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Scheuermann's disease

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Scheuermann's disease
Other namesScheuermann's kyphosis, Calvé disease, idiopathic juvenile kyphosis of the spine
Scheuermann's disease on lateral Xray of the T spine
Pronunciation
SpecialtyOrthopaedics, Rheumatology Osteopathy, Chiropractic
SymptomsCurve of upper back, chronic pain
ComplicationsChronic pain, lower than average bone density hence greater risk for osteoporosis and osteopenia[1]
Usual onsetAdolescence
DurationLifelong
CausesUnknown, Genetic factors
Diagnostic methodX-ray, MRI
TreatmentPhysical therapy, avoiding excessive weight bearing exercises, back brace, surgery
PrognosisSelf-limiting
PrevalenceIt has a prevalence of 0.4–8.3% in the population with a higher incidence in Males
A pre-operative image of a 22-year-old male with a very extreme case of Scheuermann's disease

Scheuermann's disease is a self-limiting skeletal disorder of childhood. Scheuermann's disease describes a condition where the vertebrae grow unevenly with respect to the sagittal plane; that is, the posterior angle is often greater than the anterior. This uneven growth results in the signature "wedging" shape of the vertebrae, causing kyphosis. It is named after Danish surgeon Holger Scheuermann.[3][4][5]

Signs and symptoms

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Scheuermann's disease is considered to be a form of juvenile osteochondrosis of the spine. It is found mostly in teenagers and presents a significantly worse deformity than postural kyphosis. Patients suffering with Scheuermann’s kyphosis cannot consciously correct their posture. The apex of their curve, located in the thoracic vertebrae, is quite rigid.[citation needed]

Scheuermann's disease is notorious for causing lower and mid-level back and neck pain, which can be severe and disabling. The sufferer may feel pain at the apex of the curve, which is aggravated by physical activity and by periods of standing or sitting; this can have a significantly detrimental effect to their lives as their level of activity is curbed by their disability. The sufferer may feel isolated or uneasy amongst their peers if they are children, depending on the level of deformity.[citation needed]

In addition to the pain associated with Scheuermann's disease, many sufferers of the disorder have loss of vertebral height, and depending on where the apex of the curve is, may have a visual 'hunchback' or 'roundback'. It has been reported that curves in the lower thoracic region cause more pain, whereas curves in the upper region present a more visual deformity. Nevertheless, it is typically pain or cosmetic reasons that prompt sufferers to seek help for their condition. In studies, kyphosis is better characterized for the thoracic spine than for the lumbar spine.[6][7]

The seventh and tenth thoracic vertebrae are most commonly affected. It causes backache and spinal curvature. In very serious cases it may cause internal problems and spinal cord damage, but these cases are extremely rare. The curvature of the back decreases height, thus putting pressure on internal organs, wearing them out more quickly than the natural aging process; surgical procedures are almost always recommended in this case.[citation needed]

Pain: Scheuermann’s patients had a higher risk for back pain and disabilities during activities of daily living than controls. However, the degree of thoracic kyphosis among Scheuermann’s patients was not related to back pain, quality of life, or general health.[8]

Associated conditions

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Many with Scheuermann's disease often have an excessive lordotic curve in the lumbar spine; this is the body's natural way to compensate for the kyphotic curve above. Many with Scheuermann's disease have very large lung capacities and males often have broad, barrel chests. Most people have forced vital capacity (FVC) scores above average. It has been proposed that this is the body's natural way to compensate for a loss of breathing depth.[citation needed]

Often patients have tight hamstrings, which, again, is related to the body compensating for excessive spinal curvature, though this is also debated (for example, some suggest the tightness of ligament is the initial cause of the growth abnormality). In addition to the common lordosis, it has been suggested that between 20–30% of patients with Scheuermann's Disease also have scoliosis, though most cases are negligible. In more serious cases, however, the combination is classified as a separate condition known as kyphoscoliosis.[citation needed]

Patients with Scheurmann's disease are prone to having a lower than average bone density. They are hence at a statistical greater long term risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis, the reason for this is unknown.[1]

Causes

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The cause is not currently known, and the condition appears to be multifactorial.[9] Several candidate genes (such as FBN1, which has been associated with Marfan) have been proposed and excluded. It has also been proposed that there may be an underlying, yet elusive, neurological disorder that plays a role in the eventual development of the disease. [10]

Diagnosis

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A 20-year-old male with Scheuermann's disease, showing various measurement of kyphotic/lordotic degrees and their supplementary angles. Notice the signature 'wedging' shape of the four vertebrae in the lower thoracic area. The other vertebral bodies are otherwise normal. The measured kyphosis for this patient is ~70°.
Scheuermann's disease on lateral CT of the T spine

Diagnosis is typically by medical imaging. The degree of kyphosis can be measured by Cobb's angle and sagittal balance.[citation needed]

