Appendix:Avar Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Avar, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Avar Авар (Awar) edit (207) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | дун (dun) | /dun/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | мун (mun) | /mun/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | эв (ew) (masculine), эй (ej) (feminine), эб (eb) (neuter) | /ʔew/, /ʔej/, /ʔeb/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | нилӏ (niᵏll) (inclusive), ниж (niž) (exclusive) | /nit͡ɬː/, /niʒ/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | нуж (nuž) | /nuʒ/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 'эл' ('el') | /ʔеɫ/ |
| 7 | this | 'гьаб' ('hab') | /hab/ |
| 8 | that | гьеб (heb), дой (doj), лъоб (lˢob), гъоб (ğob) | /heb/, /dob/, /ɬob/, /ʁob/ |
| 9 | here | гьаниб (hanib) | /ˈhä.nib/ |
| 10 | there | гьениб (henib), доба (doba), лъоба (lˢoba), гъоба (ğoba) | /ˈhe.nib/, /do.ˈba/, /ɬo.ˈba/, /ʁo.ˈba/ |
| 11 | who | щив (ššiw) (masculine), щий (ššij) (feminine) | /ʃːiw/, /ʃːij/ |
| 12 | what | щиб (ššib) | /ʃːib/ |
| 13 | where | киб (kib) | /kib/ |
| 14 | when | кида (kida) | /ˈki.da/ |
| 15 | how | кин (kin) | /kin/ |
| 16 | not | гуро (guro) | /ˈɡu.ro/ |
| 17 | all | киналго (kinalgo) (pl), кинабго (kinabgo) (sg) | /ˈki.naɫ.ɡo/, /ˈki.nab.ɡo/ |
| 18 | many | гӏемераб (ʻemerab) | /ʕe.ˈmer.ab/ |
| 19 | some | чанго (čango) (pl), цо-цо (co-co) (sg) | /ˈt͡ʃan.ɡo/, /ˈt͡so.t͡so/ |
| 20 | few | дагьаб (dahab) | /ˈda.hab/ |
| 21 | other | батӏияб (batʼijab) (pl), цогидаб (cogidab) (sg) | /ba.ˈtʼi.jab/, /t͡so.ˈɡi.dab/ |
| 22 | one | цо (co) | /t͡so/ |
| 23 | two | кӏиго (kʼigo) | /ˈkʼi.ɡo/ |
| 24 | three | лъабго (lˢabgo) | /ˈɬäb.ɡo/ |
| 25 | four | ункъго (unqxʼgo) | /ˈʔunq͡χːʼ.ɡo/ |
| 26 | five | щуго (ššugo) | /ˈʃːuɡo/ |
| 27 | big | кӏудияб (kʼudijab) | /kʼu.ˈdi.jab/ |
| 28 | long | халатаб (xalatab) | /χːä.ˈɫa.tab/ |
| 29 | wide | гӏатӏидаб (ʻatʼidab) | /ʕa.ˈtʼi.dab/ |
| 30 | thick | бицатаб (bicatab) | /bi.ˈt͡sːa.tab/ |
| 31 | heavy | бакӏаб (bakʼab) | /ˈbä.kʼab/ |
| 32 | small | гьитӏинаб (hitʼinab) | /hi.ˈtʼi.nab/ |
| 33 | short | къокъаб (qxʼoqxʼab) | /ˈq͡χːʼo.q͡χːʼab/ |
| 34 | narrow | чӏедераб (čʼederab) | /t͡ʃːʼe.ˈde.räb/ |
| 35 | thin | тӏеренаб (tʼerenab) | /tʼe.ˈre.näb/ |
