View source for حرف

{{also|خرف|خرق|حرق|خ ر ق}}
==Arabic==

===Etymology 1.1===
{{ar-rootbox|ح ر ف}}Cognate to {{cog|arc|חָרַף|tr=ḥarap|t=to [[scrape]], [[sharpen]], to [[grind]]}}, {{cog|syc|ܚܪܰܦ|tr=ḥrap̄|t=to blend, to scrape together}}, {{cog|syc|ܚܰܪܦܐ|tr=ḥarp̄a|t=blade, sword}}, {{cog|gez|ሐረፈ|t=to crush, to grind, to tear off the top}}. <!-- Leslau p. 241 speculates connection of the Geʿez with خَرَفَ “to pluck off a tree” even though Walter Müller connects it with حَرَفَ and in Geʿez ḫ and ḥ are distinguished. -->

====Pronunciation====
* {{ar-IPA|حَرَفَ}}

====Verb====
{{ar-verb|I/a~i.vn:حَرْف}}

# to [[turn]] to the opposite [[side]]
# to [[trade]], to do [[business]]
# to [[trim]], to [[snip]]

=====Conjugation=====
{{ar-conj|I/a~i.vn:حَرْف}}

===Etymology 1.2===

====Pronunciation====
* {{ar-IPA|حَرَّفَ}}

====Verb====
{{ar-verb|II}}

# to [[slant]], to [[incline]]
# to [[bend]] down, up, or back, to [[turn]] down, up, or back
# to [[deflect]]
# to [[distort]], to [[corrupt]], to [[falsify]], to [[misconstrue]], to [[pervert]], to [[twist]]
#* {{RQ:Sunna|tirmidhi|47
|passage=فَمَا جَاءُوا بِهِ عَلَى وَجْهِهِ فَهُوَ حَقٌّ وَلَكِنَّهُمْ '''يُحَرِّفُونَ''' وَيَزِيدُونَ
|translation=Whatever they came with is right, as it is – however they '''distort''' and augment.}}

=====Conjugation=====
{{ar-conj|II}}

===Etymology 1.3===

====Pronunciation====
* {{ar-IPA|حَرْف}}

====Noun====
{{ar-noun|حَرْف|m|pl=حِرَف}}

# cutting [[edge]], sharp edge
# [[border]], [[brink]], [[edge]], [[rim]]

=====Declension=====
{{ar-decl-noun|حَرْف|pl=حِرَف}}

====Adjective====
{{ar-adj|حَرْف}}

# {{tlb|ar|obsolete|poetic|of a she-camel}} [[hardy]], [[strong]] and/or [[lean]] and/or [[swift]]
#* {{R:ar:Geyer-Zwei Gedichte|volume=1|instead=1|lang=ar|page=102|zusatzurl=https://khatab38.blogspot.com/2010/06/blog-post_9412.html|passage=وَشِمِلَّةٍ حَرْفٍ كَأَنَّ قُتُودَهَا … جَلَّلْتُهَا ({{var}} لَبَسْتُهَا) جَوْنَ السَّرَاةِ خَفَيْدَدًا|t=Some hardy she-camel the saddle-woods of which I applied like upon a black-backed ostrich}}

=====Declension=====
{{ar-decl-adj|حَرْف|f=حَرْف|pl=حَرْف|fpl=حَرْف|d=حَرْف:tri|fd=حَرْف:tri}}

===Etymology 1.4===
{{nonlemma}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{ar-IPA|حِرَف}}

====Noun====
{{ar-noun-pl|حِرَف|p}}

# {{plural of|ar|حِرْفَة}}

===Etymology 2.1===
{{ar-verbal noun}} of the verb above, the result of turning the tongue or stylus or limb to the side. The meaning “word” is a {{semantic loan|ar|ML.|terminus|nocap=1}}, spawned in the environment of philosophy text translation (see Praetorius 1909).

