	-
6	-	Saheb, Al Kafat - صاحب Ismail ibne Ibad صاحب بن عباد	- -	0993 383	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography
7	-	Razi - الرازي Sayyid al-Razi السيد الرازي	970 359	1015 406	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	-
8	-	Shaykh Mufid - شيخ مفيد Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi أبو عبد الله محمد بن محمد بن النعمان البغدادي	948 336	1022 413	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	-
9		Bu Ali Sina - Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā -	980 370	1037 428	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography	-
10	-	Sayyid Murtadhā - سيد مرتضى Abu al-Qāsim ‘Alī ibn Husayn al-Syyid al-Murtadhā Alam al-Huda أبو القاسم علي بن الحسين السيد المرتضى علم الهدى	965 355	1044 436	-	-	-	-	,
11	-	Halabi - حلبي Abu al-Salah al-Halabi أبو الصلاح الحلبي	- -	1055 447	-	-	-	-
12	-	Najjashi - النجاشي Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najjashi احمد بن علي النجاشي	- -	1058 450	-	-	-
13	-	Shaykh Tusi - شیخ طوسی Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Hasan Tusi ابوجعفر محمد بن حسن طوسی	995 385	1068 460	-	-	-
14	-	Ibn Barraj - بن براج Qazi Abdul-Aziz al-Halabi قاضي عبد العزيز الحلبي	- -	1088 481	-	-	-
15	-	Hākim Haskāni, Ibn-e-Haddād - Qāzi Hākim AbulQāsīm Ubeidullāh Ibn Abdullāh Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Haskāni Qurashī Āmirī Neishābūrī	- -	1097 490	-	-	-	Biography	-
16	-	Allamah Tabarsi - العلامة الطبرسي Amin al-Islam Abu Ali Fadal ibn Hassan ibn al-Fadl al-Tabarsi أمين الإسلام الطبرسي	1074 468	1153 548	-	-	-	Biography
17	-	Rawandi Qutubuddin Rawandi -	- -	1177 573	-	-	-	-
18	-	Ibne Ashob Ibne Shahr Ashob -	- -	1177 588	-	-	-	-
19	-	Hilli Muhammad Ibn Idrees Hilli -	1148 543	1202 598	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Biography
20	-	Muntajabuddīn Muntajabuddīn Alī Ibn Ubaidullāh Ibn Hasan Ibn Bābiwayh Qummī -	- 504	1204 600	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography	-
21	-	Tawoos Syed Razi Ibn Tawoos -	- -	1266 664	-	-	-	Biography
22	-	Nasiruddin Toosi Khwajah Nasiruddin Toosi -	- 597	1274 673	-	-	-	-	,
23	-	Ghayas ud Deen Syed Abd al Karim Ibn Jamal ud Deen Ahmed Ibn Moosa Ibn Jafar ibn Taoos -	1250 648	1294 693	-	-	-	Biography	-
24	-	Mohaqiq Hilli Jafar ibne Yahya ibn Hasan ibne Saeed -	1204 602	1277 676	-	-	-	Biography	-
25	-	Irbeli Abul Hasan Ali ibne Isā ibne Abulfath Irbeli -	- -	1294 693	-	-	-	Biography	-
26	-	Allamah Hilli Hasan ibn Yusuf ibne Ali ibn Mazaher -	1250 648	1326 726	-	-	-	Biography	,
27	-	Mahaqqeqeen Hilli Fakhrul Mahaqqeqeen Hilli -	- -	1368 771	-	-	-	-
28	-	Shaheed Awwal Abu Abd Allah Shams ud Deen Mohammed ibn Jamal ud Deen Makki -	1334 734	1384 786	Lebanon	Saudi Arabia	Syria	-
29	-	Miqdad Fazil Miqdad -	- -	1423 826	-	-	-	-	-
30	-	Asadi Ahmed bin Fahd Hilli Asadi -	- 757	1437 841	-	-	-	Biography
31	-	Bayādhi Ali bin Yūnus Nabāti Bayādhi -	1402 804	1472 877	-	-	-	-	-
32	-	Kaf’ami Taqiyuddin Ibrahim Kaf’ami -	- -	1500 905	-	-	-	-
33	-	Muhaqqiq al-Karaki Nuraddin Ali ibn Abdul-Aal al-Karki -	- 870	1533 940	-	-	-	-
34	-	Shaheed Saani Jamal ud Deen ibn Noor ud Deen Ali ibn Fazil Ahmed ibn jamal ud Deen ibn Taqi ibn Mohammed Saleh -	1505 911	1559 966	Lebanon	Iraq	Saudi Arabia	-
35	-	Muqaddas Arbebili Ahmed bin Mohammad Ardebili -	- -	1585 993	-	-	-	-
36	-	Shaheed Salis Qazi Nurullah Shustari -	1549 956	1610 1019	Iran	Iraq	India	-
37	-	Shaikh Bahai Mohammed bin Hassan al Harthi Jeehi Amili Bahai -	1546 953	1622 1031	Lebanon	Iran	Iran	-
38	-	Mulla Sadra -		1640 1050	-	-	-	-
39	-	Allameh Majlisi Awwal Mohammad Taqi Majlisi -	- -	1660 1070	-	-	-	-
40	-	Mulla Mazandarani Saleh Mazandarani -	- -	1670 1081	-	-	-	-
41	-	Muhaqqiq Sabzwari Muhammad Baqir Sabzwari -	- -	1679 1090	-	-	-	-
42	-	Kashani Mohammed Mohsin Faiz Kashani -	1599 1007	1680 1091	Iran	Iran	Iran	-
43	-	Muhaqqiq Khwansari Husain Khwansari -	- -	1687 1098	-	-	-	-
44	-	Ameli Shaikh Hurr Ameli -	- -	1693 1104	-	-	-	-
45	-	Allamah Bahrani Sayyed Hashim Bahrani -	- -	1696 1107	-	-	-	-
46	-	Allamah Majlisi Sani Mohammad Baqir Majlisi -	1628 1037	1699 1111	-	-	-
47	-	Jazaeri Sayyed Ne’matullah Jazaeri -	- -	1700 1112	-	-	-	-
48	-	Aqa Khunsari Jamaluddin Mohammad Khunsari -	- -	1713 1125	-	-	-	-
49	-	Mirza Afandi Mirza Abdullah Isfahani Afandi -	- -	1718 1130	-	-	-	-
50	-	'Fadhil Hindi Bahauddin Fazil Isfahani -	- -	1725 1137	-	-	-	-	,
51	-	Sahib Hadaeq Yusuf bin Ahmed -	- -	1772 1186	-	-	-	-
52	-	Wahid Al-Bihbahani Muhammad Baqir bin Muhammad Akmal -	- 1118	1793 1207	-	-	-	-	,
53		Mulla Naraqi Mohammad Mahdee Naraqi -	1716 1128	1794 1209	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography
54	-	Allamah Bahrul Uloom Sayyed Mohammad Mahdi Bahrul Uloom -	1742 1155	1797 1212	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	-

Between 1201 AH/1786 CE & 1300 AH/1883 CE

Following are ulema who have spent their major life span after 1201 AH/1785 CE & 1300 AH/1883 CE:

S No	Image	Name	Year of Birth CE AH	Year of Death CE AH	Birth	Education	Death	Website	Notes
1	-	Ayatullah Ameli Sayyed Jawad Husainee Ameli		1811 1226				-
2	-	Ayatullah Kashifal Ghita Shaikh Ja’far Kashifal Ghita		1813 1228				-
3	-	Mirzaye Qummi		1815 1231
4	-	Tabatabai Sayyed Ali Tabatabai		1816 1231
5	File:Mulla Ahmad Naraqi.jpg	Mulla Naraqi Ahmad Naraqi	1771 1185	1826+ 1241+	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography	-
6	-	Ayatullah Mujahid Sayyed Mohammad Mujahid		1827 1242
7	-	Shabbar Sayyed Abdullah Shabbar		1827 1242
8	-	Mirza Mujtahid Mirza Maseeh Mujtahid		1830 1245
9	-	Shafti Sayyed Mohammad Baqir Shafti		1844 1260
10	-	Mulla Barghani Mohammad Taqi Barghani		1848 1264
11	-	Shaikh Saheb Jawahir Mohammad Hasan		1850 1266
12	-	Mulla Sabzewari Hadi Sabzewari		1872 1289
13	-	Shaikh Ansari - Murtaza bin Muhammad Amin Ansari -	1799 1214	1880 1298	Iran	Iraq	Iraq	Biography
14	-	Mulla Keni Ali Keni		1889 1306
15	-	Meer Husain Meer Hamid Husain		1889 1306
16	-	Mulla Hamadani Husain Quli Hamadani		1893 1311
17	-	Mirzaye Shirazi		1894 1312
18	-	Mirza Rashti Mirza Habibullah Rashti		1894 1312
19	-	Mirza Jilweh Mirza Abul Hasan Jilweh		1896 1314
20	-	Allamah Assadabadi Sayyed Jamaluddin Assadabadi		1896 1314

Between 1301 AH/1884 CE to 1400 AH/1980 CE

Following are ulema who have spent their major life span after 1301 AH/1884 CE to 1400 AH/1980 CE:

S No	Image	Name	Year of Birth CE AH	Year of Death CE AH	Birth	Education	Death	Website	Notes
*	-	Sadr al-Din Sadr al-Din bin Saleh	- -	- -	Iran	Iraq	Iraq		-
1	-	Mirza Ashtiyani Mirza Mohammad Hasan Ashtiyani		1900 1318
2	-	Muhaddis Noori Mirza hussain Noori ibn e Mohammed Taqi Noori Tabrisi	1838 1254	1902 1320	Iran	Iraq	Iraq	Biography
3	-	Aqa Hamadani Reza Hamadani		1904 1322
4	-	Najafi Mohammad Taha Najafi	1825 1241	1905 1323
5	-	Kashmiri Seyed Morteza Kashmiri	1851 1268	1905 1323					-
6	-	Shaikh Behari Mohammad Behari		1907 1325
7	-	Mirza Khalili Mirza Hossein Khalili	1815 1230	1908 1326					-
8	-	Shaikh Noori Fazlullah Noori		1909 1327
9	-	Hakeem Qashqai Jahangir Khan Qashqai		1910 1328
10	-	Mulla Khurasani Mohammad Kazim Khurasani	1839 1255	1911 1329
11	-	Tabrizi Reza Tabrizi	1848 1265	1912 1331					-
12	-	Karbala'i Seyed Ahmad Tehrani Karbala'i		1913 1332					-
13	-	Shaikh Behari Mohammad Baqir Behari		1914 1333
14		Rashti Mohammad Ali Rashti	1836 1252	1915 1334					-
15	-	Ayatullah Yazdi Sayyed Mohammad Kazim Tabatabai Yazdi		1918 1337
16	-	Shirazi Mohammad Taqi Shirazi		1919 1338					-
17	File:Abulhasan.jpg	Allamah Sadr Sayyed Isma’il Sadr		1920 1338	Iran	Iraq	Iraq
18	-	Mirza Shirazi Mirza Mohammad Taqi Shirazi		1920 1338
19	-	Shari'ah Isfahani	1849 1266	1920 1339					-
20	-	Mulla Isfahani Fathullah Isfahani		1921 1339
21	-	Mulla Kashani Habibullah Shareef Kashani		1922 1340
22	-	Aqa Iraqi Nuruddin Iraqi		1923 1341
23	-	Durcheye Sayyed Mohammad Baqir Durcheye		1924 1342
24	-	Khalessi Mohammad Mahdi Khalessi		1925 1343
25	-	Aqa Tabrizi Mirza Jawad Mulki Tabrizi		1925 1343
26	-	Isfahani Nurullah Isfahani		1927 1345
27	-	Lari Sayyed Abdul Husain Lari		1928 1346
28	-	Allamah Balaghi		1934 1352
29	-	Dehkurdi Sayyed Abul Qasim Dehkurdi		1934 1353
30	-	Qazwini Sayyed Moosa Zarabadi Qazwini		1934 1353
31	-	Hasan al-Sadr Sayyed Hasan Sadr		1935 1354
32	-	Mirza Naini		1936 1355
33	-	Shaikh Haeri Abdul Kareem Haeri	1850 1274	1936 1355	Iran	Iran	Iran
34	-	Shaheed Mudaress		1937 1355
35	-	Muhaddis Qummi Abbas Ibne Muhammad Reza Abul Qasim Qummi	1290	1940 1359	Iran	Iraq	Iraq	Biography
36	-	Isfahani Shaykh Hasanali Isfahani Gharawi Isfahani	1279 1862	1942 1361	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography
37	-	Iraqi Ziyauddin Iraqi		1942 1360
38	-	Durcheye Sayyed Mohammad Mahdi Durcheye		1945 1364
39	-	Mirza Isfahani Mahdi Isfahani		1946 1365
40	-	Aqa Qummi Husain Qummi		1946 1365
41	File:Abolhassan Isfahani.jpg	Isfahani Sayyed Abul Hasan Isfahani	1860	1946 1365	Iran	Iraq	Iraq
42	-	Shahabadi Mohammad Ali Shahabadi		1949 1368
43	-	Shaikh Nahawandi Ali Akbar Nahawandi		1950 1369
44	-	Ayatullah Khunsari Sayyed Mohammad Taqi Khunsari		1952 1371
45	-	Kabuli Sardar Kabuli		1952 1371
46	-	Mohsin al-Ameen Sayyed Mohsin Ameen		1952 1371
47	-	Shaikh Kashif al-Ghita Mohammed Hussain Kashif al-Ghita	1872 1214	1954 1373	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Biography
48	-	Gulpaygani Sayyed Jamaluddin Gulpaygani		1957 1377
49	-	Ameli Sayyed Sharafuddin Ameli		1958 1377
50		Borujerdi Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi	1875	1961 1380	Iran	Iraq	Iran
51	-	Kashani Sayyed Abul Qasim Kashani		1961 1380
52	-	Shaikh Muzaffar Mohammad Reza Muzaffar		1963 1382
53	-	Shahrestani Hibatuddin Shahrestani		1966 1385
54	File:Mohammed Hassan Aqa Bozorg Tehrani.jpg	Aqa Buqurg Tehrani Mohammed Hassan Razi	1875	1969 1388	Iran	Iraq	Iraq
55	File:Mhakim.jpg	Mohsin al-Hakeem Sayyed Mohsin Hakeem	1889	1970 1389	Lebanon	Iraq	Iraq
56	-	Allamah Amini		1970 1389
57	-	Shaikh Kuhistani Mohammad Kuhistani		1972 1392
58	-	Allamah Sha’rani		1973 1393
59	-	Shahrudi Sayyed Mahmood Shahrudi		1974 1394
60	-	Behbahani Sayyed Ali Musawi Behbahani		1975 1395
61	-	Milani Sayyed Mohammad Hadi Milani		1975 1395
62	-	Aqa Arbab Raheem Arbab		1976 1396
63	150x150px	Musa al-Sadr Sayyid Mūsá aṣ-Ṣadr السيد موسى الصدر	1929	1978? 1398?	Iran	Iraq	Libya	Official Website
64		Ustad Shaheed Mutahhari Murtaza Mutahhari رتضی مطهری	1920	1979 1399				Biography
65	File:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr.jpg	Shaheed Khamis, Baqir al-Sadr Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr	1935	1980 1400	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq
66	-	Shaikh Mugni’ah Mohammad Jawad Mugni’ah		1980 1400

