Utkuhiksalingmiut Uqauhiitigut: Dictionary of Utkuhiksalingmiut Inuktitut Postbase Suffixes

Postbase Dictionary

a

(ᐊ)

-ᐊ -a

Meaning:

to X over time; to X multiple objects, many do X together (verb > verb)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᐊ a k → ᐊ a q → ᐊ a t → ᐊ a

Sometimes -a- triggers consonant doubling in the stem, as in 9–11, and/or a change of weak i to a, as in 4, 6, 9–11 (see Appendix 2.1, 2.3).

Examples:

ᑐ ᖪᖅtuhaařuq

He hears, he can hear (in general; he isn’t deaf)

tuhaq-a-řuq

hear-over time-PART.3s

cf.ᑐ ᖅᑐᖅtuhaqtuq he hears (a particular sound)

ᑐ ᖬᕋtuhaařara

I hear it (a long-lasting, continuous sound, e.g., the sound of a television)

tuhaq-a-řara

hear-over time-PART.1s/3s

cf. ᑐ ᖅᑕᕋtuhaqtara I hear it (a single, brief sound)

ᑐᑭ ᐊᖪᑎᑦtukihiařutit

You understand everything, you understand (e.g., Inuktitut) fluently

tukihi-a-řutit

understand-over time-PART.2s

cf. ᑐᑭ ᖪᑎᑦtukihiřutit you understand (e.g., what I just said)

ᑭᕝᕚᖭkivvaařaa

He lifts and carries something heavy (i.e., continuously lifts it); he is able to lift it.

kivik-a-řaa

lift heavy object-over time-PART.3s/3s

cf. ᑭᕕᒃᑖkiviktaa he lifts it (simple act of lifting a heavy object)

ᐊᓂᐊᖪᑦaniařut

Many people go out together (en masse).

ani-a-řut

go out-many-PART.3p

cf. ᐊᓂᖪᑦ aniřut they go out

ᐃ ᖪᑦihaařut

Many people enter a tent or house at once (en masse).

ihiq-a-řut

enter-many-PART.3p

cf. ᐃ ᖅᑐᑦihiqtut they go in

ᑐᒃᑐᐊᖬᖅᑐᖅtuktuařaqtuq

He has shot many caribou.

tuktu+t-a-řaq-tuq

caribou-kill-many-repeated action-PART.3s

ᑕᑊᓕᒑᖪᖅta’ligaařuq

It has many scratches on it; it is scratched in many places.

ta’lik-gaq-a-řuq

scratch-repeated action-many-PART.3s

ᒥᓪᓛᖪᖅmillaařuq

It has many chips or dents in it.

miliq-a-řuq

chipped, dented-many-PART.3s

cf. ᒥᓕᖅᑐᖅmiliqtuq it’s chipped

ᐃᒻᒫᖪᑦimmaařut

They have many dents in them; they all fall in (ice blocks during building of iglu).

imik-a-řut

collapse inwards, dent-many-PART.3p

cf. ᐃᒥᒃᑐᖅimiktuq it got dented; the iglu dome collapsed

ᓂᓪᓛᖪᖅnillaařuq

He farts frequently, one after another.

niliq-a-řuq

fart-a lot-PART.3s

cf.ᓂᓕᖅᑐᖅniliqtuq he farted

Notes:

-a extends the action over time and/or over multiple subjects or objects. Use of -a in the plural usually emphasizes that many actors are performing the action together.

See also-ᒪ/-ma be in state of X; ᒃ ᖅ/-kšaaq X for a long time.

-ᐊᔪᒃ -ajuk

Meaning:

an X-ish colour; an off-X colour (verb > verb)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ (no examples) k → (no examples) q → ᐊᔪᒃ ajuk t → (no examples)

Examples:

ᖃᑯᐊᔪᒃᑐᖅqakuajuktuq

whitish, off-white, a bit white (e.g., pastel grey)

qakuq-ajuk-tuq

white-colour resembling-PART.3s

ᕿᖅᓈᔪᒃᑐᖅqiqnaajuktuq

blackish, sort of black

qiqnaq-ajuk-tuq

black-colour resembling-PART.3s

ᖁᖅ ᐊᔪᒃᑐᑦquqhuajuktut

yellowish, sort of yellow

quqhuq-ajuk-tut

yellow-colour resembling-PART.3s

ᑐᖑᐊᔪᒃᑐᖅtunguajuktuq

somewhat blue or green; a somewhat faded but not really pale blue

tunguq-ajuk-tuq

blue/green-colour resembling-PART.3s

Notes:

This postbase is used only with colour bases.

See also -ᖓ/-nga(2) X-ish colour, light X colour.

-ᐊᓚ -ala

Meaning:

does X quickly, with ease

(verb > verb)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᐊᓚ ala k → ᐊᓚ ala q → ᐊᓚ ala ; ᕋᓚ rala ( after two vowels + q) t → ( no examples )

Examples:

ᐱ ᐊᓚᖪᖅpihualařuq

He runs fast.

pihuk-ala-řuq

walk-quickly-PART.3s

cf. ᐱ ᐊᓚᐃᑦᑐᖅpihualaittuq he’s a slow walker; ᐱ ᐊᓪᓚᕆᖅᑐᖅpihuallariqtuq he runs really fast

ᑏᑐᐊᓚᖪᑦtiitualařut

They drink tea really fast.

tii-tuq-ala-řut

tea-consume-quickly-PART.3s

cf. ᑏᑐᐊᓚ ᕆᑦtiitualaharit drink your tea quickly!

ᐊᖏᓪᕌᓚᖪᖅangilraalařuq

He returns very soon after leaving.

angilraq-ala-řuq

return-quickly-PART.3s

ᑑᕋᓚᖪᖅtuuralařuq

He chops well (i.e., quickly); he uses an ice chisel well.

tuuq-ala-řuq

chisel-with ease-PART.3s

ᐃᒡᓗᓕᐊᓚ ᖅᑐᖅiglulialahaqtuq

He made the igluquickly.

iglu-li-ala-haq-tuq

iglu-make-quickly-engage in process-PART.3s

ᐱᐊᓚᐃᑦᑐᖅpialaittuq

He’s slow (in moving or doing things).

pi-ala-it-tuq

do-quickly-not-PART.3s

ᐅᖃᓕᒫᓪᓚᕆᖅᑐᖓuqalimaallariqtunga

I read very quickly.

uqalimaaq-ala-riq-tunga

read-quickly-very-PART.1s

Notes:

-ala- usually describes a general characteristic of something: e.g., he runs fast (in general), he is a fast runner. It often appears in the combinations -allariq- does X really fast (see -rik-); -alait- does X slowly (see -it-[1]); and -alahaq- do X quickly on a particular occasion (see -haq-[1]).

See also -ᑲᖅ/-kaq already/suddenly/briefly; -ᒐᔪᒃ/-gajuk often/readily/easily; -ᔭᕋᐃᑦ/-jarait already/quickly/often; -ᓇᕆᖅ/-nariq quickly/early/soon.

ᐊᓪᓚᒃ -allak

Meaning:

keep repeatedly Xing

(verb > verb)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᐊᓪᓚᒃ allak k → ᐊᓪᓚᒃ allak q → ᐊᓪᓚᒃ allak t → ( no examples )

Examples:

ᐊᓂᐊᓪᓚᒃᑐᑦaniallaktut

The fish are jumping (literally: they repeatedly come out [of the water]).

ani-allak-tut

come out-repeatedly-PART.3p

ᓇᖏᑦᑖᓪᓚᒃᑑᖅnangittaallaktuuq

She’s forever demanding (e.g., that I do something)

nangit-taq-allak-tuuq

insist, demand-repeated action-repeatedly-too much

ᐱᐊᓪᓚᒃ ᓐᓂᐊᑊᒪᒍpiallakhinnia’magu

He’ll keep doing it over and over again (said e.g., in describing the behaviour of a gull grabbing at food)

pi-allak-hi-nniaq-’magu

do-repeatedly-doing-will-CAUS.3s/3s

ᐅᖄᓪᓚᒃᑐᖅuqaallaktuq

She speaks (i.e., repeatedly/continuouslysays something)

uqaq-allak-tuq

say, utter-repeatedly-PART.3s

cf.ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅuqaqtuq she said...

ᐊᐃᒃᖠᖃᑦᑖᓪᓚᕆᒃ ᖅᓂᖅaikłiqattaallarikhaqniq

the act of continually fetching things

ai-kłi-qattaq-allak-rik-haq-niq

fetch-for something-repeatedly-keep repeatedly-very-engage in act-fact of

See also -ᖃᑦᑕᖅ/-qattaqrepeatedly, in general; -ᑕᖅ/-taq(3)repeatedly; -ᐊᓚ/-alaquickly, with ease.

-ᐊᓗᒃ -aluk (pl. -ᐊᓗᐃᑦ -aluit)

Meaning:

very X, really X; (less commonly:) slightly X (attaches to verbs and nouns; does not change category)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᐊᓗᒃ aluk k → ᐊᓗᒃ aluk ; ( irregularly ) ᒐᓗᒃ galuk q → ᐊᓗᒃ aluk ; ( irregularly ) ᕋᓗᒃ raluk t → ( no examples )

-aluk may irregularly become -galuk after k-stems (15) or -raluk after q-stems (14, 18).