| 36 | woman | чӏужу (čʼužu) | /t͡ʃːʼu.ˈʒu/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | бихьинчи (bix̂inči), чи (či) | /bi.ˈxin.t͡ʃi/, /t͡ʃi/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | чи (či) | /t͡ʃi/ |
| 39 | child | лъимер (lˢimer) | /ˈɬi.mer/ |
| 40 | wife | лъади (lˢadi) | /ˈɬːa.di/ |
| 41 | husband | рос (ros) | /rosː/ |
| 42 | mother | эбел (ebel) | /ʔe.ˈbel/ |
| 43 | father | эмен (emen) | /ʔe.ˈmen/ |
| 44 | animal | рухӏчӏаголъи (ruḥʳčʼagolˢi), хӏайван (ḥʳajwan) | /ˈruħ.t͡ʃʼa.ɡo.ɬi/, /ħäj.ˈwän/ |
| 45 | fish | ччугӏа (ččuʻa) | /t͡ʃːu.ˈʕa/ |
| 46 | bird | хӏинчӏ (ḥʳinčʼ) | /ħint͡ʃːʼ/ |
| 47 | dog | гьой (hoj) | /hoj/ |
| 48 | louse | нацӏ (nacʼ) | /nat͡sːʼ/ |
| 49 | snake | борохь (borox̂) | /bo.ˈrox/ |
| 50 | worm | хӏапаро (ḥʳaparo) | /ħa.ˈpa.ro/ |
| 51 | tree | гъветӏ (ğʷetʼ) | /ʁʷetʼ/ |
| 52 | forest | рохь (rox̂) | /rox/ |
| 53 | stick | тӏил (tʼil) | /tʼil/ |
| 54 | fruit | пихъ (piqx) | /piq͡χː/ |
| 55 | seed | хьон (x̂on) | xon/ |
| 56 | leaf | тӏамах (tʼamax) | /tʼa.ˈmaχ/ |
| 57 | root | кьибил (kkˡʼibil) | /t͡ɬːʼi.ˈbil/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | хъал (qxal) | /q͡χːal/ |
| 59 | flower | тӏегь (tʼeh) | /tʼeh/ |
| 60 | grass | хер (xer) | /χːer/ |
| 61 | rope | квар (kʷar) | /kʷar/ |
| 62 | skin | тӏом (tʼom) | /tʼom/ |
| 63 | meat | гьан (han) | /han/ |
| 64 | blood | би (bi) | /bi/ |
| 65 | bone | ракьа (rakkˡʼa) | /ra.t͡ɬːʼa/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | тӏатӏи (tʼatʼi), кьаралъи (kkˡʼaralˢi) | /ˈtʼa.tʼi/, /t͡ɬːʼaˈra.ɬi/ |
| 67 | egg | хоно (xono) | /χo.ˈno/ |
| 68 | horn | лӏар (ᵏllar) | /t͡ɬːar/ |
| 69 | tail | рачӏчӏ (raččʼ) | /rat͡ʃːʼ/ |
| 70 | feather | хӏули (ḥʳuli) | /ˈħu.li/ |
| 71 | hair | рас (ras) | /räs/ |
| 72 | head | бетӏер (betʼer) | /be.ˈtʼer/ |
| 73 | ear | гӏин (ʻin) | /ʕin/ |
| 74 | eye | бер (ber) | /ber/ |
| 75 | nose | мегӏер (meʻer) | /me.ˈʕer/ |
| 76 | mouth | кӏал (kʼal) | /kʼal/ |
| 77 | tooth | ца (ca) (incisor), гӏус (ʻus) (molar) | /t͡sa/, ʔus/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | мацӏ (macʼ) | /mat͡sːʼ/ |
| 79 | fingernail | малъ (malˢ) | /maɬ/ |
| 80 | foot | хӏетӏе (ḥʳetʼe) | /ħe.ˈtʼe/ |
| 81 | leg | бох (box) | /boχː/ |
| 82 | knee | наку (naku) | /ˈna.ku/ |
| 83 | hand | квер (kʷer), хъат (qxat) | kʷer/, /q͡χːat/ |
| 84 | wing | милъир (milˢir), кваркьи (kʷarkkˡʼi) | /mi.ˈɬir/, /kʷar.ˈt͡ɬːʼi/ |
