List of UFO religions
UFO religions are groups that deal with alleged communication between humans and extraterrestrial beings. Proponents often argue that most major religions are already based on the concept of a supernatural being in heaven. Forms of communication include telepathy and astral projection. Groups often believe that humanity can be saved after being educated by the aliens as to how to improve society. Alien abduction belief can lead to formation of a UFO religion. "I AM" Activity, founded in 1930 by Guy Ballard, is seen, according to one author, as the first UFO Religion, though Aetherius Society founded by George King has also been given this distinction. Scholars identify the 1947 Roswell incident as a key event within the history of UFO spirituality. Melodie Campbell and Stephen A. Kent describe Heaven's Gate and Order of the Solar Temple as among the most controversial of the UFO belief groups. Scientology is seen by scholars as a UFO religion, due to its Xenu cosmogony and the presence of Space opera.
Background
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UFO religions generally deal with belief in communication with extraterrestrial beings.[2][3] Stephen Hunt writes in Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction, "One form of quasi-religion that perhaps borders on a more orthodox form of religiosity is that of the flying saucer cults".[2] In these groups, individuals believe that communication between aliens and humans can take the form of physical contact, telepathy, and astral projection.[2] Typically the groups believe that humanity will be saved by these aliens when humans are educated as to a better way to live life.[2] Some of the groups believe that aliens will come to take those that believe to a more positive location.[2] Often the extraterrestrial beings are seen to plead with humanity to improve itself and to move away from a society of greed and violence.[2] UFO religions place an emphasis on spiritual growth and the evolution of humanity.[2] A UFO religion can be formed before or after an individual claims to have experienced an alien abduction and been taken aboard a spacecraft.[4]
Christopher Hugh Partridge writes in UFO Religions that J. Gordon Melton identifies the first UFO religion as the group "I AM" Activity, founded by Guy Ballard.[1] Partridge says it "can be seen as the obvious theosophical forerunner to UFO religions such as the Aetherius Society, and to the thought of UFO religionists such as George Adamski" but views it not as a UFO religion but as a theosophical religion.[5] Partridge notes that within UFO religions, there is a belief that the supreme being or "evolved entity" did not ascend from Earth, but instead came from another plane or another planet and descended to Earth.[6] Partridge describes the 1947 Roswell incident as a key point in time within UFO spirituality, commenting: "Roswell is now firmly established as what might be described as a key ufological 'spiritual site'";[7] and James R. Lewis also calls attention to this event in his book The Gods Have Landed, noting that it is seen by Ufologists as the date of the "emergence of UFOs into the public consciousness".[8] Partridge places UFO religion within the context of theosophical esotericism, and asserts that it began to be associated as "UFO religion" after the 1947 incident at Roswell, New Mexico.[6] According to Partridge, most UFO religions still have many of the key points associated with Theosophy, such as belief in the same Spiritual Hierarchy, and he also draws parallels to New Age thought.[6] He notes that within the thought processes of UFO religions after 1947, many of these groups maintained beliefs that extraterrestrial beings were "heralds of a new era".[6]
Hunt describes the Aetherius Society founded by George King in 1955 as "probably the first and certainly the most enduring UFO cult".[9] He places the Aetherius Society and Raëlism among the "most renowned" of the "flying saucer cults".[2] Writing in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Society, contributors Melodie Campbell and Stephen A. Kent place the Aetherius Society and Unarius as among the "oldest and most studied" of the flying saucer cults.[10] They describe groups Heaven's Gate and Order of the Solar Temple as the "most controversial groups combining UFO belief with variations of contactee assertions".[10] Gregory L. Reece classes Scientology as a "UFO group" in his book UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture, and discusses elements of the Xenu cosmogony and Space opera in Scientology doctrine.[11] He compares Scientology to the Aetherius Society and to Ashtar Command, writing: "While it bears strong similarities to the Ashtar Command or the Aetherius Society, its emphasis upon the Xenu event as the central message of the group seems to place them within the ancient astronaut tradition. Either way, Scientology is perhaps most different from other UFO groups in their attempt to keep all of the space opera stuff under wraps."[11] A similar comparison is made in New Religions: A Guide, which describes the Xenu mythology as "a basic ancient astronaut myth".[12] Author Victoria Nelson writes in The Secret Life of Puppets that "[t]he most prominent current UFO religion is probably the science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard's Church of Scientology".[13]
List
[edit]| Image | Name | Members | Founder | Founded | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Seekers (aka Brotherhood of the Seven Rays) | Defunct | Charles Laughead (aka "Dr. Armstrong") or Dorothy Martin (aka "Marian Keech") | 1953 | [14] | |
 |
Aetherius Society | Several thousand | George King | 1955 | [2][3][10][15] |
| Ashtar Galactic Command | Thelma B. Terrill ("Tuella") | 1977 | [11][12][14] | ||
| Chen Tao | 50,000 | Hon-ming Chen | 1993 | [14][16][17] | |
| Christ Brotherhood | Wallace C. Halsey | 1956 | [18] | ||
| Cosmic Circle of Fellowship | William R. Ferguson | 1955 | [19] | ||
| Fiat Lux | 2,935 | Uriella | 1980 | [12][20] | |