Examples:

ᓗᒪᖪᐊᓗᒃhalumařualuk

It’s very clean.

haluma-řuq-aluk

clean-participle-very

ᑕᐸᑐᖪᐊᓗᒃtapatuřualuk

He’s very greedy.

tapa-tu-řuq-aluk

greedy-very-participle-very

ᐸᓚᐃᑦᑐᐊᓗᐃᑦpalaittualuit

They are very energetic, persistent (positive connotation); or insistent (negative connotation)

palaq-it-tuq-aluk-it

inactive-not-participle-very-pl

ᐊᖏᓐᓇᕈᖅᑐᐊᓘᖪᖓhianginnaruqtualuuřunga

I’m all covered with bits of fur.

hia-innaq-ruq-tuq-aluk-u-řunga

hair-nothing but-become-participle-very-be-PART.1s

ᕿᑐ ᒃᑐᐊᓘᕗᑎᑦqituhuktualuuvutit

You’re very tired.

qitu+huk-tuq-aluk-u-vutit

tired-participle-very-be-DECLAR.2s

ᐃᖃᓗᖃᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᐊᓘᑊᒪᓐiqaluqattiaqtualuu’man

because there are a lot of fish (e.g., in that fishing spot)

iqaluk-qaq-ttiaq-tuq-aluk-u-’man

fish-have-a lot-participle-very-be-CAUS.3s

ᓂᐱᓕᐅᒪᓇ ᒃᑐᐊᓘᒐᒪnipiliumanahuktualuugama

because I’m working hard at tape-recording all the time

nipi+liuq-ma-nahuk-tuq-aluk-u-gama

record sound-in state of-work at-participle-very much-be-CAUS.1s

ᐅᓐᓄᐊᕈᖅᑐᐊᓗᑊᒪᓐunnuaruqtualu’man

because it’s now very late at night

unnuaq-ruq-tuq-aluk-u-man

night-become-participle-very-be-CAUS.3s

ᐊᓂᑊᔭᐃᖅ ᒪᖪᐊᓘᒐᒪani’jaiqhimařualuugama

I haven’t gone out for a long time.

ani-’jaiq-hima-řuq-aluk-u-gama

go out-no longer-participle-very-be-CAUS.1s

ᐊᑎᖃᐅᖅᑐᐊᓗᐃᑦatiqauqtualuit

they all have names, every one of them (e.g., referring to the various body parts of a caribou)

atiq-qauq-tuq-aluk-it

name-have a lot-participle-emphatic-pl

ᐃᑭᓇᖅ ᖅᑐᐊᓗᒃikinaqšuqtualuk

I really think the primus is lit (e.g., ...so don’t worry about it)

iki-naqšuq-tuq-aluk

be lit-I think-participle-emphatic

ᑐᑦᖁᖅᑎᕆᔭᕆᐊᖃᓕᖅᑐᐊᓘᖪᖓtutquqtirijariaqaliqtualuuřunga

I’d better pack my things right away.

tutquq-tiq-i-jariaqaq-liq-tuq-aluk-u-řunga

put away-bit by bit-do-have reason to-now-participle-emphatic-be-PART.3s

cf.ᑐᑦᖁᖅᑎᕆᔭᕆᐊᖃᓕᖅᑐᖓtutquqtirijariaqaliqtunga

I’d better pack my things now

ᐃ ᒫᓗᒃᑐᖅihumaaluktuq

he worries (about serious matters, e.g., danger of starvation) (literally: thinks too much)

ihuma-aluk-tuq

think-very much-PART.3s

ᑐ ᖅᓇᕋᓗᒃᑐᑦtuhaqnaraluktut

They’re all talking noisily together (literally: they’re very audible)

tuhaq-naq-raluk-tut

hear-able to be-very-PART.3p

ᑕᑊᓕᒐᓗᒃᐸᑕta’ligalukpata

if they’re very scratched

ta’lik-galuk-pata

scratch-very-COND.3p

ᓚᓗᐊᓗᒃᑐᖅhilalualuktuq

It’s raining a little, drizzling.

hilaluk-aluk-tuq

rain-slightly-PART.3s

cf.ᓯᓚᓗᒃᑐᖅhilaluktuq it’s raining

ᑲᔪᐊᓗᒃᑐᖅkajualuktuq

[It is] tan, light brown

kajuq-aluk-tuq

brown-slightly-PART.3s

ᒪᒪᐃᕋᓗᒃᑐᖅmamairaluktuq

It tastes/smells a little bit bad.

mamaq-iq-raluk-tuq

taste/smell good-no longer-slightly-PART.3s

Notes:

-aluk usually follows the participle marker -řuq/-tuq. It is followed by -u be when there is a further mood/person ending (e.g., in 4–9). (Note, however, that the long u of -alu(k)+u sometimes shortens before the causative endings -’man and -’mata [e.g., in 8].)

In some cases (e.g., 10–12), -aluk does not translate as very but is used to make the statement stronger or more emphatic.

Less commonly, -aluk may attach directly to a verb stem without an intervening -řuq, as in 13–18. In this position it sometimes means slightly or a little bit instead of very (16–18).