Treatment

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Conservative

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Scheuermann's disease is self-limiting after growth is complete, meaning that it generally runs its course and never presents further complication. Typically, however, once the patient is fully grown, the bones will maintain the deformity. For this reason, there are many treatment methods and options available that aim to correct the kyphosis while the spine is still growing, and especially aim to prevent it from worsening.[citation needed]

While there is no explanation for what causes Scheuermann's disease, there are ways to treat it. For less extreme cases, manual medicine, physical therapy and/or back braces can help reverse or stop the kyphosis before it does become severe.[citation needed] Because the disease is often benign, and because back surgery includes many risks, surgery is usually considered a last resort for patients. In severe or extreme cases, patients may be treated through an extensive surgical procedure in an effort to prevent the disease from worsening or harming the body.[citation needed]

In Germany, a standard treatment for both Scheuermann's disease and lumbar kyphosis is the Schroth method, a system of specialized physical therapy for scoliosis and related spinal deformities.[11] The method has been shown to reduce pain and decrease kyphotic angle significantly during an inpatient treatment program.[12][13]

Bracing can be utilized to help prevent progression and in some cases reduce the hyperkyphosis Cobb angle. Conservative treatment of Scheuermann's hyperkyphosis in international literature is generally regarded as an effective treatment approach. Physiotherapy and bracing are the first-line treatments for this condition.[14]

Braces such as the Scolibrace (kyphobrace) and Kyphologic brace systems have been shown to be effective in the treatment of Scheuermann's [14]

Surgery

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A post-operative X-ray of a 22-year-old male with Scheuermann's disease. After a 13-level spinal fusion to correct the excessive curvature, the person now presents a normal degree of kyphosis, with a minimal loss of flexibility.

Scheuermann's disease can be successfully corrected with surgical procedures, almost all of which include spinal fusion and hardware instrumentation, i.e., rods, pedicle screws, etc. While many patients are typically interested in getting surgery for their correction, it is important to realize the surgery aims to reduce pain, and not cosmetic defect. As always, surgical intervention should be used as a last resort once conservative treatment fails or the patient's health is in imminent danger as any surgical procedure is not without risk. However, the chances of complication are relatively low, and the surgeries are often successful.[citation needed]

There are two primary surgical techniques to correct kyphosis: posterior-only fusion and anterior/posterior fusion. While debate lingers over which surgical approach is optimal, several studies published since 2018 suggest treatment trends are favoring posterior-only fusion.[15][16][17]

The classic surgical procedure entails entering two titanium rods, each roughly 1.5 feet (0.46 m) long (depending on the size of the kyphosis) into the back on either side of the spine. Eight titanium screws and hardware are drilled through the bone to secure the rods onto either side of the spine. On the internal-facing side of the spine, ligaments (which can be too short, pulling the spine into its abnormal shape) must be surgically cut or released, not only stopping part of the cause of the kyphosis, but also allowing the titanium rods to pull the spine into a more natural position. The damaged discs between the troubled vertebrae (wedged vertebrae) are normally removed and replaced with bone grafting from the hip or other parts of the vertebrae, which once healed or "fused" will solidify. The titanium instrumentation holds everything in place during healing. The patient can expect to remain in hospital for minimum of a week, and possibly longer. They may then be required to wear a brace for several months more to ensure the spine heals appropriately. The titanium instrumentation may stay in the body permanently, or be removed years later. Patients who have undergone such surgery may need physical therapy to manage pain and mobility. Recovery can be prolonged: typically patients are not allowed to lift anything above 5–10 pounds (2.3–4.5 kg) for 6 months to 1 year, and many are out of work for at least six months. However, once the fusion is solidified, most patients can return to their usual lifestyle within 1–2 years.[citation needed]

Prognosis

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Spinal fusion for kyphosis and scoliosis is an extremely invasive surgery. The risk of complications is estimated to be about 10%. Possible complications may be inflammation of the soft tissue or deep inflammatory processes, breathing impairments, bleeding and nerve injuries, or infection. As early as five years after surgery around 5% require reoperation and long-term issues remain unclear.[18][19] Taking into account that some of the symptoms of the spinal deformity cannot be changed by surgical intervention, surgery remains a cosmetic indication,[18][20] though the cosmetic effects of surgery are not necessarily stable.[18]

