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Classical Armenian

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Classical Armenian
Old Armenian
RegionArmenian Highlands
Eradeveloped into Middle Armenian
Indo-European
  • Classical Armenian
Early form
Armenian alphabet (Classical Armenian orthography)
Language codes
ISO 639-3xcl
xcl
Glottologclas1249
Linguasphere57-AAA-aa
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
History of the Armenian language
Armenian alphabet
Romanization of Armenian

Classical Armenian (Template:Lang-hy, Eastern Armenian pronunciation [ɡəɾɑˈpʰɑɾ], Western Armenian pronunciation [kʰəɾɑˈpʰɑɾ]; meaning "literary [language]"; also Old Armenian or Liturgical Armenian) is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in Classical Armenian. Many ancient manuscripts originally written in Ancient Greek, Hebrew, Syriac and Latin survive only in Armenian translation.[1]

Classical Armenian continues to be the liturgical language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church and is often learned by Biblical, Intertestamental, and Patristic scholars dedicated to textual studies. Classical Armenian is also important for the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European language.

Phonology

Epitaph in Classical Armenian for Jakub and Marianna Minasowicz at St. Hyacinth's Church in Warsaw

Vowels

There are seven monophthongs:

  • /a/ (ա), /i/ (ի), /ə/ (ը), /ɛ/ or open e (ե), /e/ or closed e (է), /o/ (ո), and /u/ (ու) (transcribed as a, i, ə, e, ē, o, and u respectively). The vowel transcribed u is spelled using the Armenian letters for ow (ու) but it is not actually a diphthong.

There are also traditionally six diphthongs:

  • ay (այ), aw (աւ, later օ), ea (եա), ew (եւ), iw (իւ), oy (ոյ).

Consonants

In the following table is the Classical Armenian consonantal system. The stops and affricate consonants have, in addition to the more common voiced and unvoiced series, also a separate aspirated series, transcribed with the notation used for Ancient Greek rough breathing after the letter: p῾, t῾, c῾, č῾, k῾. Each phoneme has two symbols in the table. The left indicates the pronunciation in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); the right one is the corresponding symbol in the Armenian alphabet.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar /
Uvular 		Glottal
plain velar.
Nasals /m/   մ   /n/   ն          
Stops voiced /b/   բ   /d/   դ       /ɡ/   գ    
unvoiced /p/   պ   /t/   տ       /k/   կ    
aspirated /pʰ/   փ   /tʰ/   թ       /kʰ/   ք    
Affricates voiced   /dz/   ձ     /dʒ/   ջ      
unvoiced   /ts/   ծ     /tʃ/   ճ      
aspirated   /tsʰ/   ց     /tʃʰ/   չ      
Fricatives voiced /v/   վ   /z/   զ     /ʒ/   ժ      
unvoiced /f/   ֆ  [a] /s/   ս     /ʃ/   շ   /χ/   խ   /h/   հ  
Approximants lateral   /l/   լ   /ɫ/   ղ        
central   /ɹ/   ր     /j/   յ      
Trill   /r/   ռ        

Numbers in Old Armenian

Number Old Armenian PIE
One մի (mi) *sémih₂ < feminine of *sḗm ("one")
Two երկու (erku) *dwoy- < *dwóh₁ (then fully re-elaborated)
Three երեք (erekʻ) *tréyes
Four չորք (čʻorkʻ)

քառ (kʻaṙ)

*kʷtwr̥(s?) < zero-grade of *kʷetwóres
Five հինգ (hing) *pénkʷe
Six վեց (vecʻ) *suwéḱs < *swéḱs
Seven եօթն (eōtʻn) *septḿ̥
Eight ութ (utʻ) < proto-Armenian *owtu *(h₁)oḱtṓw
Nine ինն (inn) < proto-Armenian *enun- *h₁nuno- < zero-grade of *h₁néwn̥
Ten տասն • (tasn) *déḱm̥

Personal pronouns in Old Armenian

Pronoun Old Armenian PIE
I ես (es) *éǵh₂
You դու (du) *túh₂
He, she, it նա (na) < *no-

նոյն (noyn) < *no-ēn (adverbial suffix)

*h₁nós ("over there")

*h₁nó-eyni- ("over there" +"that")

We մեք (mekʻ) < *mes *wéy
You (all) դուք (dukʻ) *túh₂ with pluralization suffix -k'
They նոքա (nokʻa) *h₁nós +pluralization suffix

The pluralization suffix -k', which since Old Armenian was used form the nominative plural, could be linked to the final -s in PIE *tréyes > Old Armenian երեք (erekʻ) and չորք (čʻorkʻ), which then can point to a pre-Armenian *kʷtwr̥s (< *kʷetwóres). Otherwise, it derives from the number "two", երկու (erku) and was originally used as a mark for the dual number.

  1. ^ The letter f (or ֆ) was introduced in the Medieval Period to represent the foreign sound /f/, the voiceless labiodental fricative; it was not originally a letter in the alphabet.[2]

See also

Sources

  • Adjarian, Hrachia. (1971–9) Etymological Root Dictionary of the Armenian Language. Vol. I – IV. Yerevan: Yerevan State University.
  • Meillet, Antoine. (1903) Esquisse d'une grammaire comparée de l'arménien classique.
  • Thomson, Robert W. (1989) An Introduction to Classical Armenian. Caravan Books. (ISBN 0-88206-072-4)
  • Godel, Robert. (1975) An Introduction to the Study of Classical Armenian. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag (ISBN 9783920153377)

References

  1. ^ "Armenian Language Program | Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations". nelc.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009). Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 9789027238146. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
For a list of words relating to Old Armenian language, see the Old Armenian language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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