After 1400 AH/1980 CE

Following are ulema who have spent their major life span after 1400 AH/1980 CE:

S No	Image	Name	Year of Birth CE AH	Year of Death CE AH	Birth	Education	Death	Website	Notes
1	-	Shaheed Madani		1981 1401
2	File:TABATABAI.jpg	Allamah Tabatabai Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei	1892	1981 1401	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website
3	-	Khadmi Syed Hassan Moosavi Khadmi Asfahani		1984 1404					,,
4	-	Shirazi Sayyed Abdullah Shirazi		1984 1405
5	File:Al-Shirazi (3).gif	Shirazi Sayyid Abdullah Shirazi	1892	1985 1405	Iran	Iraq	Iran
6		Shariatmadari Sayyid Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari	1904	1986 1406	Iran	Iraq	Iran
7		Allamah Naq'qan Sayyed Ali Naqi Naqvi	1905	1988 1408	India	Iraq	India
8		Khomeini - خمینی Sayyid Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini سيد روح الله موسوی خمینی	1902	1989 1409	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website
9	-	Mar’ashi Sayyid Abul Ma'ali Shahab ad-Din Muhammad Hussain Mar’ashi Najafi		1990 1411	Iraq	Iraq	Iran	Biography
10	File:KHOEI.jpg	Khoei - خوئي Seyyid Abul Qasim Musawi Khoei سيد ةبولقاسيم موسوي الخوي	1899 1316	1992 1412	Iran	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website
11	File:Gulpaygani1.jpg	Golpaygani Sayid Mohammad Reza Golpaygani	1898	1993 1413	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography
12	-	Araki Mohammad Ali Araki	1895	1994 1414	Iran	Iran	Iran	Biography
13	-	Allamah Shustari		1995 1415
14	-	Marandi Mirza Ali Akbar Marandi		1995 1415
15	-	Bahauddini Syed Radha	1909	1997 1417	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Biography
16	-	Allamah Ja’fari Mohammad Taqi Ja’fari	1923	1998 1418	Iran	Iraq	Iran
17	-	Mohammad al-Sadr Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr	1943	1999 1419	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website
18	-	Sadeq al-Sadr Sayyed Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr	1934?	1999 1419	Iraq	Iraq	Iraq	Official Website	-
19	-	Shirazi Sayyed Mohammad Hussaini Shirazi	1928	2001 1421	Iraq	Iraq		Official Website
20	File:TABRIZI1.jpg	Tabrizi Mirza Javad Tabrizi	1926	2006 1426	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website
21	File:Lankarani.jpg	Lankarani Mohammad Fazel Lankarani	1931	2007 1427	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
22	File:BEHJAT.jpg	Bahjat Mohammad Taghi Bahjat Foumani	1917	2009 1430	Iran	Iraq	Iran	Official Website	-
23	-	Montazeri - منتظري Hossein Ali Montazeri حسين علي منتظري	1922 1340	2009 1431	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-
24	File:Grand Ayatollah Ali Safi Golpaygani.jpg	Golpaygani - گلپایگانی Ali Safi Golpaygani علی صافی گلپایگانی	1913 1331	2010 1431	Iran	Iran	Iran	Official Website	-

