Delphi Masterworks of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Illustrated)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

(1756-1791)

Contents

The Masterworks

Nannerl Notenbuch

Symphony No. 1

Symphony No. 25

Violin Concerto No. 5

Symphony No. 31, Paris

Great Mass in C minor

Piano Sonata No. 11, Turkish March

Horn Concerto No. 2

Piano Concerto No. 20

The Marriage of Figaro

Piano Concerto No. 23

Symphony No. 38, Prague

Don Giovanni

Serenade No. 13, Eine kleine Nachtmusik

Symphony No. 41, Jupiter

Cosi fan tutte

The Magic Flute

Clarinet Concerto in A major

Requiem Mass in D minor

Complete Compositions

Index of Mozart’s Compositions

The Letters

The Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1769-1791)

The Biographies

The Life of Mozart by Otto Jahn

Brief Biography on Mozart by Donald Francis Tovey

The Delphi Classics Catalogue

© Delphi Classics 2017

Version 1

Delphi Great Composers

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

By Delphi Classics, 2017

COPYRIGHT

Delphi Great Composers - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

First published in the United Kingdom in 2017 by Delphi Classics.

© Delphi Classics, 2017.

All rights reserved.  No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form other than that in which it is published.

ISBN: 978 1 78656 120 6

Delphi Classics

is an imprint of

Delphi Publishing Ltd

Hastings, East Sussex

United Kingdom

Contact: [email protected]

www.delphiclassics.com

The Masterworks

An eighteenth century depiction of Salzburg, Mozart’s birthplace

Salzburg today

No. 9 Getreidegasse, Salzburg, Austria — the house in which Mozart was born

The birthplace in 1860

The birthplace today

The Masterworks: A Short Guide

In this section of the eBook there are concise introductions for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s most celebrated works. Interactive links to popular streaming services are provided at the beginning and end of each introduction, allowing you to listen to the music you are reading about. The text is also accompanied with contextual images to supplement your reading and listening.

There are various options for streaming music, with most paid services charged competitively at the same rate and usually offering a similar range of albums. Various streaming services offer a free trial (Google Play Music, Amazon Music Unlimited and Apple Music) and Spotify offers a free service after you watch a short advertisement. Amazon Prime members can also enjoy a wide range of free content from Amazon Prime Music. If you do not wish to subscribe to a streaming service, we have included YouTube links for free videos of the classical pieces.

Please note: different eReading devices serve hyperlinks in different ways, which means we cannot always link you directly to your chosen service. However, the links are intended to take you to the best option available for the piece of music you are reading about.

High-resolution scores for the music would be too large in size to include in an eBook; however, we have provided links to free scores available at IMSLP, the International Music Score Library Project, which can be accessed from the SCORES links in each chapter.

Now, settle back and relax as you immerse yourself in the music and life of Mozart...

Nannerl Notenbuch

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The world’s most famous composer, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart (1719–1787) and Anna Maria, née Pertl (1720–1778) in Salzburg, Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the youngest of seven children, five of whom died in infancy. His sole remaining sibling, an elder sister named Maria Anna Mozart (1751–1829), was nicknamed by the family as Nannerl. Leopold Mozart, a native of Augsburg, Germany, was a minor composer and an experienced teacher. In 1743, he had been appointed as fourth violinist in the musical establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the ruling Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg. He later became the orchestra’s deputy Kapellmeister and during the year of his son’s birth, he published a violin textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved some success.

From a very early age Mozart was, understandably, immersed in the study of music. When his sister Nannerl was seven, she was already taking keyboard lessons with her father, with the three-year-old Mozart looking eagerly on. By the time he was four, he was already learning to play the same pieces played by his sister on the harpsichord. Years later, after her brother’s death, Nannerl wrote about this formative time: Wolfgang often spent much time at the clavier, picking out thirds, which he was ever striking, and his pleasure showed that it sounded good.... In the fourth year of his age his father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and pieces at the clavier.... He could play it faultlessly and with the greatest delicacy, and keeping exactly in time.... At the age of five, he was already composing little pieces, which he played to his father who wrote them down.

The Nannerl Notenbuch (Nannerl’s Music Book) is a collection of pieces composed chiefly by Leopold Mozart from 1759 to about 1764. They were written for Nannerl to learn and play, though Wolfgang was soon encouraged to add to the book, which now preserves his earliest known compositions. It contains simple short keyboard (typically harpsichord) pieces, suitable for beginners. Many of the works are anonymous minuets, some by Leopold and others inspired by the composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and the Austrian composer Georg Christoph Wagenseil. Originally containing forty-eight bound pages of music paper, though only thirty-six pages remain, the notebook also includes technical exercises, a table of intervals and several modulating figured basses. The collection offers an intriguing window into how Leopold approached the teaching of music to his genius son. The tables of intervals reveal that he taught music theory to his children from the start, as well as actual composition, by means of a given bass line, a melody to be varied, a melody to be continued and a structural model.

The earliest compositions by Wolfgang are written in Leopold’s hand; the father’s gentle suggestions for amendments came later. Of particular note is the Andante in C, K. 1a, which is believed by many to be Mozart’s first ever composition. An extremely short piece, it comprises only 10 measures and was notated by Leopold — Wolfgang was only five at the time of composition. The harpsichord piece is in the key of C and opens with a one-bar phrase in 3/4 time, which is then repeated. A second, modified phrase receives the same treatment. The time signature then changes to 2/4 and in the following four measures Mozart reverts to a typically Baroque style. The piece concludes with a simple authentic cadence.

Another interesting piece from the Nannerl Notenbuch is the Minuet in F, K. 1d, also a very short piece with a first section in eight measures and a second in twelve; it is Mozart’s earliest extant composition in minuet dance form. Adopting a stately feeling and composed 3/4 time, the minuet is influenced by Leopold’s own compositions and similar keyboard works by Georg Christoph Wagenseil.

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Leopold Mozart by Pietro Antonio Lorenzoni, 1765

Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl) as a child by Lorenzoni, 1763

Anonymous portrait of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, possibly by Pietro Antonio Lorenzoni; 1763, commissioned by his father

The Mozart family by Johann Nepomuk della Croce, c. 1780. The portrait on the wall is of the composer’s mother.

A harpsichord constructed by the celebrated makers Andreas Ruckers in Antwerp (1646) — the pieces in the Nannerl Notenbuch would have been originally performed on a similar instrument.

Symphony No. 1

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Five-year-old Mozart performed in public for the first time in the hall of the Salzburg University, where he was met with rapturous applause. This reception inspired Leopold to take Wolfgang and Maria on a musical tour in 1762, during the course of which they played before most of the sovereigns of Germany. The little Wolferl’s charming appearance and easy, confident manner endeared him to everyone he met. One particularly famous story recounts how he sprang upon the Empress Maria Theresa’s lap and kissed her. The Emperor Francis I. sat by his side while he played, and reportedly described him as his little magician. When he slipped one day on a polished floor the archduchess Marie Antoinette, afterwards Queen of France, lifted him up and he declared at once, You are very kind; when I grow up I shall marry you!

By 1763 young Mozart could sing, compose and play expertly on the harpsichord, the organ and the violin, winning admiration wherever his father took him. However, in spite of this great acclaim, travelling was expensive and the family’s funds did not greatly improve. Often noble patrons would bestow small bagatelle gifts, rather than the more lucrative earnings that Leopold had hoped to receive. In Paris the Mozarts lodged at the Bavarian embassy, giving performances on a grand scale both there and at Versailles, where Wolferl’s organ-playing was even more admired than his performance on the harpsichord. Here, also, he published his first compositions — two sets of sonatas for the harpsichord and violin.

In anticipation of greater financial rewards, Leopold brought his family to England in April 1764, engaging lodgings at Frith Street, Soho. On the 27 April and the 19 May Mozart played before the British Royal Family with immense success, accompanying the Queen in a song and playing at sight anything that the King George III set before him. It was during this time that the young composer made his first attempt at a symphony — an extended musical composition, consisting of multiple distinct sections or movements, often four, with the first movement in sonata form. The Symphony No. 1 in E flat major, K. 16 was composed when Mozart was only eight years old.

It was written in Chelsea during the summer of 1764, when Mozart’s father Leopold was suffering from a throat infection. During this time Wolfgang was forbidden to play the piano, so tradition holds that he had to find other means to occupy himself.  The symphony was written at 180 Ebury Street, now in the borough of Westminster and a plaque marks the location today. Leopold criticised the piece for being too simplistic, pointing out three mistakes in the music theory. Nevertheless, in spite of its conservative and short nature, this piece is a strong indicator of the many wonderful melodies and compositions to come — by the end of his short career Mozart would have completed forty more symphonies. Of particular note is young Wolfgang’s beautiful use of the French horns in the second movement of the symphony.

First performed on 21 February 1765, the piece demonstrates the influence of several composers, including Mozart’s father and the sons of Johann Sebastian Bach, especially Johann Christian Bach, an important early symphonist, who Mozart had met in London.  Symphony No. 1 is scored for an orchestra of two oboes, two horns and strings (the usual first and second violins, violas, cellos and double basses). Structured in a three-movement, quick-slow-quick form, reflecting the genre’s origins in the Italian overture, the piece is typical of the early classical symphony. The first movement is a rapid piece in bipartite sonata form, with the first half serving as the exposition with two theme groups in the tonic and dominant. The second half develops the first theme in the dominant and submediant keys, while a second theme group is introduced. The second movement is slower, composed in the relative key of C minor, with an almost constant accompaniment of semiquaver triplets, focusing on tone colour rather than significant melodic ideas. The third movement is a traditionally lively setting, playing with contrasts between quiet and loud passages, and parts played only by the violins and the rest of the orchestra.

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‘The Mozart family on tour: Leopold, Wolfgang, and Nannerl’ by Carmontelle, c. 1763

An early admirer of Mozart, Marie Antoinette (1755-1793) was the last Queen of France and Navarre prior to the French Revolution.

Francis I (1708-1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, as well as Mozart’s first royal patron.

Single horn in F, student model, as typically used by orchestras for Mozart’s first symphony

Frith Street, Soho, London — where Mozart lived and composed during his short stay in London. The family were based in rooms above the property with the blue door in the far right of the photograph.

180 Ebury Street, where Symphony No. 1 was composed in London, Chelsea

The plaque commemorating Mozart’s residence at 180 Ebury Street

The Jagiellonian Library in Kraków, which holds almost 6.7 million volumes (including the autograph score of Mozart’s first symphony)

Symphony No. 25

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During the Mozart family’s European travels from royal court to court, Leopold found organising the visits difficult, with travel conditions still relatively primitive, compared to the wonders of the Victorian innovations a century later. The Mozarts had to wait for invitations and reimbursement from the nobility, and on several occasions the family endured long illnesses far from home, with young Wolfgang and Nannerl both suffering life threatening symptoms in The Hague in the autumn of 1765.

After a year recuperating in Salzburg, Leopold took Wolfgang to Italy, leaving Anna Maria and Nannerl at home. The Italian tour lasted from December 1769 to March 1771. As with earlier journeys, Leopold exhibited his son’s abilities as a performer and a rapidly maturing composer. Wolfgang met Josef Mysliveček and Giovanni Battista Martini in Bologna, and was accepted as a member of the famous Accademia Filarmonica. In Rome, he heard Gregorio Allegri’s Miserere twice in performance in the Sistine Chapel and wrote it out from memory, therefore producing the first unauthorised copy of this closely guarded property of the Vatican. Leopold had intended that the Italian sojourn would result in a professional appointment for his son, but his hopes were never realised.

After finally returning with his father from Italy in March 1773, Mozart was employed as a court musician by the ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo. The young composer had amassed a large number of admirers in Salzburg, providing him with the opportunity of working in many genres, including symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, masses, serenades and a few minor operas. Symphony No. 25 was composed in October 1773, when Mozart was seventeen years old, shortly after the success of his opera seria Lucio Silla. One of the most famous symphonies ever composed, it was supposedly completed in Salzburg only two days after the completion of Symphony No. 24. It is one of two symphonies Mozart composed in G minor and is sometimes referred to as the little G minor symphony, (the other being Symphony No. 40) — an unusual and experimental choice at the time.

Scored for two oboes, two bassoons, four horns and strings, it is notable for its wide-leap melodic lines and syncopation, characteristic of the Sturm und Drang style (‘storm and stress’ music), and was likely inspired by Joseph Haydn’s Symphony No. 39, also in G minor. The Sturm und Drang style was popular during the late 1760’s to the early 1780’s, producing pieces that allowed individual subjectivity, including extremes of emotion, allowing free expression in reaction to the perceived constraints of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment. The dramatic sweeps and crescendos of Symphony No. 25 epitomise the raw emotion and exciting innovation that the piece must have held for Mozart’s contemporaries. Of particular note is the opening Mannheim rocket — a rising arpeggiated sequence — which was used by Beethoven in the first movement of his first Piano Sonata.

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, aged 14, in Verona by Saverio Dalla Rosa, 1770

Hieronymus Joseph Franz de Paula Graf Colloredo von Wallsee und Melz (1732-1812) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1771 until 1803. He was Mozart’s first official patron.

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was instrumental in the development of the symphony, earning him the epithet Father of the Symphony. He was a friend and mentor of Mozart, a teacher of Beethoven and the older brother of the composer Michael Haydn.

Tanzmeisterhaus, Salzburg — the Mozart family residence from 1773, which was reconstructed in 1996.

Violin Concerto No. 5

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Between April and December 1775, Mozart developed an enthusiasm for violin concertos, producing a series of five — he would never produce any more — which steadily increased in their musical sophistication. Composed in Salzburg, all five concertos are notable for the beauty of their melodies and the skilful use of the expressive and technical characteristics of the instrument, though Mozart did not explore the wide gamut of violin possibilities that others like Beethoven and Brahms did after him.

The Violin Concerto No. 5 is often referred to by the nickname ‘The Turkish’ and adheres to a typical fast-slow-fast musical structure, being scored for two oboes, two horns and strings. Mozart’s use of ‘aperto’ is rare in his instrumental music, occurring in only two of his piano concerti and more frequently in his operas. It gives the piece a broader, more majestic sound than might be achieved by ‘allegro’. The first movement opens with the orchestra playing the main theme, a typical melodic tune by the composer. The solo violin is introduced with a short, yet sweet dolce adagio passage in A Major, with a simple accompaniment by the orchestra. The piece then transitions back to the main theme with the solo violin playing a different melody on top of the orchestra.

The rondo finale is based on a Minuet theme that recurs several times. In the middle of the movement the meter changes from 3/4 to 2/4 and a section of Turkish music is introduced, characterised by the shift to A minor and by the use of grotesque elements, such as unison chromatic crescendos, repetition of short musical elements and col legno playing in the cellos and double basses. These dramatic changes led to the concerto earning its now famous sobriquet.

For most violin players, the Violin Concerto No. 5 is a formidable piece of music.  It is not without reason that it is the only one of Mozart’s five violin concerti to regularly receive as much attention from musicologists and historians. The dramatic scope of the piece is truly impressive: it is very nearly an opera in concerto guise, with the soloist as protagonist. A common feature of the student repertory, it could well be the most frequently played violin concerto ever written.

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Mozart by an anonymous painter for Padre Martini in Bolognia, 1777

The opening of the concerto

Main reading room at the Library of Congress, Washington, where the autograph score of Violin Concerto No. 5 is preserved today.

Symphony No. 31, Paris

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Despite many artistic successes, Mozart grew increasingly discontented with life in Salzburg and redoubled his efforts to find a position elsewhere. One reason was his low salary, earning only 150 florins a year. The young composer longed to compose operas and his native city seldom provided occasions for this genre. The situation worsened in 1775 when the court theatre was closed, especially since the other theatre in Salzburg was largely reserved for visiting troupes. In August 1777, Mozart resigned his position at Salzburg and on 23 September he ventured out once more in search of employment.

In March 1778 he arrived in Paris and soon fell into debt, taking to pawning valuables. Events took a tragic turn when his mother was taken ill and died on 3 July 1778. There had been delays in calling a doctor, which was most likely due to a lack of funds. Mozart stayed with Melchior Grimm, who, as personal secretary of the Duke d’Orléans, lived in his mansion. During his time in the French capital, Mozart composed, which would be regarded in later years as one of his most accomplished symphonies. It was also most likely to have been the first of his symphonies to be published when Seiber released an edition in 1779.

The symphony was composed during Mozart’s unsuccessful job-hunting sojourn in Paris, when he was twenty-two years old. The premiere took place on 12 June 1778 in a private performance in the home of Count Karl Heinrich Joseph von Sickingen, the ambassador of the Electorate of the Palatinate. The public premiere took place six days later in a performance at the Concert Spirituel and the symphony received a positive review in the 26 June issue of the Courrier de l’Europe, published in London:

Symphony No. 31 was evidently popular; Deutsch lists several further performances at the Concert Spirituel during 1779 and on 14 May 1780. The piece is notable for employing an unusually large instrumentation for its time, which was made possible by the large orchestra available to composers in Paris. The score accommodates two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets in A, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings. Also, it was the composer’s first symphony to use clarinets. At the premiere there were no less than twenty-two violins, five violas, eight cellos and five basses — without doubt Mozart’s largest orchestra to date. Mozart’s father Leopold remarked that, to judge by the Parisian symphonies he had seen, the French must like noisy symphonies.

The symphony is structured in fast-slow-fast form, omitting the Minuet normally found in classical-era symphonies. The first movement opens with a rising and accelerating D major scale in an effect known at the time as the Mannheim Rocket. The string players are ruthlessly tested in the piece and the wind section is larger than usual. Rushing scales and lively dynamic shifts in the music give the symphony a playful character, perhaps reflecting the composer’s own desperate search for employment in the exciting city at that time.

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Paris, close to the time of Mozart’s composing of Symphony No. 31

Anna Maria Pertl Mozart, wife of Leopold Mozart

The symphony was later performed in the Burgtheater in Vienna on 11 March 1783

Great Mass in C minor

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Although unable to secure a lucrative position in Paris, Leopold managed to win the support of the local Salzburg nobility and his son was offered a post as court organist and concertmaster. The annual salary was 450 florins and the employed was once more Archbishop Colloredo. Mozart was reluctant to accept, but finally returned to Salzburg in January 1779, taking up his new appointment. Nevertheless, his discontentment with Salzburg continued to grow.

In January 1781, Mozart’s opera Idomeneo was a considerable success in Munich and he was summoned to Vienna the following March, where his employer Colloredo was attending the celebrations for the accession of Joseph II to the Austrian throne. For Colloredo, this was simply a matter of wanting his musical servant to be at hand and Mozart was expected to dine in Colloredo’s establishment with the valets and cooks. However, Mozart was planning to win the attention of a much grander patron. My main goal right now, he wrote to his father, is to meet the Emperor in some agreeable fashion; I am absolutely determined he should get to know me. The composer soon met the Emperor, who eventually agreed to support his career with commissions and a part-time position.  However, the young composer was also keen to win the regard of a very different kind of admirer...

Mozart had previously become intimate with the Weber family when visiting Mannheim in 1777. The father, Fridolin Weber, worked as a double bass player, prompter, and music copyist and his half-brother was the father of composer Carl Maria von Weber. Weber had four daughters: Josepha, Aloysia, Constanze and Sophie. All four were trained as singers and Josepha and Aloysia both went on to enjoy distinguished musical careers.  Mozart first fell in love with Aloysia, but while he was in Paris, she secured a position as a singer in Munich and rejected Mozart when they met again. On first arriving in Vienna on 16 March 1781, Mozart stayed at the house of the Teutonic Order with the staff of his patron, Colloredo. In May, he was obliged to leave and chose to board with his friends in the Weber household, originally intending to stay for only a week. The father, Fridolin, had died, and the Webers were now taking in lodgers to make ends meet. Mozart began courting Constanze, now aged nineteen, and in the interest of propriety, she requested that he leave. He relocated to a third-floor room in the Graben on 5 September.

The courtship encountered several problems; Mozart and Constanze briefly broke up in April 1782, over an episode involving jealousy, as Constanze had permitted another young man to measure her calves in a parlour game. Mozart also faced a challenging task gaining permission for the marriage from his father.  The couple were finally married on 4 August 1782 in St. Stephen’s Cathedral, the day before Leopold’s consent arrived in the post.

Mozart’s Great Mass in C minor (1782) was composed in Vienna during this turbulent time, when he was no longer a church musician of Salzburg Cathedral. The large-scale work, a missa solemnis, is scored for two soprano soloists, a tenor and a bass, double chorus and large orchestra. It was to remain unfinished, missing large portions of the Credo and the complete Agnus Dei. A mass is a form of sacred choral composition, usually arranged as setting of the liturgy in Latin. Masses can be performed a cappella — without an independent accompaniment — or they can be accompanied by instrumental obbligatos up to and including a full orchestra. Missa solemnis indicates a solemn mass, usually for special festive occasions, featuring an extended vocal and orchestral setting.

In a letter to his father, dated 4 January 1783, Mozart mentions a vow he had made to write a mass, when he would bring his then fiancée Constanze as his wife to Salzburg. This promise was kept and Constanze sang the Et incarnatus est at the mass’ premiere. The first performance took place in Salzburg on 26 October 1783, when the composer and Constanze were paying a visit to his native town; she had not yet met his father or his sister Nannerl.

The performance consisted of the Kyrie, Gloria and Sanctus, taking place in the Church of St. Peter’s Abbey in the context of a Roman Catholic mass. The performers were members of the Hofmusik, employed at the court of Salzburg’s ruler, Colloredo.  There remains much speculation as to why the work was left unfinished. Given the absolute necessity of a complete text for liturgical use, it is likely that Mozart added in movements from his earlier masses for the premiere. He later reused the music from the Kyrie and Gloria, almost without changes except for the text, in the cantata Davidde penitente, K. 469. The mass conveys the typical pomp and solemnity associated with the Salzburg traditions of the time, while anticipating the symphonic masses of Joseph Haydn in its solo-choral sharing. The influence of Bach and Handel is evident, as Mozart was studying closely their works at this time.

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Portrait of Constanze Mozart (1762-1842), 1782

St Peter’s Abbey, Salzburg

Interior of St Peter’s Abbey, where the mass was first performed

Emperor Joseph II by Anton von Maron, 1775

Piano Sonata No. 11, Turkish March

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From 1782 to 1785 Mozart arranged numerous concerts with himself as soloist, presenting three or four new piano concertos in each season. As space in the theatres was scarce, he booked unconventional venues, including a large room in the Trattnerhof (an apartment building) and the ballroom of the Mehlgrube, which was in fact a restaurant. The concerts proved popular with audiences and the concertos he premiered remain today firm fixtures in the repertoire. During this time he began working on the sonata form, named from the Italian sonare, ‘to sound’ — a piece of music played as opposed to a cantata (to sing). In the Classical era, the term sonata was increasingly applied to either a work for keyboard alone or for keyboard and one other instrument, often the violin or cello. In time it was less frequently applied to works with more than two instrumentalists. The most common layout of movements for a sonata was:

Allegro, a tempo, working out, or development, of a theme

A middle movement, usually a slow movement: an Andante, Adagio or Largo

A closing movement, generally Allegro or Presto, often termed Finale.

The Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major is one of Mozart’s most famous and accomplished examples of the form. It is uncertain where and when he composed the piece, though there is a general consensus it was written in c. 1783 in either Vienna or Salzburg, having been published by Artaria in 1784. It is notable for Mozart’s defiance of beginning a sonata with an allegro movement, instead introducing a movement that is a theme and variation — a siciliana — consisting of two 8 measure sections, each repeated — a structure shared by each variation. The tempo marking is Andante grazioso (walking pace, gracefully). The second movement offers a standard minuet and trio movement, but it is the last movement, Alla turca, popularly known as the Turkish March, which has come to be one of Mozart’s best-known piano pieces. Mozart applied the name Alla turca as the piece imitates the sound of Turkish Janissary bands, much in vogue at the time of composition. Mozart’s opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio) also imitated the distinctive Turkish style, notable for its lively tempo, usually in the form of a march. Composers were keen to use the Turkish style due to the perceived exoticism it would convey to the audience. Turks were well known to the citizens of Vienna as military opponents, and the centuries of warfare between Austria and the Ottoman Empire was only beginning to turn in Austria’s favour. The differences in culture, as well as the frisson derived from the many earlier Turkish invasions, apparently gave rise to a fascination among the Viennese for all things Turkish.

Interestingly, the final movement of Piano Sonata No. 11 was sometimes performed on pianos built with a Turkish stop, allowing it to be embellished with extra percussion effects, helping to further popularise the memorable tune, which is today one of the composer’s most iconic pieces.

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The famous opening of ‘Piano Sonata No. 11’

Mozart (centre) attending a performance of his Turkish style opera’ The Abduction from the Seraglio’, while visiting Berlin in 1789

Mozart by Johann Nepomuk della Croce, c. 1781

Horn Concerto No. 2

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Arguably the most widely played concertos for horn, Mozart’s four concertos form a major part of a professional horn players’ repertoire. They were originally composed for Mozart’s lifelong friend Joseph Leutgeb (1732-1811), who was an outstanding horn player and a musical inspiration for the composer. They were written during Mozart’s years in Vienna and intended for the natural horn, as the valved instrument was not invented until after 1814 by Heinrich Stölzel. Therefore, Leutgeb needed to exercise great lip control, as well as using the hand-stopping technique (hand in bell) to play chromatic notes. Mozart enjoyed a curious joking relationship with Leutgeb, seen for instance in the playful comments he inserted in Leutgeb’s horn parts.

Horn Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, K. 417 bears the mock dedication: Wolfgang Amadé Mozart takes pity on Leutgeb, ass, ox, and simpleton, at Vienna, March 27, 1783. In one place Mozart marks the orchestra part Allegro and the solo part Adagio, perhaps making fun of the tendency of horn notes to come in late, dragging the tempo. Letters from the end of Mozart’s life suggest that Leutgeb did not mind the teasing and that the two enjoyed a mutual friendship. A letter by Mozart, dated 6 June 1791, indicates that, while his wife Constanze was away, he stayed for several nights at Leutgeb’s house, because I had discharged the maid Leonore and I would have been all alone at home, which would not have been pleasant.

Mozart’s Horn Concertos were written as virtuoso vehicles, allowing the soloist to display a variety of techniques on the valveless horns of the day. The pieces are characterised by an elegant and humorous dialogue between the soloist and the orchestra. Horn Concerto No. 2 comprises three movements:

Allegro maestoso

Andante

Rondo Più allegro 6/8

The piece is one of two horn concerti to omit bassoons, while featuring ripieno horns included in the orchestra besides the soloist; however, in contrast to Horn Concerto No. 4 in E-flat major, K. 495 the solo horn does not duplicate the first ripieno horn’s part in the tutti passages. Horn Concerto No. 2 offers the listener several splendid melodies, with an expansive opening movement in common time, but with no tempo marking. Following an abbreviated first exposition, the soloist enters with a new theme, which later shifts to a minor key. The succeeding second movement, in the dominant key of B flat, features a basic song structure with a middle-section beautiful melody for the soloist. A hunt-inspired Rondo concludes the piece in 6/8 time, establishing the pattern for the rest of Mozart’s Leutgeb concertos. This final movement conveys an irrepressibly cheerful mood, with an accelerated coda, conjuring the image of the hounds catching up with the chase.