See also -ᕌᓗᒃ/-raaluk emphatic marker; -ᓇᓗᒃ/-naluk a big X, a lot of X; -ᓇᔪᒃ/-najuk a big X; -ᖅᕙᓗᒃ/-qvaluk a bad X, to do X poorly.

-ᐊᖅ(1) -aq(1)

Meaning:

damage X, injure X

(noun > verb)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᐊᖅ aq k → ᐊᖅ aq q → ᐊᖅ aq t → ( no examples )

Examples:

ᐃᑯ ᐊᖅᑐᖓikuhiaqtunga

I hurt my elbow.

ikuhik-aq-tunga

elbow-damage-PART.1s

ᐃ ᒑᖅᑐᖅihigaaqtuq

He hurt his foot.

ihigak-aq-tuq

foot-damage-PART.3s

ᐊᕿᐊᕈᐊᖅᑐᖅaqiaruaqtuq

He died of starvation.

aqiaruq-aq-tuq

stomach-damage-PART.3s

ᓄᔮᖅᑐᖅᓗᒍnujaaqtuqlugu

Pull out its hair.

nujaq-aq-tuq-lugu

hair-damage-repeated action-FUT.APPOS.any/3s

ᑭᓗᐊᖅᑐᖅkiluaqtuq

The stitches have come undone.

kiluk-aq-tuq

stitches-damage-PART.3s

ᐃᓄᐊᖅᑐᖅinuaqtuq

He murdered someone.

inuk-aq-tuq

person-damage-PART.3s

ᐅᓗᐊᖅᑐᖓuluaqtunga

I injured myself with an ulu.

ulu-aq-tunga

ulu-damage-PART.3s

ᕕᐊᖅᑐᖅhaviaqtuq

He’s whittling (e.g., wood or crayon) with a knife.

havik-aq-tuq

knife-damage-PART.3s

Notes:

-aq normally attaches to bases referring to body parts. With single-person endings it means injure one’s own X; with double-person endings it means injure someone else’s X. However, -aq also occurs with some bases which are not body parts, as in 5–8. In some cases (e.g., 7 and 8), the base is the tool with which something is damaged, not the thing which is damaged.

See also -ᐃᖅ/-iq(1) lose/remove/deprive of X.

-ᐊᖅ(2) -aq(2) (pl. -ᖮᖬᑦ -řřat or -ᖬᑦ -řat)

Meaning:

a small X, a baby X

object resembling an X (a little like an X) (noun > verb)

to be Xing a little bit, to become slightly X (verb > verb)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᐊᖅ aq k → ᐊᖅ aq ; ᒐᖅ gaq , ᒑᖅ gaaq ( after two vowels + k ) q → ᐊᖅ aq ; ᕌᖅ raaq , ᕋᖅ raq ( after two vowels + q ) t → ( no examples )

Examples:

ᓇᑦᑎᐊᖅnattiaq

a baby seal

nattiq-aq

seal-baby

ᓇᐅᔮᖅnaujaaq

a baby gull

naujaq-aq

gull-baby

ᖁᖅᖪᐊᖅquqřuaq

a baby swan

quqřuk-aq

swan-baby

ᐋ ᕚᖅaahuvaaq; pl. ᐋ ᕚᑦaahuvaat

baby spiders

aahuvak-aq-t

spider-baby-PL

ᐊᒃᑑᕌᖅaktuuraaq

a baby Canada goose

aktuuq-raaq

Canada goose-baby

ᑰᒐᖅkuugaq

a stream (smaller than a river)

kuuk-aq

river-small

ᓇᑖᖅnataaq

thin layer of ice between two layers of water (resembling a floor)

natiq-aq

floor-thing resembling

ᒡᖭᖅhigřaaq; pl. ᒡᖬᖮᖬᑦhigřařřat

a plate or dish (having sloping sides like a shoreline); plates

higřaq-aq

shoreline-thing resembling

ᐃᐳᐊᖅipuaq

handle (e.g., of knife, frying pan)

ipu-aq

handle-thing resembling

cf. ᐃᐳipu handle (of fishing spear, but also e.g., of skin scraper)

ᐊᒡᓗᐊᖅagluaq; rel. ᐊᒡᓗᖮᖬᑉagluřřap

fishing hole; the fishing hole’s (something)

aglu-aq

breathing hole-thing resembling

cf. ᐊᒡᓗaglu seal breathing hole

ᐅᑉᓛᖅuplaaq

morning

upluq-aq

day-early

ᐅᑭᐊᖅukiaq; pl. ᐅᑭᖮᖬᑦukiřřat

autumn; autumns

ukiuq-aq

winter-early

ᐃᑉᖪᐊᖅᑎᑦᑐᖅipřuaqtittuq

The ice has become a bit thick.

ipřuq-aq-tit-tuq

thick-a little bit-be caused-PART.3s

ᕿᕿᐊᖅᑐᖅqiqiaqtuq

It’s getting a little bit frozen.

qiqi-aq-tuq

freeze-a little bit-PART.3s

ᖃᒑᖅᑐᖅqagaaqtuq

(The water) is slightly rough, there are lots of little whitecaps (the waves are burstinga little bit).

qagaq-aq-tuq

burst-a little bit-PART.3s

cf.ᖃᒐᖅᑐᖅqagaqtuq the water is very rough, there are big whitecaps

Notes:

Often occurs in words with fixed meanings, rather than being used freely to create the meaning little. It is sometimes used in creating names for similar objects even when there is no significant difference in size.

See also -ᐊᖅᖪᒃ/-aqřuk a biggish/smallish X; -ᓐᓄᐊᖅ/-nnuaq a little X, very X; -ᐅᖬᖅ/-uřaq object resembling X; -ᖅᐸᓗᒃ/-qpaluk look like X.

-ᐊᖅ(3) -aq(3)

Meaning:

something that is Xed

(verb > noun)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᐊᖅ aq k → ᐊᖅ aq q → ᐊᖅ aq t → ( no examples )

Examples:

ᑎᒍᐊᖅtiguaq

an adopted child, one who is adopted (fixed meaning)

tigu-aq

hold, take hold of-passive

cf.ᑎᒍᒐᖅtigugaq, pl. ᑎᒍᒃᑲᑦtigukkat possessions (fixed meaning), anything one holds

ᐊᑦᑎᐊᖅattiaq

namee (a child one has named)

attiq-aq

give name to-passive

cf.ᐊᑦᑎᖅᑕᐅᖪᖅattiqtauřuq it has been named, it has been given a name

ᐸᓂᖅ ᐊᖅpaniqhiaq

object set out to dry

paniq-hiq-aq

dry-tend to-passive

cf.ᐸᓂᖅ ᖅᑕᕋpaniqhiqtara I set it out to dry, wait for it to dry

ᐱᕈᖅ ᐊᖅpiruqhiaq

a plant (something that is grown)

piruq-hiq-aq

grow-tend to-passive

cf.ᐱᕈᖅ ᖅᑐᖅpiruqhiqtuq (a plant) grows

ᐊᖁᐃᖅᑐᐊᖅaquiqtuaq

something ordered by mail

aquiqtuq-aq

fetch something from cache, order by mail-passive

cf.ᐊᖅᑐᐃᖅᑐᖅᑕᕋaqtuiqtuqtara I fetched it from a cache; I bought it by mail order

ᖃᖅᖨᖅᑐᐊᖅqaqřiqtuaq

a refilled cartridge, ready to be re-used

qaqřiq-tuq-aq

refill cartridge-repetitive-passive

cf.ᖃᖅᖨᖅᑐᖅᑐᑦqaqřiqtuqtut they refill used cartridges

ᐃᑐᒃ ᐊᖓitukhianga

the milk he bought or was given (literally: his obtained milk)

ituk-hi-aq-nga

milk-get-passive-3s.poss

ᐅᓗᓕᐊᕋululiara

the ulu I made (literally: my made ulu)

ulu-li-aq-ra

ulu-make-passive-1s.POSS.SG

ᑏᖮᒋᐊᖅᑯᑦtiiřgiaqqut

the tea we brought with us (literally: our brought tea)

tii-řgiq-aq-qqut

tea-bring/take-passive-POSS.1p

Notes:

This is a less common variant of the passive participle -řaq/-gaq. It often occurs in words with special fixed meanings, and is not used in forming new words.

-aq(3) forms combinations notably with -hi(3) get (-hiaq an obtained X); -li make (-liaq a made X); and -řgiq bring, take (-řgiaq a brought X).

See also -ᖬᖅ,-ᒐᖅ/-řaq, -gaq passive participle.

-ᐊᖅᖪᒃ -aqřuk (pl. -ᐊᖅᖪᐃᑦ -aqřuit)

Meaning:

a biggish X, a relatively big X; a smallish X, a relatively small X

(noun > noun)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᐊᖅᖪᒃ aqřuk k → ᐊᖅᖪᒃ aqřuk ; ᒑᖅᖪᒃ gaaqřuk ( after two vowels + k ) q → ᐊᖅᖪᒃ aqřuk ᕌᖅᖪᒃ raaqřuk ( after two vowels + q ) t → ( no examples )

Examples:

ᐃᖃᓗᐊᖅᖪᒃiqaluaqřuk

a biggish fish; a rather large fish

iqaluk-aqřuk

fish-relatively big

ᐃᑎᒻᓈᖅᖪᒃItimnaaqřuk

the fairly big rapids (a place name)