| 85 | belly | чехь (čex̂) | /t͡ʃex/ |
| 86 | guts | бакь-кӏач (bakkˡʼ-kʼač), ургьимес (urhimes) | /ˈbat͡ɬːʼkʼat͡ʃʼ/, /ˈʔur.hi.mes/ |
| 87 | neck | габур (gabur) | /ɡa.ˈbur/ |
| 88 | back | мугъ (muğ) | /muʁ/ |
| 89 | breast | керен (keren) | /ke.ˈren/ |
| 90 | heart | ракӏ (rakʼ) | /rakʼ/ |
| 91 | liver | тӏул (tʼul) | /tʼuɫ/ |
| 92 | to drink | гьекъезе (heqxʼeze) | /he.ˈq͡χːʼe.ze/ |
| 93 | to eat | кваназе (kʷanaze) | /kʷa.ˈna.ze/ |
| 94 | to bite | хӏанчӏизе (ḥʳančʼize) | /ˈħan.t͡ʃʼi.ze/ |
| 95 | to suck | цӏункӏизе (cʼunkʼize) | /ˈt͡sːʼun.kʼi.ze/ |
| 96 | to spit | туйзе (tujze) | /ˈtu.ˈze/ |
| 97 | to vomit | лагӏизе (laʻize) | /ˈɫä.ʕi.ze/ |
| 98 | to blow | пуйзе (pujze) | /pu.ˈze/ |
| 99 | to breathe | хӏухьизе (ḥʳux̂ize) | /ˈħu.xi.ze/ |
| 100 | to laugh | белъизе (belˢize) | /ˈbe.ɬi.ze/ |
| 101 | to see | бихьизе (bix̂ize) | /ˈbi.xi.ze/ |
| 102 | to hear | рагӏизе (raʻize) | /ˈra. ʕi.ze/ |
| 103 | to know | лъазе (lˢaze) | /ˈɬa.ze/ |
| 104 | to think | ургъизе (urğize) | /ˈʕur.ʁi.ze/ |
| 105 | to smell | сунтӏизе (suntʼize), махӏ чӏвазе (maḥʳ čʼwaze) | /ˈsːun.tʼi.ze/, /ˈmäħ.t͡ʃʼʷä.ze/ |
| 106 | to fear | хӏинкъизе (ḥʳinqxʼize) | /ˈħin.q͡χːʼi.ze/ |
| 107 | to sleep | кьижизе (kkˡʼižize) | /ˈt͡ɬːʼi.ʒi.ze/ |
| 108 | to live | гӏумру гьабизе (ʻumru habize) | /ˈʕum.ru.hä.bi.ze/ |
| 109 | to die | хвезе (xʷeze) | /ˈχʷe.ze/ |
| 110 | to kill | чӏвазе (čʼwaze) | /ˈt͡ʃʷʼa.ze/ |
| 111 | to fight | багъизе (bağize) | /ˈba.ʁi.ze/ |
| 112 | to hunt | чаназе (čanaze) | /ˈt͡ʃa.ˈna.ze/ |
| 113 | to hit | кьабизе (kkˡʼabize) | /ˈt͡ɬːʼa.bi.ze/ |
| 114 | to cut | къотӏизе (qxʼotʼize) | /ˈq͡χːʼo.tʼi.ze/ |
| 115 | to split | бикьизе (bikkˡʼize) | /ˈbi.t͡ɬːʼi.ze/ |
| 116 | to stab | борлӏизе (borᵏllize) | /ˈbor.t͡ɬːi.ze/ |
| 117 | to scratch | хъарсизе (qxarsize) | /ˈq͡χːar.sːi.ze/ |
| 118 | to dig | бухъизе (buqxize) | /ˈbu.q͡χːi.ze/ |
| 119 | to swim | лъедезе (lˢedeze) | /ɬːe.ˈde.ze/ |
| 120 | to fly | боржине (boržine) | /ˈbor.ʒi.ne/ |
| 121 | to walk | билълъине (billˢine), хьвадизе (x̂ʷadize) | /bi.ˈt͡ɬːi.ne/, /ˈxʷa.di.ze/ |
| 122 | to come | бачӏине (bačʼine) | /ˈba.t͡ʃʼi.ne/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | бегизе (begize) | /ˈbe. ɡi.ze/ |
| 124 | to sit | гӏодокӏине (ʻodokʼine) | /ʕo.ˈdo.kʼi.ne/ |