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A natural horn, with central crook: a cor solo, Raoux, Paris, 1797

Mozart’s home in Vienna from 1784 to 1787. His only surviving Viennese residence, the building is located in Vienna’s Old Town, not far from St. Stephen’s Cathedral and is now a museum dedicated to the composer’s life and works.

Piano Concerto No. 20

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On 11 February 1785, Mozart’s father arrived in Vienna after a wintry and unpleasant coach journey from Salzburg. It was Leopold’s first visit to the city in twelve years and it would be his last. On the same night he attended an Akademie held by his son, who was now twenty-nine years old and enjoying the peak of his popularity in the city. Leopold later wrote to Nannerl that after two arias by a singer of the Italian opera, there was a new, superb piano concerto by Wolfgang, which the copyist was still writing when we arrived, and the rondo of which your brother hadn’t time to play as he had to revise copies of the orchestral parts. This piece was Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, which Beethoven would lionise in later years, playing it publicly, with his own cadenzas in the first and last movements, where Mozart had himself improvised. There are no surviving reports of the audience’s reaction, though if it had been hostile or negative, Leopold would have certainly reported it to his daughter.

Mozart’s marriage, without paternal permission, to Constanze Weber was still a bone of contention; however, Leopold showed unreserved acceptance of his son’s departure from tradition in the new concerto. Scored for solo piano, flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings, the piece begins immediately with an agitated, subtly changing bass line, beneath a throbbing syncopation of violins and violas, establishing a dark tonic key. The first movement in Allegro features motivic themes rather than conventionally melodic examples and it remains surprising that the soloist never exactly plays what the orchestra sets forth in the exposition, in spite of maintaining a solid sonata structure throughout. When the piano finally enters in measure 77, it appears as a stranger in a somewhat troubled scene. Nor does the soloist take complete charge until the coda of the finale, when half-an-hour later he changes the key back to D major.

The second movement in Romanza B flat major is in fact Andante, rushing dramatically into G minor before the end couplet, demonstrating a significant harmonic departure from conventional concerto practice. In the third movement, Mozart reprises the D minor key, forming an extended sonata-rondo. The development, as featured in the second movement, seeks out G minor – often noted as the darkest key in Mozart’s harmonic lexicon, before D major emerges to the fore again. A second melody is suggested by the piano where the mood is still dark, though oddly restless. A contrasting cheerful melody in F major arrives shortly after, introduced by the orchestra before the solo piano rounds off the lively theme. Several modulations of the second theme (in A minor and G minor) follow, before introducing the customary cadenza. The mood then clears noticeably, as a cheerful melody is taken up by the wind instruments. The solo piano repeats the theme before a full orchestral develops the passage, concluding the concerto with a jubilant D major finish.

In spite of the concerns that must have troubled the composer at the time, tellingly signalled by the foreboding tone of much of the concerto, there are still light and melodic features, hinting at the composer’s hopes for a more certain and untroubled period ahead.

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‘Neuer Markt in Vienna with Capuchin Church and Haus zur Mehlgrube on the right’ by Bernardo Bellotto, 1760

A fortepiano from the period by Johann Andreas Stein

The Marriage of Figaro

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A cornerstone of the operatic repertoire and among the most frequently performed operas today, Le nozze di Figaro is an opera buffa (comic opera) in four acts, composed in 1786, with an Italian libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It is based largely on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro, first performed in 1784. Beaumarchais’ play was at first banned in Vienna, as Emperor Joseph II stated that since the piece contains much that is objectionable, I therefore expect that the Censor shall either reject it altogether, or at any rate have such alterations made in it that he shall be responsible for the performance of this play and for the impression it may make, after which the Austrian Censor duly forbade performing the German version of the play. Nevertheless, Mozart’s librettist managed to secure official approval for an operatic version, which would go on to achieve great success.

Mozart had originally selected Beaumarchais’ play, bringing the text to Da Ponte, who turned it into a libretto in six weeks, rewriting it in poetic Italian and removing the political references that had caused so much offence. In particular, Da Ponte replaced Figaro’s climactic speech against inherited nobility with an equally angry aria against unfaithful wives. Contrary to popular myth, the libretto was actually approved at once by the Emperor before any music was written by Mozart. The Imperial Italian opera company paid Mozart 450 florins for the opera — three times his yearly salary when working as a court musician in Salzburg.

Le nozze di Figaro premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 1 May 1786 and Mozart himself directed the first two performances, conducting while seated at the keyboard, a custom of the day. The first production was given eight further performances, all in 1786. Though this may seem few in number, the premiere was generally judged to have been a success. The applause of the audience on the first night resulted in five numbers being encored, seven on 8 May. The newspaper Wiener Realzeitung praised the work, stating that Mozart’s music was generally admired by connoisseurs already at the first performance, if I except only those whose self-love and conceit will not allow them to find merit in anything not written by themselves… It contains so many beauties, and such a wealth of ideas, as can be drawn only from the source of innate genius. Fellow composer Joseph Haydn lauded the opera, writing to a friend that he heard it in his dreams. In summer 1790 Haydn attempted to produce the work with his own company at Eszterháza, but was prevented from doing so by the death of his patron, Nikolaus Esterházy.

Emperor Joseph II, who was in charge of the Burgtheater, was concerned by the length of the performance and directed his aide, Count Rosenberg, to prevent the excessive duration of operas, without however prejudicing the fame often sought by opera singers from the repetition of vocal pieces, I deem the enclosed notice to the public (that no piece for more than a single voice is to be repeated) to be the most reasonable expedient. You will therefore cause some posters to this effect to be printed. These posters were speedily printed and posted in the Burgtheater in time for the third performance on 24 May. Nevertheless, the Emperor requested a special performance at his palace theatre in Laxenburg, which took place in June 1786.

The opera continues the plot of The Barber of Seville several years later and recounts a single day of madness (la folle journée) in the palace of Count Almaviva near Seville, Spain. Rosina is now the Countess and Dr. Bartolo seeks revenge against Figaro for thwarting his plans to marry Rosina himself. Count Almaviva has degenerated from the romantic youth seen in The Barber of Seville into a scheming, bullying, womanising baritone. Having appointed Figaro as head of his servant-staff, he is now persistently trying to exercise his droit du seigneur – the right to bed a servant girl on her wedding night – with Figaro’s bride-to-be, Susanna, who is the Countess’ maid. He devises many excuses to delay the civil part of the wedding of his two servants, which is arranged for this very day. Figaro, Susanna and the Countess conspire to embarrass the Count and expose his scheming. He retaliates by trying to make Figaro legally marry a woman old enough to be his mother, but it turns out at the last minute that she is in fact his mother. Through Figaro’s and Susanna’s clever manipulations, the Count’s love for his Countess is finally restored.

The opera is scored for two oboes, two flutes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings; the recitativi are accompanied by a keyboard instrument, usually a harpsichord, joined by a cello. A typical performance usually lasts around three hours.  In spite of the sorrow, anxiety and anger that the characters often experience during the performance, only one number is set in a minor key: Barbarina’s brief aria L’ho perduta at the beginning of Act IV, where she mourns the loss of the pin and is concerned about what her master will say when she fails to deliver it, which is written in F minor. Other than this the entire opera is set in major keys, adding to the comedic and optimistic atmosphere.

The overture offers an especially famous tune and is often played separately as a concert piece. Interestingly, the musical ideas of the overture are not reprised later in the opera, aside from two brief phrases during the Count’s part in the terzetto Cosa sento! in the first Act. It begins with a busy whispering impression that develops rapidly into a short-breathed theme. Then appears a tutti with trumpets and drums, followed by violins, flutes and oboes in a succession of hectically bright figurations. Originally, the overture contained a slow middle section with a melancholy oboe solo, but Mozart decided against the use of contrast and maintained the relentless jolly mood throughout.

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Libretto from 1786

The Italian libretto was written by Lorenzo Da Ponte, (1749-1838) who wrote the libretti for 28 operas by 11 composers, including two of Mozart’s greatest operas, ‘Don Giovanni’ and ‘Così fan tutte’.

The old Burgtheater (before 1888), where the opera premiered on 1 May 1786

Portrait of Joseph II

Act 1: Cherubino hides behind Susanna’s chair as the Count arrives

Early nineteenth century engraving depicting Count Almaviva and Susanna in Act III

Piano Concerto No. 23

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Once dismissed from Colloredo’s service, Mozart was left free to conquer the musical world of Vienna, with a little help from the new Emperor. For the next four years, he reigned as Vienna’s favourite composer of instrumental music. At the height of his powers of concerto composing, he began working on a piece in A major that would result in an immediate success and has remained popular in concert halls to this day. One of the composer’s most intimate and expressive works, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major, K. 488 is noted for its wistful beauty and sublime melodies — the middle movement being an exceptional piece of sombre brilliance.

It was completed on 2 March 1786, around the time of the premiere of Le nozze di Figaro. During that spring the composer had held three subscription concerts, one of which was played by Mozart himself. Scored for piano solo and an orchestra consisting of one flute, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns and strings, the concerto has three movements:

Allegro in A major and common time

Adagio in F-sharp minor and 6/8 time or 3/4 time

Allegro assai in A and alla breve in Rondo form

Mozart opted to remove trumpets and timpani, replacing them instead with oboes and clarinets, producing an unusually dark, mellow tone compared to contemporary orchestral pieces. The clarinet was such an innovative instrument at the time that Mozart was obliged to include a note allowing it to be replaced by a violin or viola should an orchestra not have any available. Composed when Mozart was thirty years old, the concerto’s soloistic nature and overall gentle mood results in a work of intimacy usually associated with chamber music.

The first movement is written in sonata form, opening with a double exposition, the first played by the orchestra, before the piano joins in the second. The first exposition is tonally static and concise, while the second exposition is ornamented with harmonic tension, including the soloist and is modulatory. It also introduces the previously unheard third theme. The second exposition is expressed by dissonances played on the beat and then solved by an interval of a descending second. This is also expressed in the use of chromatics in the melody and bass lines, serving as a source of harmonic tension, as the listeners anticipate the arrival of the tonic.

The concerto’s second, slow movement — the only movement by the composer in F sharp minor — is written in ternary form, appearing operatic in tone. The piano begins alone with a theme in Siciliano rhythm, characterised by unusually wide leaps. The dynamics are soft throughout most of the piece, with a brighter section in A major announced by the flute and clarinet.

The final movement is a rondo, shaded by moves into other keys, with a central section in F sharp minor brashly interrupted by a clarinet tune in D major, suggesting the opera buffa style of music making popular at that time, featuring sudden changes of point of view as well as of scene.

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The opening page of the autograph manuscript

Mozart by Christian Ludwig Vogel, 1783

Symphony No. 38, Prague

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Mozart first came to Prague, then the capital of the kingdom of Bohemia, on 11 January 1787 and remained in the city till the second week of February. Wherever he went, he was attended by devoted admirers. On 19 January a concert was organised for his financial benefit, at which the Symphony later title Prague was given its first performance. Mozart also improvised a solo on the piano — including variations on the popular aria Non più andrai from Le nozze di Figaro. Afterward, Mozart said he counted this day as one of the happiest of his life. The level of adulation accorded Mozart on this occasion by the music-loving public of Prague was unprecedented for any eighteenth-century musician, recognised simultaneously as both a composer and a performer.

