Moghol language
| Moghol | |
|---|---|
| Mogholi | |
| مُغُلی | |
| Native to | Afghanistan |
| Region | Herat Province |
| Ethnicity | Moghol people |
| Extinct | after 1982[1] 200 (2003)[2] |
Mongolic
| |
| Perso-Arabic script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mhj |
| Glottolog | mogh1245 |
| ELP | Mogholi |
Moghol (or Mogholi; Dari: مُغُلی) is a critically endangered and possibly extinct Mongolic language spoken in the province of Herat, Afghanistan, in the villages of Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla. The speakers were the Moghol people, who numbered 2,000 members in the 1970s. They descend from the remnants of Genghis Khan's Mongol army stationed in Afghanistan in the 13th century.[3]
In the 1970s, when the German scholar Michael Weiers did fieldwork on the language, few people spoke it, most knew it passively and most were older than 40. It is unknown if there are still speakers of the language,[4] and it is listed as dormant by Ethnologue.[1]
The language has been strongly influenced by Persian in its phonology, morphology and syntax, causing Weiers to state that it has the appearance of a "true Inner Asian creole language".[4]
Phonology
[edit]Moghol's phonology is influenced by Persian. It has a system of six vowel qualities with no length contrast: /i e a u o ɔ/.[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | q | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ɦ | |
| voiced | z | ʒ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
| Trill | r | ʀ | |||||
/ɦ/ may range between voiced [ɦ] and voiceless [h].
Script
[edit]Historically, the Moghol language was written using a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script.[5] Extant Moghol literature included Islamic texts, poetry, Mogholi-Persian vocabularies, and Mogholi grammars.[6]
| ح | چ | ج | ث | ت | پ | ب | ا |
| ش | س | ژ | ز | ر | ذ | د | خ |
| ق | ف | غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض | ص |
| ی | و | ه | ن | م | ل | گ | ك |
Grammar
[edit]Moghol grammar shows substantial influence from Persian languages, having borrowed even word classes not found in other Mongolic languages: the parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions.
Nouns are marked for number and case. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense-aspect and mode. Adjectives inflect for the comparative and superlative degree with the Persian suffixes -tar and -tariin, but not for number and case.
Vocabulary
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]The Moghol personal pronouns are:[4]
| person | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | bi | bidah ~ bidat (inclusive); mån (exclusive) |
| 2nd | ci | tå ~ tåd |
| 3rd | i ~ ih | tid ~ tit |
The demonstrative pronouns are:[4]
- inah ~ enah ‘this’
- inat ~ enad ‘these’
- mun ~ munah ‘that’
- munat ~ mutah ~ mutat ‘those’
The interrogative pronouns are:[4]
- emah ~ imah ~ imas ‘what’
- ken ~ kiyan ‘who’
- kenaiki ‘whose’
- emadu ~ imadu ~ emaji ~ imaji ~ emagalah ‘why’
- emaula- ‘to do what’
- ked ~ keddu ‘how much’
- keja ‘when’
- oshtin ‘how’
The reflexive pronouns are:[4]
- orin ‘self’
- orindu-nah ‘for oneself’
- usa-nah ‘self’
Numerals
[edit]The Moghol numerals are Janhunen (2003):
| English gloss | Moghol[4] | Proto-Mongolic[7] | Modern Mongolian | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | one | nikah ~ nika/n | *nike/n | neg |
| 2 | two | qeyår ~ qiar | *koxar ~ *koyar | khoyor |
| 3 | three | ghorbån ~ qurban | *gurba/n | gurav |
| 4 | four | dorbån ~ durba/n | *dörbe/n | döröv |
| 5 | five | tåbun ~ tabun | *tabu/n | tav |
| 6 | six | åsun ~ essun ~ jurghan ~ shish | *jirguxa/n | zurgaa |
| 7 | seven | dålån ~ húft | *doluxa/n | doloo |
| 8 | eight | sålån ~ húshtu | *na(y)ima/n | naym |
| 9 | nine | tåsån ~ no | *yersü/n | yös |
| 10 | ten | arbån ~ arban ~ dá | *xarba/n | arav |
Sample
[edit]Weiers noted down the following poem by the Moghol poet Abd Al-Qadir.
|
Weiers' Moghol text:
|
English translation from Weiers' German:
|
Another Moghol poem or song of Abd Al-Qadir written in Arabic alphabet (from Weiers):
|
Weiers' Moghol text:
|
English translation from Weiers' German:
|
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Moghol at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. UNESCO. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
- ^ Sayed Zaki Faqerzai (n.d.). "Language of Speaking in Afghanistan". AsiaFront.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Weiers, Michael. 2003. "Moghol," The Mongolic Languages. Ed. Juha Janhunen. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge. Pages 248–264.
- ^ Mogholi alphabet is in Omniglot shown: https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mogholi.htm
- ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-5381-0227-5.
- ^ Janhunen, Juha. 2003. The Mongolic Languages, p.16. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge.
Further reading
[edit]- G. J. Ramstedt. 1906. "Mogholica. Beiträge zur kenntnis der moghol-sprache in Afghanistan." JSFOu 23-4.
- Louis Ligeti. 1954. "Le lexique moghol de R. Leech," AOH 4.
- Л. Лигети. 1954. "О монгольских и тюркиских языках и диалектах Афганистана," AOH 4.
- Sh. Iwamura and H. F. Schurmann. 1954. "Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan," Silver Jubilee Volume of the Zinbun-Kagaku-Kenkyusyo, Kyoto University. Kyoto University.
- Shinobu Iwamura. 1961. The Zirni Manuscript: A Persian-Mongolian Glossary and Grammar. Kyoto University.
- H. F. Schurmann. 1962. The Moghols of Afghanistan. Mouton & Co.
- Michael Weiers. 1972. Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan (Sprachmaterial, Grammatik, Wortliste). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.