Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kakati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kākā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *kak(k)-eh₂-yé-ti, from *kakka- (“to defecate”). Baltic cognates include Latvian kākāt, kakāt, Lithuanian kakóti. Other Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek κακκάω (kakkáō, “to defecate”), κάκκη (kákkē, “dung, excrement”), Latin cacō (“defecate”), cacāre (“to shit”), Old Irish cacc, Middle Irish caccaim, German kacken, Middle English cakken, English cack, Old Armenian քակոր (kʻakor), Middle Armenian քաք (kʻakʻ).

Verb

*kàkati impf

1. to shit, defecate

   Synonym: *sьràti

Conjugation

Conjugation of *kakati, *kaka, *kakajetь (?, -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kakanьje	*kakati	*kakatъ	*kakalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kakanъ	*kakajemъ
Active	*kakavъ	*kakaję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kakaxъ	*kaka	*kaka	*kakajǫ	*kakaješi	*kakajetь
Dual	*kakaxově	*kakasta	*kakaste	*kakajevě	*kakajeta	*kakajete
Plural	*kakaxomъ	*kakaste	*kakašę	*kakajemъ	*kakajete	*kakajǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kakaaxъ	*kakaaše	*kakaaše	—	*kakaji	*kakaji
Dual	*kakaaxově	*kakaašeta	*kakaašete	*kakajivě	*kakajita	—
Plural	*kakaaxomъ	*kakaašete	*kakaaxǫ	*kakajimъ	*kakajite	—

Related terms

• *kàka (“excrement”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Belarusian: ка́каць (kákacʹ)
  • Russian: ка́кать (kákatʹ)
  • Carpathian Rusyn: ка́кати (kákaty)
  • Ukrainian: ка́кати (kákaty)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: ка́кам (kákam); къ́кам (kǎ́kam) (dialectal)
  • Macedonian: кака (kaka)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ка̀кати, ка̑кити (dialectal)

    Latin script: kàkati, kȃkiti (dialectal)

  • Slovene: kákati
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: kakat, kakati
  • Polabian: kokot
  • Polish: kakać
  • Slovak: kakať; kakat (dialectal)
  • Slovincian: kakac
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: kakaś
    • Upper Sorbian: kakać

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kakati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 117
• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1985), “ка́кати”, in Етимологічний словник української мови (in Ukrainian), volume 2 (Д – Копці), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 344
• Rudnyc'kyj, Ja. (1972–1982) “ка́кати”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, volumes 2 (Д – Ь), Ottawa: Ukrainian Mohylo-Mazepian Academy of Sciences; Ukrainian Language Association, →LCCN, page 607
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “ка́кам”, in Български етимологичен речник (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 150
• Snoj, Marko (2016) “kākati”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*ka̋kati”
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ка́кать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress