यम

See also: यम्, and यमी

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit यम (yama).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /jəm/, [jɐ̃m]

Proper noun

यम • (yam) m

1. (Hinduism) Yama, god of death

   Synonym: यमराज (yamrāj)

Declension

Declension of यम (sg-only masc cons-stem)

	singular
direct	यम yam
oblique	यम yam
vocative	यम yam

See also

Solar System in Hindi · सूर्य-मंडल (sūrya-maṇḍal) (layout · text)
Star	सूर्य (sūrya), सूरज (sūraj)
IAU planets and notable dwarf planets	बुध (budh)	शुक्र (śukra)	भूमि (bhūmi), पृथ्वी (pŕthvī)	मंगल (maṅgal)		बृहस्पति (bŕhaspati)	शनि (śani)	अरुण (aruṇ)	वरुण (varuṇ), अंधा तारा (andhā tārā)	यम (yam)
Notable moons	—	—	चाँद (cā̃d), चंद्र (candra)		—

Marathi

Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘧𑘦 (yama), from Sanskrit यम (yama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jəm/

• Audio:

  (file)

Proper noun

यम • (yam) m

1. (Hinduism) Yama

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “यम”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “यम”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “यम”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).

Old Marathi

Proper noun

यम (yama) m

1. Devanagari form of 𑘧𑘦 (yama)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• যম (Assamese script)
• ᬬᬫ (Balinese script)
• যম (Bengali script)
• 𑰧𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀬𑀫 (Brahmi script)
• ယမ (Burmese script)
• યમ (Gujarati script)
• ਯਮ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌯𑌮 (Grantha script)
• ꦪꦩ (Javanese script)
• 𑂨𑂧 (Kaithi script)
• ಯಮ (Kannada script)
• យម (Khmer script)
• ຍມ (Lao script)
• യമ (Malayalam script)
• ᠶᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘧𑘦 (Modi script)
• ᠶ᠋ᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧇𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐫𑐩 (Newa script)
• ଯମ (Odia script)
• ꢫꢪ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆪𑆩 (Sharada script)
• 𑖧𑖦 (Siddham script)
• යම (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩻𑩴 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚣𑚢 (Takri script)
• யம (Tamil script)
• యమ (Telugu script)
• ยม (Thai script)
• ཡ་མ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒨𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨪𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *yámas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yámas, from Proto-Indo-European *yém-o-s, from *yem- (“to hold, restrain”). Cognate with Albanian gjem.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ́.mɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈjɐ.mɐ/

Noun

यम • (yáma) stem, m (root यम्)

1. rein
2. driver, charioteer
3. suppression, restraint; self-restraint (in Yoga)
4. any great moral rule or duty
5. observance, rule

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of यम (yáma)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यमः yámaḥ	यमौ / यमा¹ yámau / yámā¹	यमाः / यमासः¹ yámāḥ / yámāsaḥ¹
Vocative	यम yáma	यमौ / यमा¹ yámau / yámā¹	यमाः / यमासः¹ yámāḥ / yámāsaḥ¹
Accusative	यमम् yámam	यमौ / यमा¹ yámau / yámā¹	यमान् yámān
Instrumental	यमेन yámena	यमाभ्याम् yámābhyām	यमैः / यमेभिः¹ yámaiḥ / yámebhiḥ¹
Dative	यमाय yámāya	यमाभ्याम् yámābhyām	यमेभ्यः yámebhyaḥ
Ablative	यमात् yámāt	यमाभ्याम् yámābhyām	यमेभ्यः yámebhyaḥ
Genitive	यमस्य yámasya	यमयोः yámayoḥ	यमानाम् yámānām
Locative	यमे yáme	यमयोः yámayoḥ	यमेषु yámeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *yamás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yamás, from Proto-Indo-European *yemHós (“connected, paired”), from *yemH- (“twin”). Cognate with Latin Remus.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ.mɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈjɐ.mɐ/