Itimniq-aqřuk

rapids-relatively big

ᐸᒥᐅᕌᖅᖪᒃpamiuraaqřuk

(the one with) a biggish tail

pamiuq-raaqřuk

tail (of land animal)-relatively big

ᐃᓅ ᒃᑐᐊᖅᖪᒃinuuhuktuaqřuk

(1) an older adolescent human male; (2) a human male from birth to almost adulthood

inuk-u-huk-tuq-aqřuk

person-be-be on verge of-participle-relatively big

ᓂᕕᐅᕚᖅᖪᐃᑦniviuvaaqřuit

small flies found on food

niviuvak-aqřuk-it

housefly, dung fly-relatively small-PL

ᕿᒥᐊᖅᖪᒃqimiaqřuk

a smallqimiq (esker)

qimiq-aqřuk

esker-relatively small

ᑰᒑᖅᖪᒃkuugaaqřuk

a smaller river; a little stream

kuuk-gaaqřuk

river-relatively small

ᑭᙵᖅᖪᐃᑦkingngaaqřuit

relatively low hills (also the name of a particular group of hills on Adelaide Peninsula)

kingngaq-aqřuk-it

hill-relatively small-PL

ᖃᑉᓗᓈᕋᖅᖪᒃqaplunaaraqřuk

mixed race (person who is partly white)

qaplunaaq-raqřuk

white person-relatively

Notes:

The meaning of this postbase varies between a biggish X (i.e., an X that is big but not very big) and a smallish X. -aqřuk indicates a relative measure, usually implying that X is not as big (or as small) as some other object. It may also refer to other qualities, such as completeness (e.g., not quite adult, as in 4; not quite qaplunaaq, as in 9).

See also -ᐊᖅ/-aq(2) small X, thing resembling X; -ᖅᖪᐊᖅ/-qřuaq big X; -ᓐᓄᐊᖅ/-nnuaq a little X, very X; -ᕙᒃ/-vak(2) big X, object like a big X.

g

(ᒋ ᒍ ᒐ ᒡ)

-ᒐᔪᒃ -gajuk

Meaning:

to X often/readily/easily

(verb > verb)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᒐᔪᒃ gajuk k → ᒐᔪᒃ gajuk q → ᕋᔪᒃ rajuk t → ᑦᑲᔪᒃ tkajuk

Examples:

ᐃᓪᓗᒐᔪᒃᑐᖅillugajuktuq

She gets snowblind easily or often.

illu-gajuk-tuq

snowblind-readily-PART.3s

ᕿᐊᒐᔪᒃᑐᖅqiagajuktuq

She cries frequently.

qia-gajuk-tuq

cry-readily-PART.3s

ᓇᒐᔪᒃᑯᓂᒃhanagajukkunik

if they work readily; if they don’t hesitate to work

hana-gajuk-kunik

work-readily-COND.3d

ᑐᒃᑐᑦᑲᔪᒃᑐᖅtuktutkajuktuq

He gets caribou frequently.

tuktu-t-kajuk-tuq

caribou-get/kill-readily-PART.3s

ᓚᑦᓴᐅᙱᑦᑲᔪᒃᑐᖅhilatsaungngitkajuktuq

The weather is frequently bad.

hila-tsau-ngngit-kajuk-tuq

weather-be good-not-readily-PART.3s

ᓂᓕᕋᔪᒃ ᖪᖓnilirajukhiřunga

I have begun to fart frequently (in old age).

niliq-rajuk-hi-řunga

fart-readily-become-PART.3s

ᑭᑲᒃᐸᓛᕋᔪᒃᑐᖅkikakpalaarajuktuq

The outboard motor is always audible (because they’re always running the boats).

kikak-palaaq-rajuk-tuq

outboard motor-be audible-all the time-PART.3s

ᐃᐱᖃᑦᑕᖅᕕᐅᒐᔪᖕᓂᖅ ᐃᑦᑑᖪᖅipiqattaqviugajungniqšaittuuřuq

It is our favourite wading place. (literally: it is the place most often waded in)

ipiq-qattaq-vik-u-gajuk-niqšait-tuq-u-řuq

wade-repeatedly-place-be-often-most-participle-copula-PART.3s

ᐊᓐᓂᐊᕋᔪᔪᐃᑦᑑᓂᐊᑊᒪᓐanniarajujuittuunia’man

so that she won’t get sick easily

anniaq-rajuk-juit-tuq-u-niaq-’man

sick-readily-never-participle-be-will-CAUS.3s

ᐅᖃᐅ ᐅᒐᔪᒃᑐᑦuqauhiugajuktut

They are commonly spoken of. (i.e., it is a commonly used word)

uqauhiq-u-gajuk-tut

word-be-often-PART.3p

Notes:

One difference between -gajuk and -jarait (both of which can mean readily, easily, frequently) is that -jarait can also mean quickly but -gajuk does not.

See also -ᔭᕋᐃᑦ/-jarait readily, easily, often; -ᖃᑦᑕᖅ/-qattaq repeatedly, in general; -ᕙᒃ/-vak(1) usually, habitually.