References

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List of Shia mosques in the National Capital Region of India

List of Shia mosques in the National Capital Region of India (Template:Lang-ur, Template:Lang-hi):

Delhi

Districts of Delhi

Following is list of Shia mosques in the Delhi region of NCR of India:

Old Delhi/Central Delhi

Following is list of Shia mosques in the Old Delhi/Central Delhi District of Delhi region of NCR of India:

Sr No	Mosque	Area	Namaz-e-Jam'at	Namaz-e-Juma	Namaz-e-Eid'ain	Karbala	Imambara
1	Shia Jama Masjid	Kashmiri Gate
2	Hawza-e-Panja Shareef	Kashmiri Gate
2	Masjid Khas Shia'ney Ali	Suiwalan, Turkmaan Gate

New Delhi

Following is list of Shia mosques in the New Delhi District of Delhi region of NCR of India:

Sr No	Mosque	Area	Namaz-e-Jam'at	Namaz-e-Juma	Namaz-e-Eid'ain	Karbala	Imambara
1	Imamia Hall	Connaught Place - Karol Bagh

South Delhi

Following is list of Shia mosques in the South Delhi District of Delhi region of NCE of India:

Sr No	Mosque	Area	Namaz-e-Jam'at	Namaz-e-Juma	Namaz-e-Eid'ain	Karbala	Imambara
1	Shah-e-Marda'n	Jor Bagh
2	Masjid-e-Panjatani	Dakshin Puri - Tigri
3	Bab-ul-Ilm	Okhla Vihar
4	Mustafa Masjid	Batla House

East Delhi

Following is list of Shia mosques in the East Delhi District of Delhi region of NCR of India:

Sr No	Mosque	Area	Namaz-e-Jam'at	Namaz-e-Juma	Namaz-e-Eid'ain	Karbala	Imambara
1	Bada Imambada	Khureji
2	Furoogh-e-Iman	Khureji

North East Delhi

Following is list of Shia mosques in the North East Delhi District of Delhi region of NCR of India:

Sr No

Mosque

Area

Namaz-e-Jam'at

Namaz-e-Juma

Namaz-e-Eid'ain

Karbala

Imambara

North Delhi

Following is list of Shia mosques in the North Delhi District of Delhi region of NCR of India:

Sr No

Mosque

Area

Namaz-e-Jam'at

Namaz-e-Juma

Namaz-e-Eid'ain

Karbala

Imambara

North West Delhi

Following is List of Shia mosques in the North West Delhi District of Delhi region of National Capital Region of India:

Sr No

Mosque

Area

Namaz-e-Jam'at

Namaz-e-Juma

Namaz-e-Eid'ain

Karbala

Imambara

West Delhi

Following is List of Shia mosques in the West Delhi District of Delhi region of National Capital Region of India:

Sr No

Mosque

Area

Namaz-e-Jam'at

Namaz-e-Juma

Namaz-e-Eid'ain

Karbala

Imambara

South West Delhi

Following is List of Shia mosques in the South West Delhi District of Delhi region of National Capital Region of India:

Sr No

Mosque

Area

Namaz-e-Jam'at

Namaz-e-Juma

Namaz-e-Eid'ain

Karbala

Imambara

Gautam Buddha Nagar

Gautam Buddha Nagar district

Following is list of Shia mosques in the Uttar Pradesh's Gautam Buddha Nagar District, a participant region of NCR:

Noida

Following is list of Shia mosques in the Noida industrial area of Uttar Pradesh's Gautam Buddha Nagar District, a participant region of NCR:

Sr No	Mosque	Area	Namaz-e-Jam'at	Namaz-e-Juma	Namaz-e-Eid'ain	Karbala	Imambara
1	Shia Jama Masjid	Sector-50

Greater Noida

Following is list of Shia mosques in the Greater Noida industrial area of Uttar Pradesh's Gautam Buddha Nagar District, a participant region of NCR:

Sr No	Mosque	Area	Namaz-e-Jam'at	Namaz-e-Juma	Namaz-e-Eid'ain	Karbala	Imambara
1	Shia Jama Masjid	Greater Noida

Ghaziabad

Ghaziabad district

Following is list of Shia mosques in the Uttar Pradesh's Ghaziabad District, a participant region of NCR:

Sr No	Mosque	Area	Namaz-e-Jam'at	Namaz-e-Juma	Namaz-e-Eid'ain	Karbala	Imambara
1	Raj Nagar Masjid	Raj Nagar

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Mosques In India}}

Branches of Shi'ism & its relation to other Islamic branches

Family tree

Adam - 1

Nuh (Noah) - 2

Ibrahim (Abraham) - 3

Ismail (Ishmael)

Ishaq (Isaac)

Adnan

Yaqub (Jacob)

Banu Quraysh

Bani Isra'il

'Abd Manaf

Musa (Moses) - 4

Isa (Jesus) - 5

'Abd Shams

Hashim

Umayya

'Abdu'l-Muttalib

Ab'l-As

Harb

'Abdu'llah

Abu Talib

'Abbas

Muhammad - 6

Hakam

Affan

Abu Sufyan

Fatima

'Ali

'Abbasid Caliphs

Marwan

'Uthman

Mu'awiya

Hasan

Husain

Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya

Later Ummayad Caliphs

Early Ummayad Caliphs

Fatima

'Ali Zaynu'l-Abidin

Kaysaniyya Sect

Muhammad al-Baqir

Zayd

Idrisids in N. Africa, some Zaydi Imams

Jafar as-Sadiq

Zaydi Shi'ism

Isma'il

Musa al-Kazim

Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt

'Ali ar-Rida

Isma'ili Shi'ism

Muhammad al-Taqi

'Ali al-Naqi

Hasan al-Askari

Muhammad al-Mahdi

Ithnā‘ashari Shi'ism

Aisha

For other uses, see User:Faizhaider/Lab (disambiguation).

Aisha bint Abu Bakr (died 678) (Arabic عائشة Transliteration: ʿāʾisha, [ʕaːʔɪʃæh] "she who lives", also transcribed as A'ishah, Ayesha, 'A'isha, Aishah, or 'Aisha) was one of Muhammad's wives. In Islamic writings, she is thus often referred to by the title "Mother of the Believers" (Arabic: أمّ المؤمنين umm-al-mu'minīn), per the description of Muhammad's wives as "Mothers of Believers" in the Qur'an (33.6), and later, as the "Mother of Believers", as in Qutb's Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (pps6). She is quoted as the source for many hadith, sacred traditions about Muhammad, with Muhammad's personal life being the topic of most. She narrated 2210 hadiths total, out of which 316 are mentioned in both Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.

Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammad's life and after his death. Regarded by many as his favorite wife, she was an active figure in numerous events and an important witness to many more. Aisha died in 678 in Medina.

Early life

Aisha was the daughter of Um Ruman and Abu Bakr of Mecca. Abu Bakr belonged to the Banu Taym sub-clan of the tribe of Quraysh, the tribe to which Muhammad also belonged. Aisha is said to have followed her father in accepting Islam when she was still young. She also joined him in his migration to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 615 AD; a number of Mecca's Muslims emigrated then, seeking refuge from persecution by the Meccans who still followed their pre-Islamic religions.

According to the early Islamic historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Aisha's father tried to spare her the dangers and discomfort of the journey by solemnizing her marriage to her fiance, Jubayr ibn Mut'im, son of Mut‘im ibn ‘Adi. However, Mut’am refused to honor the long-standing betrothal, as he did not wish his family to be connected to the Muslim outcasts. The emigration to Ethiopia proved temporary and Abu Bakr's family returned to Mecca within a few years. Aisha was then betrothed to Muhammad.

Marriage to Muhammad

See also: Criticism of Muhammad § Aisha

Aisha was initially betrothed to Jubayr ibn Mut'im, a Muslim whose father, though pagan, was friendly to the Muslims. When Khawlah bint Hakim suggested that Muhammad marry Aisha after the death of Muhammad's first wife (Khadijah bint Khuwaylid), the previous agreement regarding marriage of Aisha with ibn Mut'im was put aside by common consent. British historian William Montgomery Watt suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr; the strengthening of ties commonly served as a basis for marriage in Arabian culture.

