دهقان

See also: دہقان

Arabic

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dih.qaːn/, /duh.qaːn/

Noun

دِهْقَان or دُهْقَان • (dihqān or duhqān) m (plural دَهَاقِين (dahāqīn), feminine دِهْقَانَة (dihqāna))

1. dehqan, publican
   • a. 1283, Abū Yahyā Zakariyāʾ ibn Muhammad al-Qazwīnīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, آثار البلاد وأخبار العباد [ʾāṯār al-bilād wa-ʾaḵbār al-ʿibād]‎^[1], Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, published 1848, page 278 line 11 a fine:
2. publican, alekeeper
   • a. 869, الْجَاحِظ, edited by مُحَمَّد عَلِيّ أَبُو الْعَبَّاس, اَلْبُخَلَاء, Cairo, Egypt: اَلْهَيْئَة المِصْرِيَّة الْعَامَّة لِلْكِتَاب, published 2012, →ISBN, page 56:

     وَٱللّٰهِ إِنِّي لَأُفَضِّلُ الدَّهَاقِينَ حِينَ عَابُوا الْحَسْوَ، وَتَقَزَّزُوا مِنَ التَّعَرُّقِ، وَبَهْرَجُوا صَاحِبَ التَّمْشِيشِ، وَحِينَ أَكَلُوا بِالْبَارَجِينِ وَقَطَعُوا بِالسِّكِّينِ، وَلَزِمُوا عِنْدَ الطَّعَامِ السَّكْتَةَ، وَتَرَكُوا الْخَوْضَ، وَٱخْتَارُوا الزَّمْزَمَةَ.

     wal-lāhi ʔinnī laʔufaḍḍilu ad-dahāqīna ḥīna ʕābū l-ḥaswa, wataqazzazū mina t-taʕarruqi, wabahrajū ṣāḥiba t-tamšīši, waḥīna ʔakalū bi-l-bārajīni waqaṭaʕū bi-s-sikkīni, walazimū ʕinda ṭ-ṭaʕāmi s-saktata, watarakū l-ḵawḍa, waḵtārū z-zamzamata.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

Declension of noun دِهْقَان (dihqān)‎; دُهْقَان (duhqān)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دِهْقَان‎; دُهْقَان dihqān‎; duhqān	الدِّهْقَان‎; الدُّهْقَان ad-dihqān‎; ad-duhqān	دِهْقَان‎; دُهْقَان dihqān‎; duhqān
Nominative	دِهْقَانٌ‎; دُهْقَانٌ dihqānun‎; duhqānun	الدِّهْقَانُ‎; الدُّهْقَانُ ad-dihqānu‎; ad-duhqānu	دِهْقَانُ‎; دُهْقَانُ dihqānu‎; duhqānu
Accusative	دِهْقَانًا‎; دُهْقَانًا dihqānan‎; duhqānan	الدِّهْقَانَ‎; الدُّهْقَانَ ad-dihqāna‎; ad-duhqāna	دِهْقَانَ‎; دُهْقَانَ dihqāna‎; duhqāna
Genitive	دِهْقَانٍ‎; دُهْقَانٍ dihqānin‎; duhqānin	الدِّهْقَانِ‎; الدُّهْقَانِ ad-dihqāni‎; ad-duhqāni	دِهْقَانِ‎; دُهْقَانِ dihqāni‎; duhqāni
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دِهْقَانَيْن‎; دُهْقَانَيْن dihqānayn‎; duhqānayn	الدِّهْقَانَيْن‎; الدُّهْقَانَيْن ad-dihqānayn‎; ad-duhqānayn	دِهْقَانَيْ‎; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay‎; duhqānay
Nominative	دِهْقَانَانِ‎; دُهْقَانَانِ dihqānāni‎; duhqānāni	الدِّهْقَانَانِ‎; الدُّهْقَانَانِ ad-dihqānāni‎; ad-duhqānāni	دِهْقَانَا‎; دُهْقَانَا dihqānā‎; duhqānā
Accusative	دِهْقَانَيْنِ‎; دُهْقَانَيْنِ dihqānayni‎; duhqānayni	الدِّهْقَانَيْنِ‎; الدُّهْقَانَيْنِ ad-dihqānayni‎; ad-duhqānayni	دِهْقَانَيْ‎; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay‎; duhqānay
Genitive	دِهْقَانَيْنِ‎; دُهْقَانَيْنِ dihqānayni‎; duhqānayni	الدِّهْقَانَيْنِ‎; الدُّهْقَانَيْنِ ad-dihqānayni‎; ad-duhqānayni	دِهْقَانَيْ‎; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay‎; duhqānay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دَهَاقِين dahāqīn	الدَّهَاقِين ad-dahāqīn	دَهَاقِين dahāqīn
Nominative	دَهَاقِينُ dahāqīnu	الدَّهَاقِينُ ad-dahāqīnu	دَهَاقِينُ dahāqīnu
Accusative	دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna	الدَّهَاقِينَ ad-dahāqīna	دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna
Genitive	دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna	الدَّهَاقِينِ ad-dahāqīni	دَهَاقِينِ dahāqīni

Derived terms

• دَهْقَنَ (dahqana, “to make dehqan, to elevate into the dehqan peerage”)
• دَهْقَنَة (dahqana, “noble character; astuteness, shrewdness”)

References

• Ullmann, Manfred (1992) Das Motiv des Spiegels in der arabischen Literatur des Mittelalters (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Philologisch-historische Klasse; 198) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 145–147

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān, “dehqan, publican”), itself from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/).

Noun

دهقان • (dihkân) (definite accusative دهقانی (dihkânı), plural دهاقین (dehâkin))

1. peasant, peon, serf, any member of the lowly social class that toils on the land

   Synonym: كویلو (köylü)

2. farmer, agriculturist, husbandman, a person who raises crops and tends animals

   Synonyms: اكینجی (ekinci), چفتجی (çiftci), فلاح (fellah)

3. (historical) deghan, a class of land-owning magnates during the Sassanian period

Derived terms

• دهقانی (dihkânî, “pertaining to the country”)

 

Descendants

• Turkish: dihkan

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “dihkan”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1212
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “دهقان”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎^[2], Vienna: F. Beck, page 238b
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “دهقان”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[3], Constantinople: Mihran, page 594
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Paganus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[4], Vienna, column 1233
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “دهقان”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[5], Vienna, column 2202
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “دهقان”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[6], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 930

Persian

Etymology

The form from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/, “countryman, farmer”), also found as دهگان (dehgân) and دهخان (dehxân). By surface analysis, ده (deh, “village”) +‎ ـگان (-gân, “pertaining to, -er”). Akin to Old Armenian դեհկան-ութիւն (dehkan-utʻiwn), Classical Syriac ܕܗܩܢܐ (dahqānā).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [dih.ˈqɑːn]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪e̞ɦ.qɑ́ːn]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪e̞ɦ.qɑ́ːn]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪eː.qɑ́ːn]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪u.ɣu]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪eɦ.ɢɒ́ːn]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪eɦ.qɔ́n]

Readings
Classical reading?	dihqān
Dari reading?	dehqān
Iranian reading?	dehğân
Tajik reading?	dehqon

Noun

Dari	دهقان
Iranian Persian
Tajik	деҳқон

دهقان • (dehqân)

1. farmer, peasant

   Synonym: کشاورز (kešâvarz)

   • c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 486”, in دیوان حافظ‎^[7]:

     دهقان سال‌خورده چه خوش گفت با پسر
     کای نور چشم من! به‌جز از کشته ندروی

     dihqān-i sāl-xwarda či xwaš guft bā pisar
     k-ay nūr-i čašm-i man! ba joz az kišta na-dirawī

     How well the aged peasant spoke to his son:
     "O light of my eyes! You reap nothing but what was planted."

     (Classical Persian romanization)

   • 1962, Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, غرب‌زدگی:

     به هر صورت درست است که مشخصّات دقیق یک زلزله را باید از زلزله‌سنج دانشگاه پرسید، امّا پیش از این که زلزله‌سنج، چیزی ضبط کند اسب دهقان، اگرچه نانجیب هم باشد، گریخته است و سر به بیابان امن گذاشته […]

     be har surat dorost ast ke mošaxxasât-e daqiq-e yek zelzele râ bâyad az zelzele-sanj-e dânešgâh porsid, ammâ piš az in ke zelzele-sanj, čizi zabt konad asb-e dehqân, agarče nânajib ham bâšad, gorixte ast va sar be biyâbân-e amn gozâšte […]

     It is true in any case that the university seismograph must be consulted for the exact details of an earthquake, but before the seismograph has recorded a thing, the peasant's horse, though not at all a noble animal, will already have fled and set off for the safe wilderness […]

2. (historical) dihqan (local aristocrat in late Sasanian and early Islamic Iran)
   • c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Bahrām Gōr”, in شاهنامه‎^[8]:

     نه بازارگان ماند ایدر نه شاه
     نه دهقان نه لشکر نه تخت و کلاه

     na bāzārgān mānd andar na šāh
     na dihqān na laškar na taxt u kulāh

     No merchant remained there, nor a king,
     No lord nor army nor throne and crown.

     (Classical Persian romanization)

3. (obsolete, by extension from "Persian aristocrat") Persian, Iranian (as opposed to Arabs and Turks)
   • c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Yazdgird”, in شاهنامه‎^[9]:

     نه دهقان نه ترک و نه تازی بود
     سخن‌ها به کردار بازی بود

     na dihqān na turk u na tāzī buwad
     suxan-hā ba kirdār-i bāzī buwad

     They will be neither Persian nor Turk nor Arab,
     Their words will be in the manner of a joke.

     (Classical Persian romanization)

Derived terms

• دهقانی (dehqâni)

 

Descendants

• → Chagatai: دهقان
  • Uyghur: دېھقان (dëhqan)
  • Uzbek: dehqon
• → Gujarati: દિહકાન (dihkān)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: दिहक़ान (dihqān)

  Urdu: دِہْقَان (dihqān)

• → Kazakh: диқан (diqan)
• → Turkmen: daýhan

Proper noun

Dari	دهقان
Iranian Persian
Tajik	Деҳқон

دهقان • (dehqân)

1. a surname, Dehghan, Dehqan

Further reading

• Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008) Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28)‎^[10], Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 148
• Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 139
• Vullers, Johann August (1855) “دهقان”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎^[11] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 942