| 125 | to stand | эхетизе (exetize) | /ʔeˈχːe.ti.ze/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | сверизе (sʷerize) | /ˈsːʷe.ri.ze/ |
| 127 | to fall | бортизе (bortize) | /ˈbor.ti.ze/ |
| 128 | to give | кьезе (kkˡʼeze) | /ˈt͡ɬʼːe.ze/ |
| 129 | to hold | кквезе (kkʷeze) | /ˈkxːʷe.ze/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | къазе (qxʼaze) | /ˈq͡χʼːa.ze/ |
| 131 | to rub | лӏулӏазе (ᵏlluᵏllaze) | /t͡ɬːu.ˈt͡ɬːa.ze/ |
| 132 | to wash | чуризе (čurize) | /ˈt͡ʃu.ri.ze/ |
| 133 | to wipe | бацӏцӏине (baccʼine) | /ˈba.t͡sːʼi.ne/ |
| 134 | to pull | цӏазе (cʼaze) | /ˈt͡sːʼa.ze/ |
| 135 | to push | цуйзе (cujze) | /ˈt͡su.ze/ |
| 136 | to throw | рехизе (rexize) | /ˈre.χːi.ze/ |
| 137 | to tie | бухьине (bux̂ine) | /ˈbu.xi.ne/ |
| 138 | to sew | бухъизе (buqxize) | /ˈbu.q͡χːʼi.ze/ |
| 139 | to count | рикӏкӏине (rikkʼine) | /ˈri.kxːʼi.ne/ |
| 140 | to say | абизе (abize) | /ˈʔa.bi.ze/ |
| 141 | to sing | кечӏ ахӏизе (kečʼ aḥʳize) | /ˈket͡ʃʼ.ʔa.ħi.ze/ |
| 142 | to play | хӏазе (ḥʳaze) | /ˈħa.ze/ |
| 143 | to float | лъедине (lˢedine) | /ˈɬːe.di.ne/ |
| 144 | to flow | чвахизе (čʷaxize) | /ˈt͡ʃʷa.χːi.ze/ |
| 145 | to freeze | цӏорозе (cʼoroze) | /t͡sːʼo.ˈro.ze/ |
| 146 | to swell | гьорозе (horoze) | /ho.ˈro.ze/ |
| 147 | sun | бакъ (baqxʼ) | /baq͡χːʼ/ |
| 148 | moon | моцӏ (mocʼ) | /mot͡sːʼ/ |
| 149 | star | цӏва (cʼwa) | /t͡sːʼʷa/ |
| 150 | water | лъим (lˢim) | /ɬːim/ |
| 151 | rain | цӏад (cʼad) | /t͡sːʼad/ |
| 152 | river | гӏор (ʻor), лъар (lˢar) | /ʕor/, /ɬar/ |
| 153 | lake | хӏор (ḥʳor) | /ħor/ |
| 154 | sea | ралъад (ralˢad) | /ra.ˈɬad/ |
| 155 | salt | цӏам (cʼam) | /t͡sːʼam/ |
| 156 | stone | гамачӏ (gamačʼ), гьецӏо (hecʼo) | /ɡa.ˈmat͡ʃʼ/, /he.ˈt͡sʼo/ |
| 157 | sand | сали (sali) | /ˈsa.li/ |
| 158 | dust | хӏур (ḥʳur) | /ħur/ |
| 159 | earth | ракь (rakkˡʼ) | /rat͡ɬːʼ/ |
| 160 | cloud | накӏкӏ (nakkʼ) | /nakʼː/ |
| 161 | fog | хьухь (x̂ux̂) | /xux/ |
| 162 | sky | зоб (zob) | /zob/ |
| 163 | wind | гьури (huri) | /huˈri/ |
| 164 | snow | гӏазу (ʻazu) | /ˈʕa.zu/ |
| 165 | ice | цӏер (cʼer) | /t͡sːʼer/ |
| 166 | smoke | кӏкӏуй (kkʼuj) | /kːʼuj/ |
| 167 | fire | цӏа (cʼa) | /t͡sʼa/ |
| 168 | ash | рахъу (raqxu) | /ra.ˈq͡χːu/ |
| 169 | to burn | бухӏизе (buḥʳize) | /ˈbu.ħi.ze/ |
| 170 | road | нух (nux) | /nuχ/ |
| 171 | mountain | мегӏер (meʻer) | /me.ˈʕer/ |
| 172 | red | багӏараб (baʻarab) | /ba.ˈʕa.rab/ |
