extinguo

Latin

Alternative forms

• exstinguō

Etymology

From ex- +‎ stinguō. Compare tinguō (“wet, moisten”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ekˈstin.ɡʷoː/, [ɛkˈs̠t̪ɪŋɡʷoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ekˈstin.ɡwo/, [ekˈst̪iŋɡwo]

Verb

extinguō (present infinitive extinguere, perfect active extīnxī, supine extīnctum); third conjugation

1. to quench, put out, extinguish
2. (figuratively) to destroy, kill, slay, abolish
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.585–586:

     “‘Extīnxisse nefās tamen et sūmpsisse merentīs / laudābor poenās [...].’”

     “‘Nevertheless, [for having] slain [such] an offender, and exacted [her] well-deserved punishments, I will be honored….’”
     (Aeneas in soliloquy speaks two perfect active infinitives – extinxisse and sumpsisse – as he considers whether to kill Helen.)

Conjugation

Conjugation of extinguō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	extinguō	extinguis	extinguit	extinguimus	extinguitis	extinguunt
	imperfect	extinguēbam	extinguēbās	extinguēbat	extinguēbāmus	extinguēbātis	extinguēbant
	future	extinguam	extinguēs	extinguet	extinguēmus	extinguētis	extinguent
	perfect	extīnxī	extīnxistī	extīnxit	extīnximus	extīnxistis	extīnxērunt, extīnxēre
	pluperfect	extīnxeram	extīnxerās	extīnxerat	extīnxerāmus	extīnxerātis	extīnxerant
	future perfect	extīnxerō	extīnxeris	extīnxerit	extīnxerimus	extīnxeritis	extīnxerint
	sigmatic future1	extīnxō	extīnxis	extīnxit	extīnximus	extīnxitis	extīnxint
passive	present	extinguor	extingueris, extinguere	extinguitur	extinguimur	extinguiminī	extinguuntur
	imperfect	extinguēbar	extinguēbāris, extinguēbāre	extinguēbātur	extinguēbāmur	extinguēbāminī	extinguēbantur
	future	extinguar	extinguēris, extinguēre	extinguētur	extinguēmur	extinguēminī	extinguentur
	perfect	extīnctus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	extīnctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	extīnctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	extinguam	extinguās	extinguat	extinguāmus	extinguātis	extinguant
	imperfect	extinguerem	extinguerēs	extingueret	extinguerēmus	extinguerētis	extinguerent
	perfect	extīnxerim	extīnxerīs	extīnxerit	extīnxerīmus	extīnxerītis	extīnxerint
	pluperfect	extīnxissem	extīnxissēs	extīnxisset	extīnxissēmus	extīnxissētis	extīnxissent
	sigmatic aorist1	extīnxim	extīnxīs	extīnxīt	extīnxīmus	extīnxītis	extīnxint
passive	present	extinguar	extinguāris, extinguāre	extinguātur	extinguāmur	extinguāminī	extinguantur
	imperfect	extinguerer	extinguerēris, extinguerēre	extinguerētur	extinguerēmur	extinguerēminī	extinguerentur
	perfect	extīnctus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	extīnctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	extingue	—	—	extinguite	—
	future	—	extinguitō	extinguitō	—	extinguitōte	extinguuntō
passive	present	—	extinguere	—	—	extinguiminī	—
	future	—	extinguitor	extinguitor	—	—	extinguuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		extinguere	extīnxisse	extīnctūrum esse	extinguī	extīnctum esse	extīnctum īrī
participles		extinguēns	—	extīnctūrus	—	extīnctus	extinguendus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		extinguendī	extinguendō	extinguendum	extinguendō	extīnctum	extīnctū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Descendants

• Aromanian: astingu, astindziri
• Bourguignon: étoindre
• Catalan: extingir
• English: extinct, extinguish
• Franco-Provençal: êtiendre
• French: éteindre
• Galician: extinguir
• Italian: estinguere, stinguere
• Occitan: esténher, esténger
• Old French: estaindre
• Portuguese: extinguir
• Romanian: stinge, stingere
• Spanish: extinguir

References

• “extinguo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers