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Buddleja davidii

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Buddleja davidii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Genus: Buddleja
Species:
B. davidii
Binomial name
Buddleja davidii
Synonyms
  • Buddleja davidii var. alba Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Buddleja davidii var. magnifica Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Buddleja davidii var. nanhoensis Rehder
  • Buddleja davidii var. superba (de Corte) Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Buddleja davidii var. veitchiana Rehder
  • Buddleja davidii var. wilsonii Rehder
  • Buddleja shimidzuana Nakai

Buddleja davidii (spelling variant Buddleia davidii), also called summer lilac, butterfly-bush, or orange eye, is a species of flowering plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to Sichuan and Hubei provinces in central China, and also Japan.[1] It is widely used as an ornamental plant, and many named varieties are in cultivation. The genus was named Buddleja after Reverend Adam Buddle, an English botanist. The species name davidii honors the French missionary and explorer in China, Father Armand David, who was the first European to report the shrub.[2] It was found near Yichang by Dr Augustine Henry about 1887 and sent to St Petersburg. Another botanist-missionary in China, Jean-André Soulié, sent seed to the French nursery Vilmorin, and B. davidii entered commerce in the 1890s.[3]

B. davidii was accorded the RHS Award of Merit (AM) in 1898, and the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) in 1941.[4]

Description

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Buddleja davidii is a vigorous shrub with an arching habit, growing to 5 m (16 ft) in height. The pale brown bark becomes deeply fissured with age. The branches are quadrangular in section, the younger shoots covered in a dense indumentum. The opposite lanceolate leaves are 7–13 cm (3–5 inches) long, tomentose beneath when young. The honey-scented lilac to purple inflorescences are terminal panicles, < 20 cm (8 inches) long.[5] Flowers are perfect (having both male and female parts), hence are hermaphrodite rather than monoecious (separate male and female flowers on the same plant) as is often incorrectly stated. Ploidy 2n = 76 (tetraploid).[6]

Buddleja davidii, after Leeuwenberg

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In his 1979 revision of the taxonomy of the African and Asiatic species of Buddleja, the Dutch botanist Anthonius Leeuwenberg sank the six varieties of the species as synonyms of the type, considering them to be within the natural variation of a species, and unworthy of varietal recognition.[7] It was Leeuwenberg's taxonomy which was adopted in the Flora of China[8] published in 1996. However, as the distinctions of the former varieties are still widely recognized in horticulture, they are treated separately here:

Cultivation

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Buddleja davidii cultivars are much appreciated worldwide as ornamentals and for the value of their flowers as a nectar source for many species of butterfly. However, the plant does not provide food for butterfly larvae, and buddlejas might out-compete the host plants that caterpillars require.[9][10]

The species and its cultivars are not able to survive the harsh winters of northern or montane climates, being killed by temperatures below about −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F).

Younger wood is more floriferous, so even if frosts do not kill the previous year's growth, the shrub is usually hard-pruned in spring once frosts have finished, to encourage new growth. The removal of spent flower panicles may be undertaken to reduce the nuisance of self-seeding and encourage further flower production; this extends the flowering season which is otherwise limited to about six weeks, although the flowers of the second and third flushes are invariably smaller.

Hardiness: USDA zones 5–9.[11]

There are approximately 180 davidii cultivars, as well as numerous hybrids with B. globosa and B. fallowiana grown in gardens. Many cultivars are of a dwarf habit, growing to no more than 1.5 m (5 feet).

A plant-evaluation manager at the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, Illinois (USDA Hardiness zone 5b) rated nearly 50 Buddlejia varieties and cultivars during a six-year trial period, summarizing in 2015 the characteristics of each and the study's findings.[12] University studies have suggested that nectaring butterflies have greater preferences for some Buddleja cultivators than for others, with Lo & Behold 'Blue Chip' and 'Pink Delight' heading a list of eleven.[13]

Other notable cultivars and hybrids include 'Golden Glow' and 'Silver Frost'.[14][15]

Invasive species

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Buddleja davidii self-sown along a railroad right-of-way at Düsseldorf, Germany (2016)

Buddleja davidii has been designated as an invasive species or a "noxious weed" in a number of countries in temperate regions, including the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and New Zealand.[16] It is naturalized in Australia[17] and in many cities of central and southern Europe, where it can spread on open land, railway lines, urban areas and in gardens.

B. davidii was first documented as an invasive species in the United Kingdom during 1922. It is now often seen there along railway lines and on the sites of derelict factories and other buildings.[18] The plant frequently grew on urban bomb sites during the aftermath of World War II, earning it the nickname of "the bomb site plant".[19]

B. davidii is widely marketed throughout the United States, where it has reportedly become invasive in some, but not all, areas within which it has been planted.[20][21][22] Although its flowers feed many native butterflies and other pollinators, plantings of the species are now controversial.[21][23][24] To prevent seeding and to promote further flowering, its blossoms need to be removed ("deadheaded") as soon as they are spent.[20]

"Non-invasive" Buddleja cultivars

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A number of Buddleja cultivars have become available that have a variety of sizes and blossom colors and that are either sterile or produce less than 2% viable seed.[20][23][25][26] The northwestern U.S. state of Oregon, which designated B. davidii as a "noxious weed" and initially prohibited entry, transport, purchase, sale or propagation of all of its varieties, amended its quarantine in 2009 to permit those cultivars when approved or when proven to be interspecific hybrids.[20][23][25][27] The adjacent state of Washington has taken actions that are similar to those of Oregon to bring parity to nursery sales between the two states.[28]

Dennis J. Werner developed the "Lo and Behold" Buddleja hybrid series and the 'Miss Ruby' and 'Miss Violet' Buddleja hybrids at North Carolina State University's JC Raulston Arboretum in Raleigh and at the university's Sandhills Research Station in Jackson Springs.[29] He selected most of the hybrids to have a very low seed-set and to be non-invasive.[30] Members of the "Lo and Behold" series vary from 30 centimetres (11.8 in) in spread and height to about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height.[30]

Werner introduced the first of the cultivars (Blue Chip) around 2008.[30] He derived several of the more recent introductions from his earlier hybrids.[30] While some, such as "Lo and Behold" 'Blue Chip Jr', 'Ice Chip', 'Lilac Chip' and 'Pink Micro Chip', produce no viable pollen and are highly female-sterile,[31] the plants are not necessarily fully sterile.[30] Most were still available in 2022.[30]

Peter Podaras developed the "Flutterby" Buddleja series during the 2000s while at Cornell University's Department of Horticulture in Ithaca, New York and patented them in 2011. Podaras selected each of the cultivars for their sterility or low fertility. Although innovative when introduced, several members of the series are no longer commercially available and are rare in cultivation.[32] Monarch Watch recommends planting only male-sterile "Flutterby" cultivars.[33]

Vendors have marketed the following "non-invasive" Buddleja cultivars:

  • Buddleja 'Asian Moon'[25][34]
  • Flutterby Flow® Lavender (Buddleja 'Podaras #12')[35]
  • Flutterby Flow® Mauve Pink (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #7')[36]
  • Flutterby Grande® Blueberry Cobbler (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #4')[25][37]
  • Flutterby Grande® Peach Cobbler (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #5')[25][38]
  • Flutterby Grande® Sweet Marmalade (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #2')[25][39]
  • Flutterby Grande® Tangerine Dream (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #3')[25][40]
  • Flutterby Grande® Vanilla (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #1')[25][41]
  • Flutterby® Lavender (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #11)[42]
  • Flutterby® Peace (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #6')[43]
  • Flutterby Petite® 'Blue Heaven' (Buddleja Podaras #8)[44]
  • Flutterby Petite® Dark Pink (Buddleja 'Podaras #10')[45]
  • Flutterby Petite® Fuchsia (Buddleja 'Podaras #14')[46]
  • Flutterby Petite® Pink (Buddleja 'Podaras #16')[47]
  • Flutterby Petite® Snow White (Buddleja 'Podaras #15')[25][48]
  • Flutterby® Pink (Nectar Bush) (Buddleja 'Podaras #9')[25][49]
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  • Monarch butterfly feeding on a Buddleja flower, Connecticut, United States
    Monarch butterfly feeding on a Buddleja flower, Connecticut, United States
  • Buddleja davidii flowers with painted lady, peacock and (underneath) small tortoiseshell butterflies
    Buddleja davidii flowers with painted lady, peacock and (underneath) small tortoiseshell butterflies
  • A snowberry clearwing moth carrying pollen on its proboscis while hovering at a Buddleja blossom
    A snowberry clearwing moth carrying pollen on its proboscis while hovering at a Buddleja blossom
  • Close-up of purple Buddleja davidii cultivar flowers
    Close-up of purple Buddleja davidii cultivar flowers
  • Close-up of purple Buddleja davidii flowers photographed in visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light
    Close-up of purple Buddleja davidii flowers photographed in visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light
  • Buddleja davidii 'White Profusion' cultivar flowers
    Buddleja davidii 'White Profusion' cultivar flowers
  • Seed capsules
    Seed capsules
  • Seeds
    Seeds
  • Leaves
    Leaves