According to the traditional sources, Aisha was six or seven years old when she was engaged to Muhammad and nine when the marriage took place. American historian Denise Spellberg states that "these specific references to the bride's age reinforce Aisha's pre-menarcheal status and, implicitly, her virginity." This issue of her virginity was of great importance to supporters of the Abbasid Caliphate. Abbasid supporters considered that as Muhammad's only virgin wife, Aisha was divinely intended for him, and therefore the most credible regarding the debate over the succession to Muhammad.

Aisha stayed in her parents' home for several years until she joined Muhammad and the marriage was consummated. Most of the sources indicate that she was nine years old at the time, with the single exception of al-Tabari, who records that she was ten. The marriage was delayed until after the Hijra, or migration to Medina, in 622; Aisha and her older sister Asma bint Abi Bakr only moved to Medina after Muhammad had already migrated there. After this, the wedding was celebrated very simply. The sources do not offer much more information about Aisha's childhood years, but mention that after the wedding, she continued to play with her toys, and that Muhammad entered into the spirit of these games.

Status as "favorite wife"

Most early accounts say that Muhammad and Aisha became sincerely fond of each other. Aisha is usually described as Muhammad's favorite wife, and it was in her company that Muhammad reportedly received the most revelations. Some accounts claim it was the curtain from her tent that Muhammad used as his battle standard.

Accusation of adultery

Aisha was traveling with her husband Muhammad and some of his followers. Aisha tells the story that she had left camp in the morning to search for her lost necklace, but when she returned, she found that the company had broken camp and left without her. She waited for half a day, until she was rescued by a man named Safwan ibn Al-Muattal and taken to rejoin the caravan. This led to speculation that she had committed adultery with Safwan. Muhammad's adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah defended Aisha's reputation. Shortly after this, Muhammad announced that he had received a revelation from God confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses. These verses also rebuked Aisha's accusers, whom Muhammad ordered to receive forty lashes.

Story of the honey

Ibn Kathir wrote in his biography of Muhammad that Muhammad's wife Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya was given a pot filled with honey, which she shared with her husband. He was fond of sweets and stayed overlong with Umm Salama, in the opinion of Aisha and her co-wife Hafsa bint Umar, who conspired to tell Muhammad that the honey had given him bad breath. When he heard this from two wives, he believed that it was true and swore that he would eat no more of the honey. Soon afterwards, he reported that he had received a revelation, in which he was told that he could eat anything permitted by God. In the following verses, Muhammad's wives are rebuked for their jealousy: "your hearts are inclined (to oppose him)".

Word spread in the small Muslim community that Muhammad's wives were taking advantage of their husband, speaking sharply to him and conspiring against him. Umar, Hafsa's father, scolded his daughter and also spoke to Muhammad of the matter. Muhammad, saddened and upset, separated from his wives for a month. By the end of this time, his wives were humbled; they had admitted their wrongdoing, and harmony was restored.

Some Muslim commentators on the Qur'an sometimes give this story as the "occasion of revelation" for Sura 66, which opens with the following verses: "Prophet, why do you prohibit that which God has made lawful for you, in seeking to please your wives? God is forgiving and merciful. God has given you absolution from such oaths."

Death of Muhammad

In his Sirah Rasul Allah, Ibn Ishaq states that during Muhammad's last illness, he sought Aisha's apartments and died with his head in her lap. The text highlights Muhammad's fondness for Aisha. Aisha did not remarry after Muhammad's death because a passage in the Qur'an forbids any Muslim to marry a widow of Muhammad:

Nor is it right for you that ye should annoy God's Apostle, or that ye should marry his widows after him at any time. Truly such a thing is in God's sight an enormity.

— Qur'an 33:53

After Muhammad

Aisha's father becomes the first caliph

After Muhammad's death in 632 AD, Aisha's father, Abu Bakr, became the first caliph, or leader of the Muslims. This matter of succession to Muhammad is extremely controversial to the Shia who believe that Ali had been appointed by Muhammad to lead; Sunni maintain that the public elected Abu Bakr, and did so in accordance with Muhammad's wishes.

Battle of Bassorah

Main article: Battle of Bassorah

Abu Bakr's reign was short, and in 634 AD he was succeeded by Umar, as caliph. Umar reigned for ten years, and was then followed by Uthman Ibn Affan in 644 AD. Both of these men had been among Muhammad's earliest followers, were linked to him by clanship and marriage, and had taken prominent parts in various military campaigns. Aisha, in the meantime, lived in Medina and made several pilgrimages to Mecca.

in 655 AD, Uthman was murdered provoking the First Fitna. The rebels then asked Ali to be the new caliph. Many reports absolve Ali of complicity in the murder. Ali is reported to have refused the caliphate. He agreed to rule only after his followers persisted.