====Pronunciation====
* {{ar-IPA|حَرْف}}
* {{audio|ar|Ar-حرف.ogg}}

====Noun====
{{ar-noun|حَرْف|m|pl=حُرُوف|pl2=أَحْرُف}}

# {{ar-verbal noun of|حَرَفَ|form=I}}
# [[letter]] (of the alphabet), piece of [[type]]
#: {{ux|ar|inline=1|حَرْفًا بِحَرْفٍ|tr=ḥarfan bi-ḥarfin|t=[[word for word]]}}
# [[consonant]]
# {{lb|ar|grammar}} [[particle]]
# {{lb|ar|obsolete}} [[word]]

=====Declension=====
{{ar-decl-noun|حَرْف|pl=حُرُوف|pl2=أَحْرُف}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|ar|حَرْفِيّ}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|afb|حرف|tr=ḥarf}}
* {{desc|ajp|حرف|tr=ḥarf}}
* {{desc|az|hərf|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ba|хәреф|bor=1}}
* {{desc|bn|হরফ|tr=hôrôf|bor=1}}
* {{desc|gu|હરફ|bor=1}}
* {{desctree|ha|har̃àfī|bor=1}}
* {{desc|inc-hnd|-|bor=1}}
*: {{desc|hi|हर्फ़}}
*: {{desc|ur|حَرْف}}
* {{desc|kbd|хьэрыф|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ky|арип|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ms|huruf|bor=1}}
*: {{desc|id|huruf}}
* {{desc|min|uruf|bor=1}}
* {{desctree|ota|حرف|tr=harf|bor=1}}
* {{desc|fa|حرف|tr=harf|bor=1}}
* {{desc|pa|حرف|bor=1}} / {{l|pa|ਹਰਫ਼}}
* {{desc|sw|herufi|bor=1}}
* {{desc|sd|حرف|tr=harfu|bor=1}}
* {{desc|tt|хәреф|bor=1}}
* {{desc|tk|harp|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ug|ھەرپ|bor=1}}
* {{desc|uz|harf|bor=1}}

===Etymology 2.2===
{{nonlemma}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{ar-IPA|حِرَف}}

====Noun====
{{ar-noun-pl|حِرَف|p}}

# {{plural of|ar|حَرْف}}

===Etymology===
{{wikipedia|lang=ar|حرف (نبات)}}
An {{bor|ar|arc|-}} borrowing, {{bor|ar|arc|חורפה}} / {{m|arc|חורפא}} / {{m|myz|ࡇࡅࡓࡐࡀ}} / {{m|syc|ܚܘܪܦܐ|tr=ḥurpā|t=sharp edge}} corresponds to the Arabic {{m-self|ar|حَرْف|t=sharp edge}} and acquired the transferred meanings of “pungency” and “pungent” food, which applies to cress because of its marked mustardy or radish-like, slightly pungent to peppery taste and smell, compare also the adjective likely borrowed from Aramaic into Arabic {{m|ar|حِرِّيف|t=pungent}}; perhaps also merged {{der|ar|akk|𒄷𒌨𒁍|tr=ḫurpu|t=crop collected early, unripe produce}}, hence the meaning of bitter or unpleasant tasting plants, rather related to the root {{ar-root|خ|ر|ف|nocat=1}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{ar-IPA|حُرْف}}

====Noun====
{{ar-noun|حُرْف|m}}

# [[cress]] ({{taxfmt|Lepidium sativum|species}}, a garden vegetable)
# [[bitter-cress]] ({{taxfmt|Cardamine|genus}}, some of which are eatable, some of medicinal use)
# [[water-cress]] ({{taxfmt|Nasturtium officinale|species}}, eatable and of medicinal use)
#* {{quote-book|ar|author=ar:{{w|Avicenna|ابن سينا}}<t:Avicenna>|title=ar:القانون في الطب<t:{{w|The Canon of Medicine|Canon Medicinae}}>|year=1025|passage=قال ديسقويدس أجود ما رأينا من شجرة ال'''حرف''' ما يكون بأرض بابل، وقوته شبيهة بقوة الخردل وبزر الفجل، وقيل الخردل وبزر الجرجير المجتمعين، وورقه ينقص في أفعاله عنه لرطوبته فإذا يبس قارب مشاكلته وكاد يلحقه. […] الأفعال والخواص: مسخن محلل منضج مع تليين ينشف قيح الجرب.|t=Dioscurides said that the best what we have seen of the '''water-cress''' is the one on the earth of Babel, and its power is similar to that of the mustard and the seeds of the radish, and, it is said, mustard and rocket seeds can be blended with it, but its leaves fall behind the whole of the plant in their effects by reason of their moisture, but when dried, they are similar to it and almost catch up with it. […] Its properties: It is heatening, laxative, maturative with some laxivity and absorbs the pus in the scab.}}

=====Declension=====
{{ar-decl-noun|حُرْف}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|roa-oca|algorfa|algorfe|bor=1}}

===References===
* {{R:CAL|xrp|V}}
* {{R:ar:Freytag|volume=1|pages=367–368}}
* {{R:ar:Kazimirski|volume=1|pages=410–411}}
* {{cite-journal|last=Praetorius|first=Franz|journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft|volume=63|year=1909|pages=504–505|url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/63944|title=Ḥarf<sup>un</sup> = Terminus}}

{{C|ar|Parts of speech|Herbs|Crucifers}}

==Ottoman Turkish==

===Etymology===
From {{der|ota|ar|حَرْف}}.
{{root|ota|ar|ح ر ف}}

===Noun===
{{head|ota|noun|tr=harf|plural|حرفلر|or|حروف|f1tr=harfler|f2tr=huruf}}

# [[letter]]
#* '''1928''' November 3, ''T.C. Resmî Gazete'', law number 1353:
#*: {{quote|ota|شیمدی‌یه قادار توركجه‌یی یازمق ایچین قوللانیلان عرب '''حرفلری''' یرینه لاتین اساسندن آلنان و مربوط جدولده شكللری كوستریلن '''حرفلر''' (تورك '''حرفلری''') عنوان و حقوقی ایله قبول لیدلمشدر.|tr=Şimdiye kadar Türkçeyi yazmak için kullanılan Arab '''harfleri''' yerine Latin esasından alınan ve merbut cetvelde şekilleri gösterilen '''harfler''' (Türk '''harfleri''') unvan ve hukuku ile kabul edilmiştir.}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|tr|harf}}
* {{desc|sq|bor=1|harf}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:ota:Kelekian|page=502}}

==Persian==
{{wikipedia|lang=fa}}

===Etymology 1===
{{bor+|fa|ar|حَرْف}}.{{root|fa|ar|ح ر ف}}

====Pronunciation====
{{fa-IPA|harf}}
* {{rhymes|fa|arf|s=1}}

====Noun====
{{fa-regional|حرف |حرف |ҳарф}}
{{fa-noun|head=حَرْف|tr=harf|pl=حرف‌ها|pl2=حروف|pl2tr=horuf}}

# [[letter]]
#* {{quote-book|fa|title=fa:دیوان شمس|trans-title={{w|Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi|Divān-i Shams-i Tabrīzī}}|author={{w|Rumi|Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī}}|year=c. 1250|text=ز حرف عین چشم او ز ظرف جیم گوش او|tr=ze '''harf'''-e 'eyn čašm-e u ze zarf-e jim guš-e u|t=Her eye, from the '''letter''' of '' ʿayn'' [the Arabic letter {{lang|fa|[[ع]]}}, connective {{lang|fa|عـ}}]; her ear, from the vessel of ''jīm'' [the Arabic letter {{lang|fa|[[ج]]}}]}}
# [[speech]], [[talk]]
#* {{RQ:Masnavi|IV|2725|چگونه گفت اندر روی شاه این چنین گستاخ آن حرف تباه؟|čegune goft andar ru-ye šah in čonin gostâx ân '''harf'''-e tebâh?|How durst he say those vain '''words''' so impudently in the face of the king?}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{der2|fa
|{{l|fa|حرف اضافه|tr=harf-e ezâfe}}
|{{l|fa|حرف ربط|tr=harf-e rabt}}
|{{l|fa|حرف زدن|tr=harf zadan}}
|{{l|fa|حرف انداختن|tr=harf andâxtan}}
|{{l|fa|پرحرف|tr=por-harf}}
|{{l|fa|کم‌حرف|tr=kam-harf}}
}}

===Etymology 2===
{{bor+|fa|ar|حِرَف}}.

====Pronunciation====
{{fa-IPA|hiraf}}

====Noun====
{{head|fa|head=حِرَف|noun form|tr=heraf}}

# {{lb|fa|archaic}} {{plural of|fa|حرفه}}

==South Levantine Arabic==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|ajp|ar|حَرْف}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{ajp-IPA|ḥarf<p:ħɑrˤf>}}
* {{audio|ajp|LL-Q55633582 (ajp)-Muhammad (AdrianAbdulBaha)-حرف.wav|a=Ramallah}}

===Noun===
{{ajp-noun|g=m|tr=ḥarf|pl=حروف|pltr=ḥurūf}}

# [[letter]] {{q|of the alphabet}}