-이다

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See also: 이다

Korean

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Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?ida
Revised Romanization (translit.)?ida
McCune–Reischauer?ida
Yale Romanization?ita

Etymology 1

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From Middle Korean 이〮라〮 (-í-lá), from Old Korean (*i-). For the dialectal politeness particle use, compare (-yo), Jeolla Korean 이라우 (-irau), both of which come from the copula.

Particle

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이다 (-ida) (infinitive or 이야, sequential 이니)

  1. to be; the Korean copula.
    Antonym: 아니다 (anida)
    사람 동물이다.Saram-eun dongmur-ida.Humans are animals.
    나무 이다.I namu-neun keun pyeon-ida.This tree is on the big side.
    전쟁 바람직하 이다.Jeonjaeng-eun baramjikha-ji an-eun ir-ida.War is undesirable business.
    악마 한때 천사였다.Angma-do hanttae cheonsa-yeotda.The Devil was too once an angel.
Usage notes
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  • The declarative ending (-da) changes to (-ra) in some environments; see (-ra) for details.
  • In the informal polite form, 해요체 (haeyoche), after vowels 이다 (-ida) is often pronounced as 에요 (-eyo) instead of 예요 (-yeyo) in many environments.
  • 이다 (-ida) is the Korean positive copula. Along with its negative, 아니다 (anida), it is sometimes categorized as an adjective, but more often placed in their own grammatical category distinct from both verbs and adjectives. Some grammars classify 이다 (-ida) as a particle and, like a particle, it is appended to the preceding word without an intervening space.
  • For the existential meaning of "be", see 있다 (itda).
Conjugation
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  • The chart below is for consonant-final nouns.
  • After a vowel-final noun, the initial vowel (-i-) is deleted when followed by a syllable beginning with a single consonant ( (-ya) included), except in quite formal language:
    / 바다dor-i-da / bada-dait's a stone / it's the sea
    / 바다dor-i-ya / bada-yait's a stone / it's the sea
    / 친구jeog-i-get-da / chin'gu-get-dahe's probably an enemy / he's probably a friend
  • It is not normally deleted when followed by a consonant cluster, except in quite colloquial language:
    나무니다 / 나뭅니다namu-i-mnida / namu-mnidait is a tree / it is a tree (colloquial)
  • It is not deleted when used as a noun or adnominal.
    나무 / 나무namu-i-n / namu-i-mwhich is a tree / it being a tree

Particle

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이다 (-ida)

  1. (eastern Jeolla dialect, southwestern Gyeongsang) A particle attached to intimate-, plain-, and semiformal-style verbs and adjectives to add a greater level of politeness.
    Synonyms: (Standard Seoul) (-yo), (Jeolla) 이라우 (-irau)
Alternative forms
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  • (-da)after vowels
  • 이더 (-ideo), (-deo)after consonants

Etymology 2

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From Middle Korean 이다 (-i-ta).

Suffix

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이다 (-ida)

  1. Attached to certain ideophonic roots to derive verbs without frequentative effect.
    펄럭 (peolleok, fluttering, ideophonic root) + ‎이다 (-ida) → ‎펄럭이다 (peolleogida, to flutter)
    끄덕 (kkeudeok, nodding, ideophonic root) + ‎이다 (-ida) → ‎끄덕이다 (kkeudeogida, to nod)
See also
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  • (with frequentative effect) 거리다 (georida)
  • (with frequentative effect) 대다 (daeda)