Aisha alongside an army with Zubair ibn al-Awwam and Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah confronted Ali's army demanding the prosecution of Uthman's killers which they were mingled in his army outside the city of Basra. Professor Leila Ahmed claims that it was during this engagement that Muslims fought Muslims for the first time. Battle ensued and Aisha's forces were defeated. Aisha was directing her forces from a howdah on the back of a camel; this 656 AD battle is therefore called the Battle of the Camel.

Ali met Aisha with reconciliation. He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, one of Ali's commanders.

Her respect as scholar and role model

Historians see Aisha as a learned woman, who tirelessly recounted stories from the life of Muhammad and explained Muslim history and traditions. She is considered to be one of the foremost scholars of Islam's early age with some historians accrediting up to one-quarter of the Islamic Sharia (Islamic religious law), based on the collection of hadiths, to have stemmed from her narrations. Aisha became the most prominent of Muhammad’s wives and is revered as a role model by millions of women. Feminist writers such as Haleh Afshar have argued that Aisha provided a role model for women's political participation in Islamic communities. She is quoted as source for many hadith, sacred traditions about Muhammad's life, with Muhammad's personal life being the topic of most narrations. She narrated 2210 hadiths out of which 316 hadiths are mentioned in both Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.

Death

After Khadijah al-Kubra (the Great) and Fatimah az-Zahra (the Resplendent), Aishah as-Siddiqah (the one who affirms the Truth) is regarded as the best woman in Islam by Sunni Muslims. She often regretted her involvement in war but lived long enough to regain position. She died at the age of 65 years in the year 678 AD in the month of Ramadan. As she instructed, she was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi in the City of Light, beside other companions of Muhammad.

Views

Sunnis hold Aisha in high esteem. Many believe that she was Muhammad's favorite wife and the best woman of her time. They consider her (amongst other wives) to be Umm al-Mu'minin and among the members of the Ahl al-Bayt, or Muhammad's family. The Shi'a view of Aisha, on the other hand, is generally a negative one. This is primarily due to their claim that she stored contempt for the Ahl al-Bayt (Muhammad's family; see Shi'a view of A'isha). They also believe she behaved inappropriately in her role as Muhammad's wife.

Age at marriage

The issue of Aisha's age at the time she was married to Muhammad has been of interest since the earliest days of Islam. Early Muslims regarded Aisha's youth as demonstrating her virginity and therefore her suitability as a bride of the Prophet. During modern times, however, critics of Islam have taken up the issue, regarding it as reflecting poorly on Muhammad's character.

References to Aisha's age by early historians are frequent. According to Spellberg, historians who supported the Abbasid Caliphate against Shi'a claims considered Aisha's youth, and therefore her purity, to be of paramount importance. They thus specifically emphasized it, implying that as Muhammad's only virgin wife, Aisha was divinely intended for him, and therefore the most credible regarding the debate over the succession to Muhammad.

Child marriages such as this were relatively common in Bedouin societies at the time, and remain common in some modern societies worldwide. American scholar Colin Turner suggests that such marriages were not seen as improper in historical context, and that individuals in such societies matured at an earlier age than in the modern West. In modern times, however, the issue of Muhammad marrying and having sexual relations with a girl so young has been used to criticize him, particularly in societies where child sexual abuse and related issues are considered serious crimes. In response, some minority opinions have claimed that Aisha was older at the time of the marriage or consummation; for instance the Ahmadiyya figure Maulana Muhammad Ali, presented an interpretation that she was fourteen or fifteen.

See also

• First Muslim Dynasty
• Muhammad's wives
• List of persons related to Qur'anic verses
• Sunni view of the Sahaba
• The Jewel of Medina
• Kamran Pasha

References

• Afshar, Haleh, Democracy and Islam, Hansard Society, 2006.
• Barlas, Asma, Believing Women in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an, pp. 125–6, University of Texas Press, 2002, ISBN 0292709048.
• Guillaume, A., The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955
• Rodinson, Maxime, Muhammad, 1980 Random House reprint of English translation
• Spellberg, D.A., Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, 1994
• Aisha bint Abi Bakr, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, 2000
• Rizvi, Syed Saeed Akhtar, The Life of Muhammad The Prophet, Darul Tabligh North America, 1971.
• Askri,Mortaza, 'Role of Ayesha in the History of Islam' (Translation), Ansarian publication, Iran

External links

• Archived 2008-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
• "Age of Aisha" written by Allama Habib-ur-Rahman Siddiqui Kandhalvi

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