tom

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "tom"

English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From generic use of the proper name Tom.

Noun

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tom (plural toms)

  1. The male of the domesticated cat, especially if not neutered.
  2. The male of the turkey.
  3. The male of the orangutan.
  4. The male of certain other animals.
  5. (UK, slang, dated) A female prostitute.
  6. (US, slang) A lesbian.
  7. (music) Clipping of tom-tom.
  8. (obsolete) The jack of trumps in the card game gleek.
  9. (UK, regional, obsolete) A close-stool.
Synonyms
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Coordinate terms
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(intact male cat):

Derived terms
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Translations
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Etymology 2

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Shortened from tomato

Noun

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tom (plural toms)

  1. (British, greengrocers' slang) A tomato (the fruit).
    Toms 90p a pound
    • 2009, Mark Penny, Jonathan Penny, The Golden Pig, page 160:
      “I'd like sausage, eggs, bacon, toms, mushies, beans – oh, and some fried bread,” said Mike.

Etymology 3

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Rhyming slang from tomfoolery.

Noun

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tom (uncountable)

  1. (Cockney rhyming slang) jewellery

Etymology 4

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From Uncle Tom.

Verb

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tom (third-person singular simple present toms, present participle tomming, simple past and past participle tommed)

  1. (intransitive, derogatory, of a black person) To act in an obsequiously servile manner toward white authority.

Etymology 5

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Verb

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tom (third-person singular simple present toms, present participle tomming, simple past and past participle tommed)

  1. (nautical) To dig out a hole below the hatch cover of a bulker and fill it with cargo or weights to aid stability.

See also

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terms containing the word "tom". Some should probably be listed in the right place above

Anagrams

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Czech

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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tom

  1. locative masculine/neuter singular of ten

Danish

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Etymology

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From Old Norse tómr, from Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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tom (neuter tomt, plural and definite singular attributive tomme)

  1. empty

References

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Finnish

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Etymology

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From English tom.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈtom/, [ˈt̪o̞m]
  • Rhymes: -om
  • Syllabification(key): tom

Noun

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tom

  1. (music) tom, tom-tom (percussion instrument)

Declension

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Inflection of tom (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
nominative tom tomit
genitive tomin tomien
partitive tomia tomeja
illative tomiin tomeihin
singular plural
nominative tom tomit
accusative nom. tom tomit
gen. tomin
genitive tomin tomien
partitive tomia tomeja
inessive tomissa tomeissa
elative tomista tomeista
illative tomiin tomeihin
adessive tomilla tomeilla
ablative tomilta tomeilta
allative tomille tomeille
essive tomina tomeina
translative tomiksi tomeiksi
abessive tomitta tomeitta
instructive — tomein
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of tom (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative tomini tomini
accusative nom. tomini tomini
gen. tomini
genitive tomini tomieni
partitive tomiani tomejani
inessive tomissani tomeissani
elative tomistani tomeistani
illative tomiini tomeihini
adessive tomillani tomeillani
ablative tomiltani tomeiltani
allative tomilleni tomeilleni
essive tominani tomeinani
translative tomikseni tomeikseni
abessive tomittani tomeittani
instructive — —
comitative — tomeineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative tomisi tomisi
accusative nom. tomisi tomisi
gen. tomisi
genitive tomisi tomiesi
partitive tomiasi tomejasi
inessive tomissasi tomeissasi
elative tomistasi tomeistasi
illative tomiisi tomeihisi
adessive tomillasi tomeillasi
ablative tomiltasi tomeiltasi
allative tomillesi tomeillesi
essive tominasi tomeinasi
translative tomiksesi tomeiksesi
abessive tomittasi tomeittasi
instructive — —
comitative — tomeinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative tomimme tomimme
accusative nom. tomimme tomimme
gen. tomimme
genitive tomimme tomiemme
partitive tomiamme tomejamme
inessive tomissamme tomeissamme
elative tomistamme tomeistamme
illative tomiimme tomeihimme
adessive tomillamme tomeillamme
ablative tomiltamme tomeiltamme
allative tomillemme tomeillemme
essive tominamme tomeinamme
translative tomiksemme tomeiksemme
abessive tomittamme tomeittamme
instructive — —
comitative — tomeinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative tominne tominne
accusative nom. tominne tominne
gen. tominne
genitive tominne tomienne
partitive tomianne tomejanne
inessive tomissanne tomeissanne
elative tomistanne tomeistanne
illative tomiinne tomeihinne
adessive tomillanne tomeillanne
ablative tomiltanne tomeiltanne
allative tomillenne tomeillenne
essive tominanne tomeinanne
translative tomiksenne tomeiksenne
abessive tomittanne tomeittanne
instructive — —
comitative — tomeinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative tominsa tominsa
accusative nom. tominsa tominsa
gen. tominsa
genitive tominsa tomiensa
partitive tomiaan
tomiansa 		tomejaan
tomejansa
inessive tomissaan
tomissansa 		tomeissaan
tomeissansa
elative tomistaan
tomistansa 		tomeistaan
tomeistansa
illative tomiinsa tomeihinsa
adessive tomillaan
tomillansa 		tomeillaan
tomeillansa
ablative tomiltaan
tomiltansa 		tomeiltaan
tomeiltansa
allative tomilleen
tomillensa 		tomeilleen
tomeillensa
essive tominaan
tominansa 		tomeinaan
tomeinansa
translative tomikseen
tomiksensa 		tomeikseen
tomeiksensa
abessive tomittaan
tomittansa 		tomeittaan
tomeittansa
instructive — —
comitative — tomeineen
tomeinensa

