Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ka

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

• *-ke

Suffix

*-ka

1. Suffix expressing the dative case.

   ‎*at (“horse”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*atka (“to a horse”)

Usage notes

1. The third person possessive suffix is merges unstable n and -k- to form -ŋa.

   ‎*anïŋ ebi (“his/her/its house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*anïŋ ebiŋe (“to his/her/its house”)

2. Words with first person and second person possessive suffixes already end with m and ŋ. In such cases, k decreases.

   ‎*sẹniŋ ebiŋ (“your house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*sẹniŋ ebiŋe (“to your house”)

   ‎*bẹniŋ ebim (“my house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*bẹniŋ ebime (“to my house”)

3. When first and second person singular pronouns take it, they switch to a back voweled environment.

   ‎*sẹ (“you”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*saŋa (“to you”)

   ‎*bẹ (“I”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*baŋa (“to me”)

4. If it comes after an n sound, it turns into an ŋ sound.

   ‎*be(n-) (“I”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*baŋa (“to me”)

   ‎*biŕ(in-) (“we”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*biŕiŋe (“to us”)

Related terms

• *-ni (“accusative case”)
• *-niŋ (“genitive case”)
• *-de (“locative case”)
• *-den (“ablative case”)
• *-gerü (“allative case”)
• *-če (“equative case”)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Bulgar: نَ- (-ne, -na)
    • Chuvash: -на (-na)
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu
  • Khalaj: -kə
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: -a, -ya
    • Ottoman Turkish:
      • Turkish: -a, -ya
• Karluk:
  • Uzbek: -ga
• Kipchak:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: -ға (-ğa), -ге (-ge), -қа (-qa), -ке (-ke)
  • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: -га (-ga), -ге (-ge), -го (-go), -гө (-gö), -ка (-ka), -ке (-ke), -ко (-ko), -кө (-kö), -а (-a), -е (-ye), -о (-o), -ө (-ö), -на (-na), -не (-ne), -нө (-nö)
    • Southern Altai: -га (-ga), -ге (-ge), -го (-go), -гӧ (-gö), -ка (-ka), -ке (-ke), -ко (-ko), -кӧ (-kö), -а (-a), -е (-ye), -о (-o), -ӧ (-ö), -на (-na), -не (-ne)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰀- (-ke)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: -га (-ga), -гэ (-ge), -ка (-ka), -кэ (-ke), -ҕа (-ğa), -ҕэ (-ğe)