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    A Middle English Vocabulary, Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose
    A Middle English Vocabulary, Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose
    A Middle English Vocabulary, Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose
    Ebook1,068 pages5 hours

    A Middle English Vocabulary, Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose

    By J.R.R. Tolkien

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    In 'A Middle English Vocabulary,' J.R.R. Tolkien provides readers with a comprehensive guide to Middle English, intended to be used with Sisam's 'Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose.' Tolkien's meticulous attention to detail and expertise in philology shine through in this scholarly work, making it an indispensable resource for students and scholars of medieval literature. The book not only offers definitions and explanations of Middle English words but also explores their usage and evolution throughout the fourteenth century, giving readers a deeper understanding of the context in which these words were used. J.R.R. Tolkien, known for his iconic works of fantasy such as 'The Lord of the Rings' and 'The Hobbit,' was a distinguished philologist and scholar of medieval literature. His expertise in languages and literature is evident in 'A Middle English Vocabulary,' where he draws on his extensive knowledge to provide readers with a valuable tool for studying Middle English texts. I highly recommend 'A Middle English Vocabulary' to anyone interested in delving into the world of medieval literature. Tolkien's insightful analysis and thorough examination of Middle English make this book an essential addition to any scholar's library.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherSharp Ink
    Release dateApr 9, 2024
    ISBN9788028362324
    A Middle English Vocabulary, Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose
    Author

    J.R.R. Tolkien

    J.R.R. Tolkien (1892–1973) was a distinguished academic, though he is best known for writing The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion, plus other stories and essays. His books have been translated into over sixty languages and have sold many millions of copies worldwide.

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      A Middle English Vocabulary, Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose - J.R.R. Tolkien

      J. R. R. Tolkien

      A Middle English Vocabulary, Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose

      Sharp Ink Publishing

      2024

      Contact: [email protected]

      ISBN 9788028362324

      Table of Contents

      A MIDDLE ENGLISH VOCABULARY

      ABBREVIATIONS

      PRINCIPAL VARIATIONS OF FORM OR SPELLING

      GLOSSARY

      INDEX OF NAMES

      A MIDDLE ENGLISH VOCABULARY

      Table of Contents

      BY

      J. R. R. TOLKIEN

      Designed for use with

      SISAM'S Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose

      OXFORD

      AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

      M DCCCC XXII

      Printed in England

      ABBREVIATIONS

      Table of Contents

      Footnote

      Table of Contents

      This glossary does not aim at completeness, and it is not primarily a glossary of rare or 'hard' words. A good working knowledge of Middle English depends less on the possession of an abstruse vocabulary than on familiarity with the ordinary machinery of expression—with the precise forms and meanings that common words may assume; with the uses of such innocent-looking little words as the prepositions of and for; with idiomatic phrases, some fresh-minted and some worn thin, but all likely to recur again and again in an age whose authors took no pains to avoid usual or hackneyed turns of expression. These are the features of the older language which an English reader is predisposed to pass over, satisfied with a half-recognition: and space seldom permits of their adequate treatment in a compendious general dictionary or the word-list to a single text. So in making a glossary for use with a book itself designed to be a preparation for the reading of complete texts, I have given exceptionally full treatment to what may rightly be called the backbone of the language.

      Brief indications of the etymology of each word are given, with references in difficult cases to the Oxford English Dictionary (N.E.D.). Apart from their usefulness as a basis for exercises in phonology and the analysis of vocabulary, these will serve to differentiate words distinct in origin which coincide in some of their forms or spellings. The Old English or Old French forms cited are those that best illustrate the Middle English; in consequence the Old English forms frequently differ from normal West-Saxon, and the Old French forms are especially those of the French current in England (Anglo-French is rarely specified). Old Norse words have usually been cited in the normal spelling (e.g. of Zoëga's Old Icelandic Dictionary). Accordingly, long vowels in Old Norse words are marked as in bráþ-r. In Old English words stable long vowels are marked as in brād; uncertain quantity or probable shortening in Old English times is marked as in adrǣ̆dd; vowels that were lengthened in the Old English period (e.g. before ld, mb, nd) are marked as in cáld, clímban, bíndan.

      For the convenience of beginners the glossary is liberally supplied with cross references, and the prefixed Table summarizes the principal variations of form or spelling. Particular attention should be given to the following points of arrangement: (i) Ȝ has a separate alphabetical place following G; cross-references to gh are not given: (ii) Þ has a separate alphabetical place following T; variation between þ and th is disregarded, and initial Th is entered under Þ: (iii) U, V are alternative forms of the same letter; variation between them is disregarded, and initial U is entered under V: (iv) Y initially has its usual place; but medial or final Y will be found in the alphabetical position of I.

      J. R. R. T.

      PRINCIPAL VARIATIONS OF FORM

      OR SPELLING

      Table of Contents

      1. a varies with o (before m, n); as land, lang, lamb—lond, long, lomb; man, name—(Western) mon, nome.

      2. a (= ā) varies in Northern texts with (i) ai, ay; as (a) fare, fare—fayre (b) fayre—farest, fairest: (ii) with Southern o, oo; see 14.

      3. ai, ay varies with (i) ei, ey; as mayntene—meyntene: (ii) a; see 2: (iii) o, oo; see 2.

      4. au (before m, n) varies with a (chiefly in French words); as daunce—dance.

      5. be-, prefix varies with bi-; as begynne—biginne.

      6. c varies with k; as bac, court—bak, kort.

      7. des-, prefix varies with dis-; as des-, disavauntage.

      8. e (= ẹ̄) varies in Northern texts with ei, ey; as wel(e)—weill, weyl; stele—steill. See 13, 20.

      9. ei, ey varies with (i) ai, ay (cf. 3); as weie, wey(e)—way(e): (ii) hence in Northern texts with a; as strat-ly—streyte: (iii) with e; see 8.

      10. er varies with later ar; as fer, hertely—far, hartely.

      11. f varies with u (= v): (i) initially (Southern); as fader—uader: (ii) finally (Northern); as haf(e)—haue.

      12. ght varies with ȝt, cht (Scottish), ht, st; as nyght—niȝt, nycht, nyht, seuenist.

      13. i (vowel) varies with y, passim: i, y varies with (i) e in Northern texts; as hider, liuen, myddel—heder, leue, medill: (ii) with e, (South) Western u; as hil, fyrst—hell, uerst—hul, furst.

      14. o, oo (= ǭ) varies in Northern texts with (i) a; as hot, hoot—hate: (ii) hence also with ai (see 2): (iii) with oi, oy; see next.

      15. o, oo (= ọ̄) varies in Northern texts with (i) ou, u; as god, good—goud, gud(e): (ii) oi, oy; as none, noon—noyne.

      16. (s)sch varies with (s)sh, ss; as schewe—shewe, ssewe; fle(s)sch—flessh.

      17. þ varies with th, passim.

      18. u (in au, eu, ou) varies with w, passim; see 21.

      19. u, v (= u) varies with o (esp. before m, n); as sun(ne)—sonne; but—bot(e); see also 15.

      20. u, v (= ü) varies in Western texts with (i) e, eo; as erthe—(Western) eorþe, vrþe: (ii) with i, y, e; see 13.

      21. w varies medially with gh, ȝ (u); as owen, own—oghne, oȝene, oune: initially (Scottish) with v; as woundit—voundit.

      22. y (consonant) varies initially with ȝ; as ye—ȝe; medially with i, (i)gh, (i)ȝ; as say, se(i)gh, se(i)ȝe, saw.

      23. single consonant varies with double; as sad—sadde.

      24. single vowel varies with double; as breed—brede, breadth; wod—wood, mad.

      GLOSSARY

      Table of Contents

      A, pron. he,

      XIII

      a 27, 47, 48; they,

      XIII

      a 13, b 22, 36, 39, 61, 64, 66. [Unaccented form of ME. ha. See Hare, Ham.]

      A, v. inf. have,

      I

      127. [Reduced unaccented form of haue; see Habbe(n).]

      A(n), adj. one,

      IV

      b 34; indef. art. a(n),

      I

      22,

      VIII

      b 7, &c. See Ane, On(e).

      A(n), prep. on, in, &c.

      II

      137,

      III

      introd., 22,

      VIII

      a 43,

      XIII

      a 11, b 19, 34, &c.; a blode, with blood,

      XV

      g 16; a nyghtes, at night (OE. on niht, nihtes),

      VIII

      b 16; a þre, in three,

      XIII

      b 49 (see Ato, Atwynne); a Goddes half, for God's sake,

      XII

      b 80. [Weakened form of On, q.v.; an in

      III

      is possibly dialectal; a is used only before following consonant.] See Ane.

      Abandoune, v. to abandon, resign,

      X

      50. [OFr. abandouner.]

      Abasshed, pp. perturbed,

      XVI

      177 (note to

      XVI

      59). [AFr. abaiss-; OFr. e(s)bair, e(s)baiss-.]

      Abate, v. to lessen,

      XIV

      b 19; reduce,

      VIII

      a 209 (imper. sg.); intr.

      XVII

      445; Abatid (of), pp. ceased,

      VII

      104. [OFr. abatre.]

      Abedde, adv. in bed,

      XII

      a 141. [OE. on bedde.] See Bedd(e).

      Abhomynable, adj. abominable,

      XI

      b 90. [OFr. abominable.]

      Abide, Abyde, Habide, v. (i) intr. to wait, remain, stay,

      II

      84,

      IX

      197,

      XVII

      531; tarry,

      II

      348; imper. wait!,

      V

      149; halt!,

      XVI

      213; (ii) trans. to await,

      XVII

      334; withstand, endure,

      XIV

      b 31; Abode, pa. t.

      XIV

      c 68,

      XVII

      373; Abyde, pp. in ys abyde, has survived,

      XIII

      b 50. [OE. ā-bīdan.] See Bide.

      Abite, n. outward appearance,

      XI

      b 99. [OFr. (h)abit.]

      Able, adj. able,

      VI

      239,

      XI

      b 92. [OFr. (h)able.] See Vnable.

      Abone, adv. above,

      XVII

      146. See Aboue(n).

      Abosted, pa. t. sg. threatened boastfully,

      VIII

      a 148. [ME. a- + Boste, q.v.]

      Aboue(n), Abovin, Abuf, adv. above, overhead, on top,

      V

      149,

      VII

      105, 135,

      IX

      56,

      X

      61; on the surface,

      VII

      160; prep. above, higher than,

      XI

      b 182,

      XVII

      83; quasi-sb. in be at here aboue, get the upper hand of them,

      XIII

      a 61. [OE. *on-bufan, abufan.] See Abone.

      Aboueseyd, adj. aforesaid,

      IX

      307. [Prec. + pp. of Seie.]

      Aboute(n), Abowte, Obout (

      XIV

      a), (i) adv. about, round, on all sides, here and there, to and fro,

      I

      233,

      V

      165,

      VIII

      a 297,

      XI

      b 270,

      XII

      a 143, b 117,

      XIV

      a 15,

      XV

      i 3,

      XVII

      303, 351, &c.; round about,

      VII

      83, &c.; round it,

      II

      359; al aboute round, all round about,

      XII

      a 79; (ii) prep. about, round, &c. (often following n. or pron.),

      I

      54,

      II

      274, 284,

      V

      95,

      XIV

      b 68, &c.; on,

      XI

      b 236; in,

      XI

      b 293, 296; about al, in all directions,

      II

      387; aboute with for to (vnbynde),

      XVI

      7. [OE. onbūtan, ābūtan.]

      Abrod, adv. out wide,

      XII

      a 176. [OE. on + brād.]

      Abuf. See Aboue.

      Abugge, v. to pay for (it),

      VIII

      a 75, 159. [OE. ā-bycgan.] See Bigge.

      Ac, conj. but,

      II

      56,

      III

      34,

      VIII

      67, &c. [OE. ac.]

      Acheue, v. achieve,

      VI

      115. [OFr. achever.] See Cheue.

      Accordandly, adv. accordingly,

      IV

      b 33. [From pres. p. of Acorde.]

      Acord(e), Accord, n. agreement,

      VI

      149,

      XI

      a 32; concurrence, united will,

      XVII

      30; made acorde of care and me, associated me with, caused me to know, care,

      VI

      11. [OFr. acord(e).]

      Acorde(n), v. trans. to reconcile,

      V

      337; to acorde me with, to associate myself with,

      V

      312; intr. agree,

      XI

      b 128,

      XII

      b 145,

      XIII

      b 52. [OFr. acorder.] See Corden.

      Acountes, n. pl. settlement of accounts,

      VIII

      a 83. [OFr. acont, acunt.]

      Acsede. See Axe(n).

      Actif, Actyf, adj. active,

      VIII

      a 245,

      XI

      b 74, 102. [OFr. actif.]

      Aday, adv. in dyne aday, eat at (mid-day) meal,

      VIII

      a 303. [OE. on dæge, by day.]

      Ademand, n. loadstone (magnetic iron ore),

      IX

      123, 125, &c. [OFr. adema(u)nt, L. adamantem (acc.), properly 'diamond'. The application to 'loadstone' was due to false association with L. ad-amāre. The mediaeval 'adamant' in consequence often combined the properties of diamond and loadstone.] See Dyamand.

      Admytte, v. to admit,

      XVII

      551. [L. admittere.]

      Adoun, Adown, adv. down,

      II

      223, 435,

      VIII

      a 31, &c. [OE. of-dūne, adūne.] See Doun(e).

      Adrad, pp. afraid,

      XII

      b 133; Adred,

      XVII

      201. [OE. ofdrǣ̆dd, ofdrē̆dd, pp.] See Drede(n).

      Adreynt, pp. drowned,

      II

      397. [OE. ā-drencan, pp. ā-drenct.]

      Adresced, pp.; therupon him hath adresced, has fastened himself to it,

      XII

      b 85. See Dresse. [OFr. adresser.]

      Aduersouris, n. pl. adversaries,

      X

      144. [OFr. adversier with alteration of suffix.]

      Afelde, adv. to the fields,

      VIII

      a 136, 283. [OE. on felda.] See Feld(e).

      Aferd(e), adj. afraid,

      I

      4, 67, 262,

      VIII

      a 115,

      XVII

      316, &c. [OE. ā-fǣred.] See Ferde.

      Affaite, v. train, tame,

      VIII

      a 32 (note). [OFr. afait(i)er.]

      Affeccyon, n. affection, (worldly) desire,

      IV

      b 52, 71. [L. affectiōn-em through OFr.]

      Af(f)erme, v. affirm,

      IX

      77,

      XI

      a 50; confirm,

      IX

      305. [OFr. afermer.]

      Affie, v. to have (faith in),

      XVI

      29. [OFr. afier.]

      Afforces (thame), pres. pl. (refl.) endeavour,

      IV

      b 20. [OFr. s'afforcer.]

      Affray, n. fear,

      XII

      a 142. [OFr. e(s)frai.]

      Afine, adv. to the end,

      II

      277. [OFr. a fin.]

      Afore, adv. beforehand,

      XVII

      164. [OE. æt-foran.]

      Aforth, v. to afford,

      VIII

      a 192. [OE. (late) ge-forðian, to manage.]

      Afright, pp. Not afright, undeterred,

      XVII

      541. [OE. ā-fyrht.]