Irish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Irish tomm (“bush, tuft; hillock, knoll”), from Proto-Indo-European *tum- (“mound”).

Noun

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tom m (genitive singular toim, nominative plural toim or tomacha)

  1. bush, shrub
    Synonym: tor
  2. clump, tuft, tussock
    Synonym: tortóg
Declension
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Declension of tom

First declension

Bare forms:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative tom toim
Vocative a thoim a thoma
Genitive toim tom
Dative tom toim

Forms with the definite article:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative an tom na toim
Genitive an toim na dtom
Dative leis an tom

don tom

leis na toim

Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Noun

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tom m (genitive singular toma, nominative plural tomanna)

  1. Alternative form of taom (“fit, paroxysm”)
Declension
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Declension of tom

Third declension

Bare forms:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative tom tomanna
Vocative a thom a thomanna
Genitive toma tomanna
Dative tom tomanna

Forms with the definite article:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative an tom na tomanna
Genitive an toma na dtomanna
Dative leis an tom

don tom

leis na tomanna

Etymology 3

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Verb

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tom (present analytic tomann, future analytic tomfaidh, verbal noun tomadh, past participle tomtha)

  1. Alternative form of tum (“dip, immerse”)
Conjugation
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conjugation of tom (first conjugation – A)
singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative present tomaim tomann tú;
tomair† 		tomann sé, sí tomaimid tomann sibh tomann siad;
tomaid† 		a thomann; a thomas /
a dtomann* 		tomtar
past thom mé; thomas thom tú; thomais thom sé, sí thomamar; thom muid thom sibh; thomabhair thom siad; thomadar a thom /
ar thom* 		tomadh
past habitual thomainn / dtomainn‡‡ thomtá / dtomtᇇ thomadh sé, sí / dtomadh sé, s퇇 thomaimis; thomadh muid / dtomaimis‡‡; dtomadh muid‡‡ thomadh sibh / dtomadh sibh‡‡ thomaidís; thomadh siad / dtomaidís‡‡; dtomadh siad‡‡ a thomadh /
a dtomadh* 		thomtaí / dtomta퇇
future tomfaidh mé;
tomfad 		tomfaidh tú;
tomfair† 		tomfaidh sé, sí tomfaimid;
tomfaidh muid 		tomfaidh sibh tomfaidh siad;
tomfaid† 		a thomfaidh; a thomfas /
a dtomfaidh* 		tomfar
conditional thomfainn / dtomfainn‡‡ thomfá / dtomfᇇ thomfadh sé, sí / dtomfadh sé, s퇇 thomfaimis; thomfadh muid / dtomfaimis‡‡; dtomfadh muid‡‡ thomfadh sibh / dtomfadh sibh‡‡ thomfaidís; thomfadh siad / dtomfaidís‡‡; dtomfadh siad‡‡ a thomfadh /
a dtomfadh* 		thomfaí / dtomfa퇇
subjunctive present go dtoma mé;
go dtomad† 		go dtoma tú;
go dtomair† 		go dtoma sé, sí go dtomaimid;
go dtoma muid 		go dtoma sibh go dtoma siad;
go dtomaid† 		— go dtomtar
past dá dtomainn dá dtomtá dá dtomadh sé, sí dá dtomaimis;
dá dtomadh muid 		dá dtomadh sibh dá dtomaidís;
dá dtomadh siad 		— dá dtomtaí
imperative tomaim tom tomadh sé, sí tomaimis tomaigí;
tomaidh† 		tomaidís — tomtar
verbal noun tomadh
past participle tomtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

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Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
tom thom dtom
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

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  1. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 291, page 104

Javanese

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Javanese writing system
Carakan ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀
Pegon
Roman tom

Etymology

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From Old Javanese tom, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum.

Noun

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tom

  1. indigo (plant)

Descendants

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  • → Ternate: tom

Further reading

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  • The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2015) “tom”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) (in Javanese), Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN


Komo

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Noun

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tom

  1. spear

Lower Sorbian

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Pronunciation

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Determiner

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tom

  1. locative masculine/neuter singular of ten

Maranao

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Noun

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tom

  1. human body louse

Middle English

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Etymology 1

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Adjective

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tom

  1. Alternative form of tome (“empty”)

Etymology 2

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Noun

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tom (uncountable)

  1. Alternative form of tome (“freetime”)

Etymology 3

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Adjective

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tom

  1. (Southwest, southern West Midlands) Alternative form of tame (“tame”)

Norwegian Bokmål

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Etymology

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From Old Norse tómr.

Adjective

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tom (neuter singular tomt, definite singular and plural tomme, comparative tommere, indefinite superlative tommest, definite superlative tommeste)

  1. empty

Derived terms

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References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Etymology 1

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From Old Norse tómr.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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tom (neuter singular tomt, definite singular and plural tomme, comparative tommare, indefinite superlative tommast, definite superlative tommaste)

  1. empty
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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From Old Norse taumr.

Noun

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tom m (definite singular tommen, indefinite plural tommar, definite plural tommane)

  1. Alternative form of taum; (pre-2012) alternative form of taum
Derived terms
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References

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Anagrams

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Oksapmin

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Noun

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tom

  1. water

References

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Old English

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Etymology

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From Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”). Akin to Old Norse tómr (“empty”), whence Icelandic tómur (“empty”).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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tōm

  1. empty
  2. (figuratively) free from
    Ðæt hīe mōstun mānweorca tōme lifgan and tīres blǣd ēcne āgan.
    That they might live free from wicked works and own the eternal reward of glory.

Declension

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Declension of tōm — Strong
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tōm tōm tōm
Accusative tōmne tōme tōm
Genitive tōmes tōmre tōmes
Dative tōmum tōmre tōmum
Instrumental tōme tōmre tōme
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tōme tōma, tōme tōm
Accusative tōme tōma, tōme tōm
Genitive tōmra tōmra tōmra
Dative tōmum tōmum tōmum
Instrumental tōmum tōmum tōmum
Declension of tōm — Weak
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tōma tōme tōme
Accusative tōman tōman tōme
Genitive tōman tōman tōman
Dative tōman tōman tōman
Instrumental tōman tōman tōman
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative tōman tōman tōman
Accusative tōman tōman tōman
Genitive tōmra, tōmena tōmra, tōmena tōmra, tōmena
Dative tōmum tōmum tōmum
Instrumental tōmum tōmum tōmum

Descendants

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Old Javanese

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Etymology

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From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum.

Noun

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tom

  1. indigo (plant)

Descendants

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References

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  • "tom" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Polish

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin tomus, from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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tom m inan (diminutive tomik, augmentative tomisko or tomiszcze)

  1. volume (single book of a publication issued in multi-book format)
    Synonyms: wolumen, wolumin

Declension

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Declension of tom
singular plural
nominative tom tomy
genitive tomu tomów
dative tomowi tomom
accusative tom tomy
instrumental tomem tomami
locative tomie tomach
vocative tomie tomy

Further reading

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  • tom in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • tom in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

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Etymology

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Probably a semi-learned borrowing from Latin tonus (and influenced by som; compare the Spanish ton, variant of the standard tono, which underwent a similar change, influenced by son, respectively), from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos, “tone”), from τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”). Cf. also trom, a possible doublet.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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tom m (plural tons)

  1. tone; pitch (property of sound determined by the frequency)
  2. tone (shade or quality of a colour)
  3. tone (manner in which speech or writing is expressed)
  4. (music) tone (interval of a major second)
  5. (music) key

See also

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Romanian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from French tome, from Latin tomus.