Although Mozart’s popularity among the Viennese waxed and waned, he was consistently popular among the Bohemians and maintained a devoted following in Prague. The city was an attractive musical destination for the composer in the 1780’s as a recovery in the population of the city had created a musical public much larger than had been present in the city a few decades earlier. Prague had only recently recovered from the severe depopulation caused by the departure of the Imperial Habsburg court in 1612 on the death of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, while the lingering negative effects of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) were still prevalent. The recovery in civic life led to the construction of a magnificent new opera theatre, opened in 1783, that was known at the time as the National Theatre and built at the sole expense of a visionary noble, Count Franz Anton von Nostitz-Rieneck.

Although Symphony No. 38 in D major, K. 504 was first performed in Prague, it is not certain that it was actually written for that city. Much of the confusion surrounds the chronology of its inception. It is clear that Mozart was invited to Prague on the strength of the reception of his opera Le nozze di Figaro during the 1786–87 winter season of the National Theatre in Prague. It is not known, however, when the run started, possibly in November 1786, perhaps in December. No mention of the overwhelming success of the opera is recorded in the Prague press until 11 December 1786, five days after the symphony was completed.

It is known from a letter of Leopold Mozart, written in January 1787, that Mozart was invited to Prague by a group of musicians and patrons, which may have happened long before Le nozze di Figaro was actually performed in Prague. It is possible that the symphony was intended to be performed for the Advent instrumental concerts given in Vienna in December 1786, along with Piano Concerto No. 25, but all that can be established for certain is that it was not performed in Vienna before it was performed in Prague.

The symphony’s lavish use of wind instruments suggests that it was composed specifically with the Prague public in mind; Bohemian wind instrumentalists were famed throughout Europe and the Prague press specifically attributed the great success of the operas Die Entführung aus dem Serail and Le nozze di Figaro partially to the masterful deployment of wind instruments. It is also possible that the extensive use of winds in the Prague Symphony was simply the result of experiments with orchestration that Mozart had been cultivating in the orchestral accompaniments for his piano concertos over the previous two years. Either way, the use of wind instruments in symphony demonstrates a major advance in Mozart’s symphonic technique, further enhanced in his last symphonies, and also by Haydn, Beethoven and Schubert.

The early classical symphonies of the eighteenth century were originally cast in three movements (fast-slow-fast), taking their origin from Italian opera overtures. However, in the 1750’s, it was normal in Germany and Austria to include a minuet to create the format fast-slow-minuet-fast. The Prague Symphony is notable for having no minuet — a rarity for a symphony in the late 1780’s. It was Mozart first three-movement symphony.

Scored for two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings, Symphony No. 38 opens with a slow introduction, now considered one of the longest and most sophisticated slow introductions written for any major symphony up to that time. The introduction gives way to the main portion of the movement, in which six melodies are developed and recapitulated in a contrapuntal example of sonata-allegro form. Certain phrases in the first movement bear similarities to the overture to Die Zauberflöte.

The second movement’s structure is typical to symphonies written by Mozart during this period, though the music shifts into the minor-key, rendering it a movement of contrasting moods, in the subdominant key of G major. It is a movement of intense, melodic depth and contrapuntal skill. The final movement, a lively Presto in which the flute plays a prominent role, especially in counterpointing the main melody in the development section, conveys a boisterous impression of the composer’s character. The movement has been identified as foreshadowing the demonic power of Don Giovanni, the operatic masterpiece that Mozart would shortly compose for Prague. At times tense and mournful, while wistful and beautiful in others, in no previous piece had Mozart’s music demonstrated such a range of depth in emotion.

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Prague, 1650

Prague today

Estates Theatre in Prague where two of Mozart’s operas were premiered

Drawing of Mozart in silverpoint, made by Dora Stock during Mozart’s visit to Dresden, April 1789

Don Giovanni

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Based on the legends of Don Juan, a fictional libertine and seducer, Mozart’s Don Giovanni is an opera in two acts, featuring an Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It was premiered by the Prague Italian opera at the National Theatre of Bohemia, now the Estates Theatre, on 29 October 1787. Da Ponte’s libretto was billed as a dramma giocoso, a typical style of its time. Although sometimes classified as comic, the opera is notable for blending comedy, melodrama and supernatural elements.

Following the overwhelming success of Mozart’s trip to Prague in January and February 1787, the composer likely chose this subject matter in consideration of the long history of Don Juan operas in Prague. The libretto of Lorenzo Da Ponte was based closely on a libretto by Giovanni Bertati for the opera Don Giovanni Tenorio, first performed in Venice early in 1787, although he was reluctant to admit this in memoirs decades later. Completed in late October 1787 after Da Ponte was recalled to Vienna to work on another opera, the score calls for double woodwinds, two horns, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani, basso continuo for the recitatives and the usual string section. The composer also indicates occasional special musical effects. For the ballroom scene at the end of the first act, Mozart calls for two onstage ensembles to play separate dance music in synchronisation with the pit orchestra, each of the three groups playing in its own metre, accompanying the dancing of the principal characters.

The opera was rapturously received by the Prague audience: The Prager Oberpostamtzeitung reported, Connoisseurs and musicians say that Prague has never heard the like, and the opera … is extremely difficult to perform. The Provincialnachrichten of Vienna reported, Herr Mozart conducted in person and was welcomed joyously and jubilantly by the numerous gathering. Mozart went on to supervise the Vienna premiere of Don Giovanni, which took place on 7 May 1788. This production included two