      After (-ir, -yr, -ur), adv. after, behind,

      II

      378,

      VII

      24,

      XVI

      376, &c.; afterwards, then,

      VII

      46,

      VIII

      a 5, &c.; be the whiche ... after, in accordance with which (mixed Fr. and E. constr.),

      IX

      302; prep. after, next to,

      I

      215,

      XI

      b 27, &c.; according to,

      IX

      220, 291,

      XI

      b 189, &c.; for (after desire, ask, &c.),

      VII

      20,

      VIII

      a 291,

      XV

      h 5,

      XVI

      242, &c.; conj. after,

      XVII

      148. After þan, afterwards,

      II

      597. [OE. æfter; æfter þā̆m.]

      Afterward, Aftyrward(e), &c., adv. afterwards,

      II

      164,

      IV

      b 59,

      XI

      b 147, &c.; Efterward,

      III

      16, 35, 38, 48. [OE. æfterweard (Kt. efter-).]

      Agayn(e), Agane, adv. back, again,

      IV

      b 83,

      XVI

      11,

      XVII

      180, 479, &c. See Aȝayn.

      Agaynes, prep. against,

      IV

      b 18, 19. [Prec. + adv. -es.] See Aȝeines.

      Agaynste, prep. against,

      XVI

      280; to loke a., to gaze on,

      XVI

      92. [Extended from prec.]

      Agast, pp. afraid,

      XIV

      c 51,

      XVII

      184, 297; astonished,

      XVII

      449. [a- + OE. gæsted, afflicted.] See Gastli.

      Age, n. age, time of life,

      VI

      52,

      XII

      introd.; mature age,

      IX

      22; old age,

      VII

      6,

      XIV

      c 106, &c. [OFr. age.]

      Ago, pp. gone by,

      XII

      a 34. [OE. ā-gān.]

      Agrete, adv. collectively, as a body,

      VI

      200. [OE. on + grēat.]

      Agreued (for), pp. weighed down (with),

      V

      302; annoyed (by),

      I

      88. [OFr. agrever.]

      Aȝayn, adv. again, back,

      V

      53, 257, 332; Aȝe,

      XIII

      a 8; Aȝein, Aȝeyn,

      I

      230,

      VIII

      a 44,

      XII

      a 28, &c.; Aȝen,

      IX

      132; Oȝain,

      II

      141, 162. [OE. ongēn, ongegn.]

      Aȝayn, Aȝen, Aȝein, Aye, Oȝain, prep. against,

      III

      58,

      V

      48,

      IX

      19; towards (of time),

      II

      497,

      XII

      b 18. [As prec.] See Agayn.

      Aȝeines, prep. against, contrary to,

      VIII

      a 309, 311, 315; Aȝenes,

      XIII

      b 17; Aȝens,

      I

      261, 264,

      VIII

      b 78; Aȝenus,

      XI

      a 29. [Prec. + adv. -es.] See Agaynes.

      Aȝenst, prep. against,

      IX

      92, 315,

      XI

      b 43, 46, 97. [Extended from prec.] See Agaynste.

      Aȝleȝ, adj. without fear,

      V

      267. [ON. agi + OE. -lēas.] See Awe.

      A-hungrye, adj. hungry,

      XVII

      499. [a- + OE. hungrig.]

      Ai, Ay, adv. always, ever,

      IV

      a 1, 14,

      VII

      18,

      X

      61,

      XV

      a 10, 17, &c.; for ay, for ever,

      XVII

      26. [ON. ei.]

      Ay, n. fear, in for loue or ay, in any event,

      II

      571. [OE. ege.]

      Aye. See Aȝayn.

      Ayenbyte, n. remorse. See

      III

      introd. [OE. ongēn + bite.]

      Ayere, Aire, n. air,

      IV

      b 5,

      VII

      107, 110. [OFr. air.]

      Aire, n. heir,

      VIII

      b 62. [OFr. (h)eir.]

