以來

See also: 以来

Chinese

		to use; according to; so as to to use; according to; so as to; in order to; by; with; because; Israel (abbrev.)	to come
trad. (以來)		以	來
simp. (以来)		以	来

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yǐlái

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ji⁵ loi⁴

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yî-lòi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): í-lâi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): in² lai⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yǐlái
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yǐlái
    • Wade–Giles: i³-lai²
    • Yale: yǐ-lái
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiilai
    • Palladius: илай (ilaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ji⁵ loi⁴
    • Yale: yíh lòih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵ loi⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵ loi⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî-lòi
    • Hakka Romanization System: i^ˊ loi^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yi¹ loi²
    • Sinological IPA: /i²⁴ loi̯¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî-lòi
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)i^ˊ loi^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yi¹ loi²
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i²⁴ loi̯¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í-lâi
    • Tâi-lô: í-lâi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ylaai
    • IPA (Xiamen): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: in² lai⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: íⁿ lâi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: yiX loj

Rime
Character	以	來
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	之 (19)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	羊己切	洛哀切
Baxter	yiX	loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨX/	/lʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/jɨX/	/ləi/
Shao Rongfen	/ieX/	/lɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jɨX/	/ləj/
Li Rong	/iəX/	/lᴀi/
Wang Li	/jĭəX/	/lɒi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/iX/	/lɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ	lái
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji5	loi4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ləʔ  mə.rˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ  m·rɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	以	來
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǐ	lái
Middle Chinese	‹ yiX ›	‹ loj ›
Old Chinese	/*ləʔ/	/*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə)
English	take, use	come
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	以	來
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	14929	7598
Phonetic component	以	來
Rime group	之	之
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	以
Old Chinese	/*lɯʔ/	/*m·rɯːɡ/

Postposition

以來

1. since; for (starting from a period of time)

   自1910年以來／自1910年以来  ―  zì 1910 nián yǐlái  ―  since 1910

   長期以來／长期以来  ―  chángqī yǐlái  ―  for a long time

   自古以來／自古以来  ―  zìgǔ yǐlái  ―  since ancient times

   立春以來／立春以来  ―  lìchūn yǐlái  ―  since the beginning of spring

   畢業以來／毕业以来  ―  bìyè yǐlái  ―  since graduation

   有生以來／有生以来  ―  yǒushēng yǐlái  ―  since (I) was born

   • 刊行以來，這本書在港、臺及世界各地的華人中始終擁有廣大的讀者群。 [MSC, trad.]
     刊行以来，这本书在港、台及世界各地的华人中始终拥有广大的读者群。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1965: Pai Hsien-yung, Taipei People, Editor's Preface

     Kānxíng yǐlái, zhè běn shū zài Gǎng, Tái jí shìjiè gèdì de huárén zhōng shǐzhōng yōngyǒu guǎngdà de dúzhěqún. [Pinyin]

     Since publication, this book has acquired a large readership in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Chinese communities the world over.

Synonyms

• (Cantonese) 以嚟

Derived terms

• 有史以來／有史以来 (yǒushǐyǐlái)
• 有生以來／有生以来 (yǒushēngyǐlái)
• 自古以來／自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (以來):

• → Japanese: 以來(いらい) (irai)
• → Korean: 이래(以來) (irae)