-ᒐᓗᐊᖅ -galuaq (pl. -ᒐᓗᐃᑦ -galuit)

Meaning:

although, however, but, even though, even if; X in the past

(verb > verb)

former X (noun > noun)

Phonological Variants:

V+__ ᒐᓗᐊᖅ galuaq k → ᒐᓗᐊᖅ galuaq , ᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅ kkaluaq q → ᕋᓗᐊᖅ raluaq t → ᑦᑲᓗᐊᖅ tkaluaq , ᒐᓗᐊᖅ galuaq

Examples:

ᑕᑉᖬᓂᖅᐱᐊᕆᒃᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅtapřaniqpiariktuugaluaq

It was (or is) really right here, but...(e.g., you didn’t see it)

tapřaniq-piaq-rik-tuq-u-galuaq

here-really-intensifier-participle-be-although/past

ᐊᔪᙱᑦᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅᑐᖓajungngittuugaluaqtunga

I could do it, but... (the situation makes it very difficult). (literally: I’m not incapable, but...)

ajuq-ngngit-tuq-u-galuaq-tunga

incapable/impossible-not-participle-be-however-PART.1s

ᓇᓇ ᐊᖃᑦᑕᕋᓗᐊᕋᒪhananahuaqattaraluarama

Although I’m trying to work,...(people keep interrupting me)

hana-nahuaq-qattaq-raluaq-rama

work-try-repeatedly-although-CAUS.1s

ᐃᑦᖃᖅᐸᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᖢᒍitqaqpakkaluaqługu

Although I kept remembering it,...(I repeatedly forgot again)

itqaq-pak-kaluaq-ługu

remember-habitually-although-APPOS.any/3s

ᓂᕿᑕᖅᕙᓛᖃᕋᓗᐊᖅᐸᑕᓘᓐᓂ(ᐃᑦ)niqitaqvalaaqaraluaqpataluunni(it)

Even if there’s a little meat left (on the bone), (...I don’t want to eat any more)

niqi-taq-valaaq-qaq-raluaq-pata=luunni(it)

meat-thing-little bits-have-however-COND.1s=or

ᐃᓅᒐᓗᐃᑦinuugaluit

Although they are Inuit, (...they speak English)

inuk-u-galuaq-it

person-be-although-PL

ᖃᐅᒪᖫᒐᓗᐊᖅqaumařuugaluaq

It was light (...but it’s not light now).

qauma-řuq-u-galuaq

light-participle-be-past

ᓂᕆᒪᖫᒐᓗᐃᑦnirimařuugaluit

They (e.g., predators) were eating up the food (...but now they’re not).

niri-ma-řuq-u-galuaq-it

eat-continuous state-participle be-past-PL

ᓂᖅᖠᐅᖅᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅᑐᖓniqłiuqtuugaluaqtunga

I cooked.

niqi-łiuq-tuq-u-galuaq-tunga

food-make-participle-be-past-PART.1s

ᐃ ᒪᖫᒐᓗᐊᖅᑐᖓihumařuugaluaqtunga

I thought...(he was here, but it turns out he’s not)

ihuma-řuq-u-galuaq-tunga

think-participle-be-past-PART.1s

ᑕᑯᖬᕋᓗᐊᕋtakuřaraluara

I saw him (in the past); although I saw him

taku-řaq-raluaq-ra

see-transitive participle-past-1s.POSS.sg

cf.ᑕᑯᒐᓗᐊᖅᑕᕋtakugaluaqtara (variant form of same word)

ᐃᓕ ᖅᑕᕋᓗᐃᑦilihaqtaraluit

You learned that (e.g., last year)

ilihaq-taq-raluaq-it

learn-transitive participle-past-2s.POSS.sg

ᓇᔪᒐᕋᓗᐊᑦᑲnajugaraluatka

the ones I was formerly staying with

najuq-gaq-raluaq-tka

(co-)occupy-transitive participle-past-1s.POSS.pl

ᐊᑖᑕᒐᓗᐊᕋataatagaluara

my deceased father (i.e., he was my father, but is no more)

ataata-galuaq-ra

father-former-1s.POSS

ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑎᒐᓗᐊᑦᑲapiqqutigaluatka

the questions I was going to ask

apiqqut(i)-galuaq-tka

question-former-1s.POSS.PL

ᓂᕿᒐᓗᐊᕋniqigaluara

the food I was going to eat (it was my food, but then I returned it to the pot)

niqi-galuaq-ra

food-former-1s.POSS.SG

ᐅᖃᖅᓂᐊᖅᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦuqaqniaqtuugaluaqtutit

You were going to say...(but didn’t).

uqaq-niaq-tuq-u-galuaq-tutit

say-going to-participle-be-past/although-PART.2s

ᐃᖃᓗᒃ ᐅᖅᐹᓪᓕᖅᓂᐊᖅᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅᑐᖓ

iqalukhiuqpaalliqniaqtuugaluaqtunga

I would have gone fishing more often (but things turned out differently).