      Ays. See Ese.

      Aither, Ayþer, Athir, Eyþer, adj. and pron. both,

      VII

      65; either,

      V

      112; eyþer oþer, each other,

      XIII

      b 57; athir othir in, one in the other,

      X

      22. [OE. ǣgþer, both; ā(w)þer, either.] See Euþer.

      Ayther, Aþer, conj. or,

      VI

      131; ayther ... or, either ... or,

      XVII

      477. [As prec.] See Or²; Oþer, conj.

      Aywhere, adv. on all sides,

      V

      113. [OE. ǣghwǣr.]

      Aketh, pres. pl. ache,

      VIII

      a 253 (see Wombe). [OE. acan.]

      Akyng, n. aching,

      XI

      b 136.

      Al, adj. all,

      I

      120,

      II

      114,

      III

      6, &c.; Alle,

      I

      19, &c.; pl.

      III

      55, &c.; al(l) a(n), a whole,

      VII

      183,

      VIII

      a 253,

      XIII

      a 32, 44,

      XIV

      c 4; al(le) maner(e), all kinds of,

      II

      589,

      XI

      a 12 (cf. Alkyn); al(le) þing(e), see Þing; all way, weys, see Alway, Way; all it (þei, we), all of it (them, us),

      XV

      g 16,

      IX

      104,

      XVII

      456, &c.; here names of alle, the names of them all,

      I

      37; of al and sum, in general and particular, in full,

      VI

      224; as sb. all,

      XVI

      303, &c.; every one (with sg. verb),

      VI

      87. [OE. al(l).] See Algate, Alkyn, Alsaume, &c.

      Al, All(e), adv. entirely, quite, very,

      I

      108,

      II

      76,

      V

      304,

      VIII

      a 138, &c.; in comb. with To-,

      II

      81, 106, 262,

      IV

      a 78,

      VII

      147; with For-,

      II

      398,

      XV

      c 29. Al away, quite away,

      IV

      a 75; al one, alone,

      V

      87,

      XII

      a 131, b 15; al oon, all one (and the same thing),

      XI

      a 41; al to, up to (the number of),

      III

      56; all be (were) it þat, although,

      IX

      50, 171, 302, 312; all if, although,

      XVII

      231. [OE. al(l).]

      Al, All(e), n. all, everything,

      III

      43, 51, &c.; about al, in all directions,

      II

      387; ouer al, everywhere,

      II

      208 (OE. ofer all). [OE. al(l).]

      Aldai, Al day, adv. all day,

      V

      166,

      XII

      introd. [OE. alne dæg.]

      Alde. See Olde.

      Alepy, adj. (a) single,

      I

      159. [OE. ā̆nlēpig.]

      Algate, adv. by all means, at any rate,

      I

      107,

      II

      231. [Cf. ON. alla götu, all along, always.] See Gate, n²

      Algatis, adv. continually,

      XI

      a 38. [Prec. + adv. -es.]

      Aliens, n. pl. foreigners,

      XIII

      b 61. [OFr. alien.]

      Aliȝt, Alihte, v. to alight,

      II

      377,

      XII

      a 76. [OE. ā-lihtan.] See Liȝt, v²

      Aliri, adv. ? across one another (of legs),

      VIII

      a 116. [? Related to Lyre, n.²]

      Alis, v. See Eyleþ.

      Alyue, adj. living,

      VI

      85. [OE. on līfe.]

      Alkyn, adj. of all kinds,

      VIII

      a 70. [OE. *alra cynna.] See Kyn.

      Allas, interj. alas!

      II

      107, &c. [OFr. alas.]

      Alleg(g)e(n), v. to cite (in support of a contention),

      XI

      b 56,

      XVI

      277; to contend,

      XI

      b 79. [OFr. esligier, aligier, associated with unrelated L. allēgāre.]

      Allowe, v. approve, receive with approval,

      XVI

      330; Alod, pp.