Notable cases

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Chen Y, Bloomfield A, Nasir A (10 March 2017). "Scheuermann's disease". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  2. ^ Gaillard, Frank. "Scheuermann disease | Radiology Reference Article". Radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  3. ^ Scheuermann's disease at Who Named It?
  4. ^ Scheuermann HW (1920). "Kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis". Ugeskrift for Læger (in Danish). 82: 385–93. Republished as: Scheuermann HW (October 1977). "The classic: kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 128 (128): 5–7. PMID 340099.
  5. ^ "Scheuermann's disease". Medcyclopaedia. GE. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012.
  6. ^ Summers BN, Singh JP, Manns RA (May 2008). "The radiological reporting of lumbar Scheuermann's disease: an unnecessary source of confusion amongst clinicians and patients". The British Journal of Radiology. 81 (965): 383–385. doi:10.1259/bjr/69495299. PMID 18440942.
  7. ^ Blumenthal SL, Roach J, Herring JA (November 1987). "Lumbar Scheuermann's. A clinical series and classification". Spine. 12 (9): 929–932. doi:10.1097/00007632-198711000-00015. PMID 3441839. S2CID 42294338.
  8. ^ Ristolainen L, Kettunen JA, Heliövaara M, Kujala UM, Heinonen A, Schlenzka D (May 2012). "Untreated Scheuermann's disease: a 37-year follow-up study". European Spine Journal. 21 (5): 819–824. doi:10.1007/s00586-011-2075-0. PMC 3337904. PMID 22101868.
  9. ^ Fotiadis E, Kenanidis E, Samoladas E, Christodoulou A, Akritopoulos P, Akritopoulou K (May 2008). "Scheuermann's disease: focus on weight and height role". European Spine Journal. 17 (5): 673–678. doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0641-x. PMC 2367416. PMID 18301929.
  10. ^ McKenzie L, Sillence D (January 1992). "Familial Scheuermann disease: a genetic and linkage study". Journal of Medical Genetics. 29 (1): 41–45. doi:10.1136/jmg.29.1.41. PMC 1015820. PMID 1552543.
  11. ^ Lehnert-Schroth C (2007). Three-Dimensional Treatment for Scoliosis: A Physiotherapeutic Method for Deformities of the Spine. Palo Alto, CA: The Martindale Press. pp. 185–187, 211–17, and passim. ISBN 978-3-8334-8138-3.
  12. ^ Weiss HR, Dieckmann J, Gerner HJ (2002). "Effect of intensive rehabilitation on pain in patients with Scheuermann's disease". Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 88: 254–257. PMID 15456045.
  13. ^ Weiss HR, Dieckmann J, Gerner HJ (2002). "Outcome of in-patient rehabilitation in patients with M. Scheuermann evaluated by surface topography". Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 88: 246–249. PMID 15456043.
  14. ^ a b Weiss HR, Turnbull D, Bohr S (September 2009). "Brace treatment for patients with Scheuermann's disease - a review of the literature and first experiences with a new brace design". Scoliosis. 4 (1): 22. doi:10.1186/1748-7161-4-22. PMC 2761858. PMID 19788753.
  15. ^ Horn SR, Poorman GW, Tishelman JC, Bortz CA, Segreto FA, Moon JY, et al. (January 2019). "Trends in Treatment of Scheuermann Kyphosis: A Study of 1,070 Cases From 2003 to 2012". Spine Deformity. 7 (1): 100–106. doi:10.1016/j.jspd.2018.06.004. PMC 7102192. PMID 30587300.
  16. ^ Huq S, Ehresman J, Cottrill E, Ahmed AK, Pennington Z, Westbroek EM, Sciubba DM (November 2019). "Treatment approaches for Scheuermann kyphosis: a systematic review of historic and current management". Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine. 32 (2): 235–247. doi:10.3171/2019.8.SPINE19500. PMID 31675699. S2CID 207835405.
  17. ^ Riouallon G, Morin C, Charles YP, Roussouly P, Kreichati G, Obeid I, Wolff S (September 2018). "Posterior-only versus combined anterior/posterior fusion in Scheuermann disease: a large retrospective study". European Spine Journal. 27 (9): 2322–2330. doi:10.1007/s00586-018-5633-x. PMID 29779056. S2CID 29169417.
  18. ^ a b c Hawes M (2006). "Impact of spine surgery on signs and symptoms of spinal deformity". Pediatric Rehabilitation. 9 (4): 318–339. doi:10.1080/13638490500402264. PMID 17111548. S2CID 20680230.
  19. ^ Weiss HR, Goodall D (August 2008). "Rate of complications in scoliosis surgery - a systematic review of the Pub Med literature". Scoliosis. 3: 9. doi:10.1186/1748-7161-3-9. PMC 2525632. PMID 18681956.
  20. ^ Hawes MC, O'Brien JP (2008). "A century of spine surgery: what can patients expect?". Disability and Rehabilitation. 30 (10): 808–817. doi:10.1080/09638280801889972. PMID 18432439. S2CID 19443315.
  21. ^ Shinzawa F (2007-10-18). "Bruins rookie Lucic punches up résumé – The Boston Globe". Boston.com. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  22. ^ Rosenthal K (12 October 2014). "There's a good reason why Hunter Pence throws like that". Fox Sports. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  23. ^ "One Year On George Sampson". The Times. London. 2009-05-17. Archived from the original on May 20, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  24. ^ Telekom Electronic Beats (3 July 2013). "MARCEL DETTMANN In the car with EB.TV". Archived from the original on 2021-12-19 – via YouTube.
  25. ^ Robinson G (17 March 2018). "The secret life of referees featuring Australian Angus Gardner". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
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