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Phillips, R. and Martin Rix, Shrubs, Macmillan, 1994, p210
  2. ^ "Buddleja davidii - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  3. ^ Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Buddleia"
  4. ^ Hillier & Sons. (1990). Hillier's Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 5th ed.. p. 47. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN 0-7153-67447
  5. ^ Stuart, D. (2006). Buddlejas. pp 30–34. RHS Plant Collector Series, Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 978-0-88192-688-0
  6. ^ Chen, G; Sun, W-B; Sun, H (2007). "Ploidy variation in Buddleja L. (Buddlejaceae) in the Sino - Himalayan region and its biogeographical implications". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (3): 305–312. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00650.x.
  7. ^ Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. H. Veenman & Zonen B. V., Wageningen, Nederland.
  8. ^ Li, P-T. & Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1996). Loganiaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. ISBN 978-0915279371 online at www.efloras.org
  9. ^ Zerbe, Leah (2018-06-18). "Why You Should Never Plant a Butterfly Bush Again". Good Housekeeping. Hearst Media. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  10. ^ Gupta, Tanya (2014-07-15). "Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain's railways". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  11. ^ Stuart, D. D. (2006). Buddlejas. pp. 119 – 120. RHS Plant Guide. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 978-0-88192-688-0
  12. ^ Hawke, Richard (August 2015). "Beyond the basic Butterfly Bush: Plant Trial Results" (PDF). Fine Gardening. Newtown, Connecticut: Taunton Press. pp. 31–36. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  13. ^ "Buddleia" (PDF). New Brunswick, New Jersey: New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station: Rutgers Office of Continuing Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  14. ^ Moore, Raymond J. (June 1960). "Cyto-Taxonomic Notes on Buddleia". American Journal of Botany. 47 (6): 511–517. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1960.tb10621.x.
  15. ^ "Buddleja 'Silver Frost' - Trees and Shrubs Online". treesandshrubsonline.org. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  16. ^ Multiple sources:
  17. ^ "Buddleja davidii". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  18. ^ Gupta, Tanya (July 15, 2014). "Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain's railways". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  19. ^ Moynihan, Jonathan. "Flower of the Week: Butterfly Bush". Patch. Edgewater-Davisonville, Maryland. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021. These popular garden flowers can even survive in post-war circumstances, earning the name, "the bomb site plant".
  20. ^ a b c d Young-Mathews, Ann (2011). "Plant fact sheet for orange eye butterflybush (Buddleja davidii)" (PDF). Corvallis, Oregon: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: Corvallis Plant Materials Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  21. ^ a b Hurwitz, Jane, ed. (Summer 2012). "The Great Butterfly Bush Debate" (PDF). Butterfly Gardener. 7 (2). North American Butterfly Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  22. ^ Multiple sources:
  23. ^ a b c Hadley, Debbie (August 26, 2020). "Pros and Cons of Planting Butterfly Bush". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  24. ^ Marazzi, Brigitte; De Micheli, Andrea (2019). "Are sterile Buddleja cultivars really sterile and "environmentally safe"?" (PDF). Bollettino della Società ticinese di scienze naturali. 107: 55–60. ISSN 0379-1254. OCLC 611282784. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Butterfly Bush Approved Cultivars". Oregon Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
  26. ^ Bender, Steve (July 26, 2015). "Not Your Mama's Butterfly Bush". Southern Living. Birmingham, Alabama: Southern Progress Corporation. ISSN 0038-4305. OCLC 2457928. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
  27. ^ Multiple sources:
  28. ^ Multiple sources:
  29. ^ Multiple sources:
  30. ^ a b c d e f "The Lo and Behold® Buddleja Hybrids". The Buddleja Garden. July 2022. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  31. ^ Multiple sources:
  32. ^ Large, Andrew (2021). "Buddleja FLUTTERBY™ Series". Trees and Shrubs Online. International Dendrology Society. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  33. ^ "Plants For Butterfly And Pollinator Gardens: Native and Non-native Plants Suitable for Gardens in the Northeastern United States" (PDF). Monarch Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  34. ^ Multiple sources:
  35. ^ Multiple sources:
  36. ^ Multiple sources:
  37. ^ Multiple sources:
  38. ^ Multiple sources:
  39. ^ Multiple sources:
  40. ^ Multiple sources:
  41. ^ Multiple sources:
  42. ^ Multiple sources:
  43. ^ Multiple sources:
  44. ^ Multiple sources:
  45. ^ Multiple sources:
  46. ^ "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #14'". Google Patents. USPP22367P2. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  47. ^ Multiple sources:
  48. ^ Multiple sources:
  49. ^ Multiple sources:
  50. ^ Multiple sources:
  51. ^ Multiple sources:
  52. ^ Multiple sources:
  53. ^ Multiple sources:
  54. ^ Multiple sources:
  55. ^ Multiple sources:
  56. ^ Multiple sources:
  57. ^ Multiple sources:
  58. ^ Multiple sources:
  59. ^ Multiple sources:
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