| 173 | green | гӏурччинаб (ʻurččinab) | /ʕur.ˈt͡ʃːi.nab/ |
| 174 | yellow | тӏогьилаб (tʼohilab) | /tʼo.ˈhi.lab/ |
| 175 | white | хъахӏаб (qxaḥʳab) | /ˈq͡χːa.ħab/ |
| 176 | black | чӏегӏераб (čʼeʻerab) | /t͡ʃʼe.ˈʕe.rab/ |
| 177 | night | сордо (sordo) | /sor.ˈdo/ |
| 178 | day | къо (qxʼo) | /q͡χːʼo/ |
| 179 | year | сон (son), лъагӏел (lˢaʻel) | /son/, /ˈɬä.ʕel/ |
| 180 | warm | хинаб (xinab) | /ˈχi.nab/ |
| 181 | cold | цӏорораб (cʼororab) | /t͡sːʼo.ˈro.rab/ |
| 182 | full | цӏураб (cʼurab) | /ˈt͡sʼu.rab/ |
| 183 | new | цӏияб (cʼijab) | /ˈt͡sʼi.jab/ |
| 184 | old | басрияб (basrijab), хераб (xerab) | /bas.ˈri.jab/, /ˈχe.rab/ |
| 185 | good | лъикӏаб (lˢikʼab) | /ˈɬːi.kʼab/ |
| 186 | bad | квешаб (kʷešab) | /ˈkʷe. ʃab/ |
| 187 | rotten | турараб (turarab) | /ˈtu.ra.rab/ |
| 188 | dirty | хъубаб (qxubab) | /ˈq͡χːu.bab/ |
| 189 | straight | битӏараб (bitʼarab) | /ˈbi.tʼa.rab/ |
| 190 | round | гургинаб (gurginab) | /ɡur.ˈɡi.nab/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | бегӏераб (beʻerab) | /be.ˈ ʕe.rab/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | тӏехӏараб (tʼeḥʳarab) | /ˈtʼe.ħä.rab/ |
| 193 | smooth | цӏвакараб (cʼwakarab), битӏараб (bitʼarab) | /ˈt͡sːʷʼa.ka.rab/, /ˈbi.tʼa.rab/ |
| 194 | wet | биччараб (biččarab) | /ˈbi.t͡ʃːa.rab/ |
| 195 | dry | бакъвараб (baqxʷʼarab) | /bä.ˈq͡χːʷʼa.rab/ |
| 196 | correct | битӏараб (bitʼarab), ритӏухъаб (ritʼuqxab) | /ˈbi.tʼa.rab/, /ˈri.tʼu.q͡χːab/ |
| 197 | near | гӏагараб (ʻagarab), аскӏосеб (askʼoseb) | /ʕa.ˈ ɡa.rab/, /ʔasː.ˈkʼo.sːeb/ |
| 198 | far | рикӏкӏадаб (rikkʼadab) | /ˈri.kxːʼa.dab/ |
| 199 | right | кваранаб (kʷaranab) | /kʷa.ˈra.nab/ |
| 200 | left | квегӏаб (kʷeʻab) | /ˈkʷe.ʕab/ |
| 201 | at | аскӏоб (askʼob), -хъ (-qx) (suffix) | /ʔasː.ˈkʼob/, /q͡χː/ |
| 202 | in | жаниб (žanib), -лъулӏ (-lˢuᵏll) (suffix), -улъ (-ulˢ) (suffix), -иб (-ib) (suffix), -об (-ob) (suffix) | /ˈʒä.nib/, /-ɬːut͡ɬː/, /-ut͡ɬː/, /-ib/, /-ob/ |
| 203 | with | цадахъ (cadaqx), -гун (-gun) (suffix) | /t͡sa.ˈdaq͡χː/, /-ɡun/ |
| 204 | and | ва (wa), -ги (-gi) (suffix) | /wa/, /-ɡi/ |
| 205 | if | аян (ajan) (suffix), -ни (-ni) (suffix) | /ʔa.jan/, /-ni/ |
| 206 | because | щай гурони (ššaj guroni), щай абуни (ššaj abuni), щай гурелъул (ššaj gurelˢul) | /ˈʃːaj.ɡu.ro.ni/, /ʃːaj ˈʔa.bu.ni/, /ʃːäj ˈɡu.re. ɬːul/ |
| 207 | name | цӏар (cʼar) | /t͡sːʼar/ |