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Economics

Scholars have stated that there is a significant relationship between a low standard of living that results from low income and increased mortality rates. A low standard of living is more likely to create situations where malnutrition is more common, which can in turn cause the impacted people to become more susceptible to disease and an increased likelihood of dying from these diseases. People who have a lower standard of living are also more likely to face issues such as a lack of hygiene and sanitation, the increase of exposure to and the spread of disease, and a lack of access to proper medical care and facilities. Poor health can in turn contribute to low and reduced incomes, which can create a loop known as the health-poverty trap. Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Sen has stated that mortality rates can serve as an indicator of economic success and failure.

Historically, mortality rates have been adversely affected by short term price increases. Studies have shown that mortality rates increase at a rate concurrent with increases in food prices. These effects have a greater impact on vulnerable, lower-income populations than they do on populations with a higher standard of living.

In more recent times, higher mortality rates have been less tied to socio-economic levels within a given society, but have differed more between low and high-income countries. It is now found that national income, which is directly tied to standard of living within a country is the largest factor in mortality rates being higher in low-income countries.

These rates are especially pronounced for children under the age of 5-years old, particularly in lower-income, developing countries. These children have a much greater chance of dying of diseases that have become very preventable in higher-income parts of the world. The instances of these children dying of things like malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhea, perinatal conditions, or measles are much more pronounced in developing nations. Data shows that after the age of 5 these preventable causes level out between high and low-income countries. The only cause of death that affects people aged 30-59 at a significantly higher rate in low income.

Egypt

The Egyptians, who famously built the pyramids centuries before modern tools were created, invented and used many simple machines in the pyramid building process. Historians and archeologist have found evidence that the pyramids were built using three of the Six Simple Machines that all machines are based on. These machines are the inclined plain, the wedge, and the lever. Using these building blocks of technology, the Ancient Egyptians were able to move millions of limestone blocks which weighed approximately 3.5 tons (7,000 lbs.) each into place to create structures like the Grand Pyramid which is 481 feet (146.7 meters) high.

Ancient Egyptians also invented a writing medium similar to a paper known as papyrus. Papyrus is a plant (cyperus papyrus) that grew in plentiful amounts in the Egyptian Delta and throughout the Nile River Valley in ancient times. Papyrus was harvested by Egyptian field workers and brought to processing centers where it was cut into thin strips. The strips were then laid out side by side perpendicularly then covered in plant resin and the second layer of strips was laid on horizontally. These two layers were then pressed together until the sheet was dry. The sheets were then joined together to form a roll. The papyrus was then used for writing and is the foundation for modern paper.

Egyptian society made significant advances during dynastic periods in many areas of technology. They were the first civilization to use timekeeping devices such as sundials, shadow clocks, and obelisks and successfully leveraged their knowledge of astrology to create a calendar model that society still uses today. They developed ship-building technology that saw them progress from papyrus reed vessels to cedarwood ships while also pioneering the use of rope trusses and stem-mounted rudders. They used their vast knowledge of anatomy to lay the foundation for many modern medical techniques and practiced the earliest known version of neuroscience. They also used and furthered mathematical science, as evidenced in the building of the pyramids. Ancient Egyptians also invented and pioneered many food technologies that have become the basis of today’s food technology processes. Based on paintings and reliefs found in tombs, as well as archeological artifacts, experts believe that the Ancient Egyptians established systematic farming practices, engaged in cereal processing, brewed beer and baked bread, processed meat, practiced viticulture and created the basis for modern wine production, and created condiments to complement, preserve and mask the flavors of their food.