Adjective

यम • (yamá) stem

1. twin-born, forming a pair

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of यम (yamá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यमः yamáḥ	यमौ / यमा¹ yamaú / yamā́¹	यमाः / यमासः¹ yamā́ḥ / yamā́saḥ¹
Vocative	यम yáma	यमौ / यमा¹ yámau / yámā¹	यमाः / यमासः¹ yámāḥ / yámāsaḥ¹
Accusative	यमम् yamám	यमौ / यमा¹ yamaú / yamā́¹	यमान् yamā́n
Instrumental	यमेन yaména	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमैः / यमेभिः¹ yamaíḥ / yamébhiḥ¹
Dative	यमाय yamā́ya	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Ablative	यमात् yamā́t	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Genitive	यमस्य yamásya	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमानाम् yamā́nām
Locative	यमे yamé	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमेषु yaméṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of यमा (yamā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यमा yamā́	यमे yamé	यमाः yamā́ḥ
Vocative	यमे yáme	यमे yáme	यमाः yámāḥ
Accusative	यमाम् yamā́m	यमे yamé	यमाः yamā́ḥ
Instrumental	यमया / यमा¹ yamáyā / yamā́¹	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमाभिः yamā́bhiḥ
Dative	यमायै yamā́yai	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमाभ्यः yamā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	यमायाः / यमायै² yamā́yāḥ / yamā́yai²	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमाभ्यः yamā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	यमायाः / यमायै² yamā́yāḥ / yamā́yai²	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमानाम् yamā́nām
Locative	यमायाम् yamā́yām	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमासु yamā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Feminine ī-stem declension of यमी (yamī́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यमी yamī́	यम्यौ / यमी¹ yamyaù / yamī́¹	यम्यः / यमीः¹ yamyàḥ / yamī́ḥ¹
Vocative	यमि yámi	यम्यौ / यमी¹ yámyau / yámī¹	यम्यः / यमीः¹ yámyaḥ / yámīḥ¹
Accusative	यमीम् yamī́m	यम्यौ / यमी¹ yamyaù / yamī́¹	यमीः yamī́ḥ
Instrumental	यम्या yamyā́	यमीभ्याम् yamī́bhyām	यमीभिः yamī́bhiḥ
Dative	यम्यै yamyaí	यमीभ्याम् yamī́bhyām	यमीभ्यः yamī́bhyaḥ
Ablative	यम्याः / यम्यै² yamyā́ḥ / yamyaí²	यमीभ्याम् yamī́bhyām	यमीभ्यः yamī́bhyaḥ
Genitive	यम्याः / यम्यै² yamyā́ḥ / yamyaí²	यम्योः yamyóḥ	यमीनाम् yamī́nām
Locative	यम्याम् yamyā́m	यम्योः yamyóḥ	यमीषु yamī́ṣu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of यम (yamá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यमम् yamám	यमे yamé	यमानि / यमा¹ yamā́ni / yamā́¹
Vocative	यम yáma	यमे yáme	यमानि / यमा¹ yámāni / yámā¹
Accusative	यमम् yamám	यमे yamé	यमानि / यमा¹ yamā́ni / yamā́¹
Instrumental	यमेन yaména	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमैः / यमेभिः¹ yamaíḥ / yamébhiḥ¹
Dative	यमाय yamā́ya	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Ablative	यमात् yamā́t	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Genitive	यमस्य yamásya	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमानाम् yamā́nām
Locative	यमे yamé	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमेषु yaméṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

यम • (yamá) stem, m

1. a twin, one of a pair or couple
2. a pair or a couple
3. (symbolic) the number 'two'

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of यम (yamá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यमः yamáḥ	यमौ / यमा¹ yamaú / yamā́¹	यमाः / यमासः¹ yamā́ḥ / yamā́saḥ¹
Vocative	यम yáma	यमौ / यमा¹ yámau / yámā¹	यमाः / यमासः¹ yámāḥ / yámāsaḥ¹
Accusative	यमम् yamám	यमौ / यमा¹ yamaú / yamā́¹	यमान् yamā́n
Instrumental	यमेन yaména	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमैः / यमेभिः¹ yamaíḥ / yamébhiḥ¹
Dative	यमाय yamā́ya	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Ablative	यमात् yamā́t	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Genitive	यमस्य yamásya	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमानाम् yamā́nām
Locative	यमे yamé	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमेषु yaméṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Khowar: جمےژ (ǰamiž)
• Helu Prakrit:
  • Sinhalese: යමා (yamā)
• Magadhi Prakrit:
  • Bihari:
    • Bhojpuri: जेंवां (jēnvā̃)
• Maharastri Prakrit:
  • Marathi: जवा (javā)
• Pali: yama