iqaluk-hiuq-paalliq-niaq-tuq-u-galuaq-tunga

fish-hunt-more-going to-participle-be-past/although-PART.1s

ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᓂᐊᕋᓗᐊᖅᖢᓂaullaqniaraluaqłuni

Although he was going to go,...(he didn’t).

aullaq-niaq-raluaq-łuni

travel/depart-going to-although-APPOS.3Rs

ᖃᐃᒋᐊᖅᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅᑐᖓqaigiaqtuugaluaqtunga

I intended to come; I was going to come (but I didn’t).

qai-giaq-tuq-u-galuaq-tunga

come-set about-participle-be-past/although-PART.1s

ᑏ ᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᖢᓂtiihukkaluaqłuni

Although I feel like drinking tea,...(I don’t think I’ll have any right now)

tii-huk-kaluaq-łuni

tea-feel like-although-APPOS.3Rs (first-person meaning)

ᐊᑯᓪᓖᑦᑐᒃ ᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅakulliittukšaugaluaq

It should have been in the middle; it should be in the middle, but...(it isn’t).

akulliit-tuq-kšaq-u-galuaq

midmost-participle-potential-be-however

ᑕᑊᓇᐃᑐᒃ ᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅta’naitukšaugaluaq

They should be like that, but...

ta’na-it-tuq-kšaq-u-galuaq

that-be a certain way-participle-potential-be-however

ᑕᑉᖬᓃᑦᑲᓗᐊᕋᒥtapřaniitkaluarami

because it’s here (but it shouldn’t be)

tapřani-it-kaluaq-rami

here-be-although-CAUS.3Rs

ᑊᓗ ᒪᙱᑦᑲᓗᐊᕋᒥha’luhimangngitkaluarami

because he’s not blindfolded (although he should be)

ha’lu-hima-ngngit-kaluaq-rami

blindfold-complete state-not-although-CAUS.3Rs

ᓂᕆᖬᐅᖢᒃᑲᓗᐊᑊᔭᕗᖅniriřaułukkalua’javuq

I wonder if it will be eaten; I doubt it will be eaten.

niri-řau-łuk-kaluaq-’ja-vuq

eat-passive-expressive-however-future-DECLAR.3s

ᑐᒃᑐᖃᖢᒃᑲᓗᐊᑊᔭᕗᖅtuktuqałukkalua’javuq

I doubt there will be caribou.

tuktu-qaq-łuk-kaluaq-’ja-vuq

caribou-there are-expressive-however-future-DECLAR.3s

ᑐᑭ ᐊᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑎᒐᓗᐊᖅtukihiattiaqtutigaluaq

But you understand well.

tukihi-a-ttiaq-tutit-galuaq

understand-over time-well-PART.2s-but

ᑕᒻᒫᔭᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᖓᖣᒐᓗᐊᖅtammaajaqattaqtungałuugaluaq

But I keep making mistakes!

tammaq-a-ja-qattaq-tunga-łuk-u-galuaq

be mistaken-over time-easily-repeatedly-PART.1s-expressive-be-but

Notes:

The postbase -galuaq is the closest thing in the Utkuhiksalingmiut dialect to a past tense, but the past-tense meaning is mingled with the other meanings of -galuaq (although, however, but, even though, even if).

On the most abstract level, -galuaq contrasts one fact with another (often unspoken). This can include:

a real event that conflicts with another real event: although it’s right here, (you don’t see it), as in 1–4;

an event in the past, implying a contrast with the present: I saw it (in the past, but now I don’t), as in 5–14;

an event that could have, would have, or should have happened, contrasting with what actually did happen: I was going to go (but I didn’t), as in 15–22; and

an event that does happen, contrasted with what should have or might have happened: It’s here (but it shouldn’t be), as in 23 and 24.

-galuaq may attach to noun stems directly, as in 12–14, normally followed by a possessive ending, meaning my/your/his/etc. former X. When -galuaq takes a plural ending directly, the form is -galuit (the -aq disappears), as in 4 and 6.

When -galuaq is used with verbs in the participial mood, a participle is often inserted before -galuaq. With single-person words we get -řuq + u(1) be before galuaq. With double-person words we get -řaq before -galuaq, with the person marker following.

The combination -łuk+kaluaq+’ja- (as in 25 and 26) means I doubt that X will happen.

Finally, -galuaq can sometimes attach to the end of inflected words, after mood and person endings, somewhat like an enclitic (as in 27 and 28).

See also -ᕕᓂᖅ/-viniq old, former, formerly; - ᒪ/-hima to have Xed or been Xed; -ᓕᖅ/-liq(2) become X, be X now; -ᓚᐅᖅ/-lauq Xed (past