| Freie Interessengemeinschaft für Grenz- und Geisteswissenschaften und Ufologiestudien | Billy Meier | 1970s | [21] | ||
| Ground Crew Project | Sheldon Nidle | 1980s | [14][12] | ||
| Heaven's Gate | Defunct | Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles | 1970s | [10][22][23][24][25] | |
| "I AM" Activity | Guy Ballard | 1930s | [26][1] | ||
| Industrial Church of the New World Comforter | Allen Michael | 1973 | [14] | ||
| Mark-Age | Charles Boyd Gentzel and Pauline Sharpe | 1962 | [27][28] | ||
 |
Nation of Islam | 50,000 | Wallace Fard Muhammad | 1930 | [29] |
| Néo-Phare | Defunct | Arnaud Mussy | 2001 | [30] | |
| Nuwaubian Nation | Defunct | Dwight York | 1970s | [31][32] | |
 |
Order of the Solar Temple | Defunct | Joseph Di Mambro and Luc Jouret | 1984 | [10] |
 |
Raëlism | 90,000 | Raël | 1974 | [2][3][11] |
| Rational Culture | Manoel Jacintho Coelho | 1930s | [33] | ||
| Sanctuary of Thought | Truman Bethurum | 1950s | [34] | ||
| Siderella[a] | Jean-Paul Appel-Guéry; wrote Timeless Voyage, which conveys similar beliefs to the group | [35] | |||
 |
Scientology | 20,000 | L. Ron Hubbard | 1952 | [3][11][12][13][36][37] |
| Unarius | Ernest Norman and Ruth Norman | 1954 | [15][14][38][39] | ||
| Universe People | Ivo A. Benda | 1997 | [40] | ||
| Urantia movement | Authorship of The Urantia Book unknown and disputed. The book alleges it was written by celestial beings. | 1924 at the earliest and 1955 at the latest | [15][41] | ||
| Vale do Amanhecer | Neiva Chaves Zelaya | 1960s | [42] |
See also
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Notes
[edit]- ^ Also known as Isozen, Futura, Galacteus, Euro-Culture, Italia, Résonances nouvelles, Azur Mieux-Ëtre, and les Voyageurs intemporels.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Partridge 2003, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hunt 2003, p. 226.
- ^ a b c d Partridge 2005, pp. 444–445.
- ^ Hexham 2002, p. 11.
- ^ Partridge 2003, p. 8.
- ^ a b c d Partridge 2003, p. 36.
- ^ Partridge 2003, p. 6.
- ^ Lewis 1995, p. xiii.
- ^ Hunt 2003, p. 227.
- ^ a b c d e Swatos 1998, pp. 531–532.
- ^ a b c d e Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
- ^ a b c d e Partridge 2004, p. 374.
- ^ a b Nelson 2002, pp. 178–179.
- ^ a b c d e f Tumminia 2005, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Landes 2000, p. 411.
- ^ Lewis 2003, pp. 301–303.
- ^ Lewis 2001, pp. 371–372.
- ^ Matthews 2009, p. 63.
- ^ Bainbridge 1997, p. 380.
- ^ Partridge 2003, p. 180.
- ^ Zeller 2021, p. 514.
- ^ Hunt 2003, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Partridge 2003, p. 239.
- ^ Lewis 1995, p. 137.
- ^ Clarke 2006, p. 227.
- ^ Lewis 2003, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Bainbridge 1997, p. 180.
- ^ Lewis 2001, p. 367.
- ^ Partridge 2003, pp. 280–281.
- ^ "Que sait-on de ? Néo-Phare" [What do we know about? Néo-Phare]. UNADFI (in French). 22 August 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ Reece 2007, p. 196.
- ^ Partridge 2003, pp. 281–282.
- ^ Cavalcante Modesto da Silva 2013, p. 156.
- ^ Reece 2007, p. 115.
- ^ Abgrall 1999, p. 95.
- ^ Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263–265.
- ^ Lewis 2003, p. 42.
- ^ Lewis 1995, p. 85.
- ^ Hexham 2002, p. 113.
- ^ Saliba 2006.
- ^ Clarke 2006, p. 153.
- ^ Zeller 2021, p. 426.
Sources
[edit]- Abgrall, Jean-Marie (1999). "Sectes Ufologiques". Les sectes de l'apocalypse: gourous de l'an 2000 (in French). Paris: Calmann-Lévy. ISBN 978-2-7021-2954-8.
- Bainbridge, William Sims (1997). The Sociology of Religious Movements. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91202-4.
- Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective: A Study of Religious Change in the Modern World. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25748-4.
- Cavalcante Modesto da Silva, Alire Cristina (2013). Cultura racional: da raiz da umbanda à negação da prática religiosa. Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFCG (Dissertation). Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. p. 156.
- Hexham, Irving (2002). Pocket Dictionary of New Religious Movements. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308-1466-3.
- Hunt, Stephen (2003). Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-3410-8.
- Landes, Richard (2000). Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92246-1.
- Lewis, James R. (1995). The Gods Have Landed: New Religions from Other Worlds. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2329-5.
- Lewis, James R. (2001). Odd Gods: New Religions and the Cult Controversy. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-842-9.
- Lewis, James R. (2003). The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of UFO Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-964-6.
- Matthews, Carol S. (2009). New Religions. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0645-8.
- Nelson, Victoria (2002). The Secret Life of Puppets. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00630-5.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2005). Introduction To World Religions. Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-3714-3.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2004). New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-522042-0.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2003). UFO Religions. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26324-7.
- Reece, Gregory L. (2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-451-0.
- Saliba, John A. (November 2006). "The Study of UFO Religions". Nova Religio. 10 (2). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 103–123. doi:10.1525/nr.2006.10.2.103.
- Swatos, William H.; Peter Kivisto (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7619-8956-0.
- Tumminia, Diana G. (2005). When Prophecy Never Fails: Myth and Reality in a Flying-Saucer Group. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517675-8.
- Zeller, Benjamin E., ed. (2021). Handbook of UFO Religions. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 20. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 425–451. ISBN 978-90-04-43437-0. ISSN 1874-6691.
