𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (anamahts, “tyranny, reproach”) +‎ -𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-jan)

Verb

𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (anamahtjan)

1. to do wrong
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 7:12:

     𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌺 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃.

     aþþan jabai mēlida, ni in þis anamahtjandins, ni in þis anamahtidins, ak du gabairhtjan usdaudein unsara þōei faur izwis habam wiþra izwis in andwairþja gudis.

     Wherefore, though I wrote unto you, I did it not for his cause that had done the wrong, nor for his cause that suffered wrong, but that our care for you in the sight of God might appear unto you. (KJV)

2. to defraud
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Mark 10:19:

     𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍄: 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐍉𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃; 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃; 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍃; 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌳𐍃; 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃; 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰.

     þōs anabusnins kant: ni hōrinōs; ni maurþrjais; ni hlifais; ni sijais galiugaweitwōds; ni anamahtjais; swērai attan þeinana jah aiþein þeina.

     Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother. (KJV)

3. to do violence
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Matthew 11:12:

     𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼 𐌹̈𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐍉.

     framuh þan þaim dagam ïōhannis þis daupjandins und hita þiudangardi himinē anamahtjada, jah anamahtjandans frawilwand þō.

     And from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence, and the violent take it by force. (KJV)

4. to ill-treat, abuse
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Luke 6:28:

     𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃; 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃.

     þiuþjaiþ þans fraqiþandans izwis; bidjaid fram þaim anamahtjandam izwis.

     Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Luke 18:32:

     𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐌺 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰,

     atgibada auk þiudōm jah bilaikada jah anamahtjada jah bispeiwada,

     For he shall be delivered unto the Gentiles, and shall be mocked, and spitefully entreated, and spitted on: (KJV)

5. to accuse falsely
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Luke 3:14b:

     𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌹𐌼: 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌷𐍉𐌻𐍉𐌸, 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼.

     jah qaþ du im: ni mannanhun hōlōþ, ni mannanhun anamahtjaid jah waldaiþ annōm izwaraim.

     And he said unto them, Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely; and be content with your wages. (KJV)

Conjugation

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 anamahtjan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰 anamahtja	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 anamahtida	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 anamahtjada
2nd singular	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 anamahteis	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 anamahtidēs	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 anamahtjaza
3rd singular	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌸 anamahteiþ	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 anamahtida	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 anamahtjada
1st dual	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃 anamahtjōs	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 anamahtidēdu	—
2nd dual	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 anamahtjats	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 anamahtidēduts	—
1st plural	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌼 anamahtjam	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 anamahtidēdum	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 anamahtjanda
2nd plural	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌸 anamahteiþ	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 anamahtidēduþ	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 anamahtjanda
3rd plural	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 anamahtjand	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 anamahtidēdun	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 anamahtjanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌿 anamahtjau	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 anamahtidēdjau	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 anamahtjaidau
2nd singular	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 anamahtjais	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 anamahtidēdeis	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 anamahtjaizau
3rd singular	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹 anamahtjai	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 anamahtidēdi	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 anamahtjaidau
1st dual	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 anamahtjaiwa	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 anamahtidēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 anamahtjaits	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 anamahtidēdeits	—
1st plural	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 anamahtjaima	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 anamahtidēdeima	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 anamahtjaindau
2nd plural	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 anamahtjaiþ	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 anamahtidēdeiþ	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 anamahtjaindau
3rd plural	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 anamahtjaina	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 anamahtidēdeina	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 anamahtjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹 anamahtei
3rd singular	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 anamahtjadau
2nd dual	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 anamahtjats
2nd plural	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌸 anamahteiþ
3rd plural	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 anamahtjandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 anamahtjands	𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌸𐍃 anamahtiþs

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 88