Noun

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tom n (plural tomuri)

  1. volume

Declension

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Declension of tom
singular plural
indefinite articulation definite articulation indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) tom tomul (niște) tomuri tomurile
genitive/dative (unui) tom tomului (unor) tomuri tomurilor
vocative tomule tomurilor

Scottish Gaelic

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Etymology

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From Old Irish tom (“bush, tuft; hillock, knoll”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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tom m (genitive singular tuim, plural toman or tomannan)

  1. round hillock or knoll, rising ground, swell, green eminence
  2. any round heap
  3. tuft of anything
  4. bush, thicket
  5. anthill
  6. (Islay) stool
  7. volume of a book
  8. bank
  9. grave
  10. (medicine, rare) the plague
  11. conical knoll

Slovene

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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tọ̑m m inan

  1. tome

Inflection

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 The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.
Masculine inan., hard o-stem
nom. sing. tóm
gen. sing. tóma
singular dual plural
nominative
(imenovȃlnik) 		tóm tóma tómi
genitive
(rodȋlnik) 		tóma tómov tómov
dative
(dajȃlnik) 		tómu tómoma tómom
accusative
(tožȋlnik) 		tóm tóma tóme
locative
(mẹ̑stnik) 		tómu tómih tómih
instrumental
(orọ̑dnik) 		tómom tómoma tómi

See also

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Further reading

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  • “tom”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2024

Swedish

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Etymology 1

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From Old Norse tómr.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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tom (comparative tommare, superlative tommast)

  1. empty
    tomma tunnor skramlar mest
    empty barrels make the most noise (those who complain most vigorously, are the least important)
Declension
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Inflection of tom
Indefinite Positive Comparative Superlative2
Common singular tom tommare tommast
Neuter singular tomt tommare tommast
Plural tomma tommare tommast
Masculine plural3 tomme tommare tommast
Definite Positive Comparative Superlative
Masculine singular1 tomme tommare tommaste
All tomma tommare tommaste
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.
2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
3) Dated or archaic
Antonyms
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Etymology 2

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Used in Swedish since 1697. From French tome, Latin tomus (“section of larger work”), from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos, “section, roll of papyrus, volume”), from τέμνω (témnō, “I cut, separate”). Cognate with English tome.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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tom c

  1. A tome, a volume (in a series of books), a (thick) book.
Declension
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Declension of tom
nominative genitive
singular indefinite tom toms
definite tomen tomens
plural indefinite tomer tomers
definite tomerna tomernas
Derived terms
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References

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Anagrams

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Ternate

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tom

Etymology

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From Javanese ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀ (tom), from Old Javanese tom.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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tom (Jawi توم)

  1. indigo (Indigofera tinctoria)

References

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  • Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Welsh

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Etymology

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Probably from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Compare Middle Irish tomm (“clump, hill”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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tom m or f (plural tomau)

  1. dung, excrement, faeces
    Synonym: cach
  2. manure, compost
  3. filth, muck, mire

Derived terms

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Mutation

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Mutated forms of tom
radical soft nasal aspirate
tom dom nhom thom

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

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  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “tom”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

White Hmong

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Hmong-Mien *dəp (“to bite”); compare Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ketep (“id”), whence Indonesian ketip (“dime, dite”).[1]

Verb

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tom

  1. to bite

Etymology 2

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This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Considered native Hmongic by Ratliff, though no reconstructed proto-form is given.[2]”

Preposition

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tom

  1. at, there (nearby)

References

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  • Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎[1], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, pages 322-3.
  1. ^ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 237; 283.
  2. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101031002604/http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/25

Zuni

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Pronoun

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tom

  1. Second person singular possessive (medial position)
    your
  2. Second person singular object
    you
[edit]
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