Noun

यम • (yamá) stem, n

1. (grammar) a twin-letter
2. pitch of the voice

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of यम (yamá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यमम् yamám	यमे yamé	यमानि / यमा¹ yamā́ni / yamā́¹
Vocative	यम yáma	यमे yáme	यमानि / यमा¹ yámāni / yámā¹
Accusative	यमम् yamám	यमे yamé	यमानि / यमा¹ yamā́ni / yamā́¹
Instrumental	यमेन yaména	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमैः / यमेभिः¹ yamaíḥ / yamébhiḥ¹
Dative	यमाय yamā́ya	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Ablative	यमात् yamā́t	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Genitive	यमस्य yamásya	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमानाम् yamā́nām
Locative	यमे yamé	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमेषु yaméṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Yamás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Yamás.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ.mɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈjɐ.mɐ/

Proper noun

यम • (yamá) stem, m

1. Yama, the god of death, afterlife and justice, the twin brother of Yamuna and believed to have been the first mortal to die
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.14.1:

     प॒रे॒यि॒वांसं॑ प्र॒वतो॑ म॒हीरनु॑ ब॒हुभ्य॒: पन्था॑मनुपस्पशा॒नम्।
     वै॒व॒स्व॒तं सं॒गम॑नं॒ जना॑नां य॒मं राजा॑नं ह॒विषा॑ दुवस्य॥

     pareyivā́ṃsaṃ praváto mahī́ránu bahúbhya: pánthāmanupaspaśānám.
     vaivasvatáṃ saṃgámanaṃ jánānāṃ yamáṃ rā́jānaṃ havíṣā duvasya.

     Honour the King (of the Pitṛs) with your oblations, Yama, Vivasvan's Son, who gathers men together, who travelled to the lofty heights above us, who searches out and shows the path to many.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of यम (yamá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यमः yamáḥ	यमौ / यमा¹ yamaú / yamā́¹	यमाः / यमासः¹ yamā́ḥ / yamā́saḥ¹
Vocative	यम yáma	यमौ / यमा¹ yámau / yámā¹	यमाः / यमासः¹ yámāḥ / yámāsaḥ¹
Accusative	यमम् yamám	यमौ / यमा¹ yamaú / yamā́¹	यमान् yamā́n
Instrumental	यमेन yaména	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमैः / यमेभिः¹ yamaíḥ / yamébhiḥ¹
Dative	यमाय yamā́ya	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Ablative	यमात् yamā́t	यमाभ्याम् yamā́bhyām	यमेभ्यः yamébhyaḥ
Genitive	यमस्य yamásya	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमानाम् yamā́nām
Locative	यमे yamé	यमयोः yamáyoḥ	यमेषु yaméṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• → Balinese: ᬬᬫ (yama)
• → Bengali: যম (jom)
• → Manipuri: ꯌꯃ (yama)
• → Middle Chinese: 閻魔 (MC yem ma)
  • Mandarin: 閻魔／阎魔 (Yánmó)
  • → Japanese: 閻魔 (えんま, enma)
  • → Korean: 염마 (yeomma), 閻魔
  • → Vietnamese: Diêm Ma
• → Japanese: 夜摩 (Yama)
• → Old Marathi: 𑘧𑘦 (yama)
  • Marathi: यम (yam)
• Pali: yama
  • → Burmese: ယာမာ (yama)
  • → Old Khmer: [script needed] (yama)
    • Khmer: យម (yum)
  • → Thai: ยม (yom)
• Prakrit: 𑀚𑀫 (jama)
• → Tamil: யமன் (yamaṉ)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “यम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 846, column 1.
• Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “यम”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press