      XVII

      56 (note). [OFr. alouer, from L. allaudāre.]

      Allþough, Althogh, conj. (even) though,

      IX

      110,

      XII

      b 196, &c. [Al, adv. + Þogh, q.v.]

      Allweldand, adj. almighty,

      XVII

      494. [Cf. OE. alwáldende.]

      Almes(se), n. sg. an act, or works, of charity, charitable gift or offering,

      VIII

      a 121, 140,

      XI

      b 2, 163, 270, &c.; Elmesses pl. (OKt. elmessan),

      III

      17. [OE. ælmesse.]

      Almyȝt, adj. almighty,

      VI

      138. [OE. æl-miht.]

      Almyty, -myghty, adj. almighty,

      VIII

      b 105,

      XV

      i 12. [OE. æl-mihtig.]

      Alofte, adv. in the air, aloft,

      V

      220,

      XII

      a 94, &c. [ON. á loft.] See Lofte.

      Alod, pp. See Allowe.

      Alone, adj. alone,

      XVII

      489; see Al, adv.

      Als, adv. also, as well,

      V

      292,

      VIII

      a 148,

      X

      8, 11,

      XVII

      126, 127. [Reduced form of Also, q.v.]

      Als, Alss, conj. as (esp. in als ... as, as ... as), like,

      IV

      a 2, 63, 84, b 86,

      VIII

      a 37, &c.; as for instance, like,

      XVI

      306, 308, 311; as, while,

      IV

      b 43,

      XV

      a 4; als ... þat, so ... that,

      IX

      151; als b(i)liue, as quickly (as possible), straightway,

      II

      531, 584. [As prec.] See As.

      Alsaume, adv. (all) together, 198. [Cf. ON. allir saman.] See Sam(e), adv.

      Also, Alsua (

      X

      ), adv. also, as well,

      I

      35,

      II

      144,

      X

      33, &c.; conj. like,

      II

      508; also bliue, also spac, also swiþe, as quickly (as possible), straightway,

      II

      142, 343, 574. [OE. al-swā.] See Als, As.

      Al(l)way, -wey, adv. always, (for) ever, continually,

      XIII

      a 3, b 63,

      XVI

      150, 168, &c.; in any case, certainly,

      XVI

      164. [OE. alne weg.] See Algate(s).

      Am, 1 sg. pres. ind. am,

      V

      90, &c.; coalescing with prec. pron. in Icham, Ycham (q.v.). [OE. am.] See Ar, Art, Is, &c.

      Amaistrien, v. to master, control,

      VIII

      a 205. [OFr. amaistrier.]

      Amang, adv. in the meanwhile,

      XVII

      247; Emang, at times, from time to time,

      XVI

      262, 301. [OE. on-(ge)máng.] See Amonge.

      Ame, v. to guess; as y kan ame, I guess,

      I

      45. [OFr. aesmer, amer.]

      Amend(e), v. to make better, reform, set right,

      VIII

      a 268,

      IX

      338,

      XI

      a 48,

      XVII

      256. [OFr. amender.] See Mend(e).

      Amendement, n. improvement, cure,

      I

      238,

      II

      200,

      VIII

      a 132. [OFr. amendement.]

      Amercy, v. to fine,

      VIII

      a 40. [OFr. amercier.]

      Amidde, prep. in the middle of,

      II

      355. [OE. on-middan.]

      Amiddes, adv. in the midst,

      XII

      a 170; prep. (from) among,

      II

      191. [Prec. + adv. -es.]

      Amys, adv. amiss,

      VIII

      a 322. [ON. á miss.] See Mysse.

      Amoner, n. almoner, alms-giver,

      III

      16. [OFr. au-moner.]

      Among(e), prep. among,

      II

      220,

      VIII

      a 89, &c.; Emang, Emong,

      XVII

      112; (follows noun)

      XVII

      400. [OE. on-(ge)máng.] See Amang, Mong.

      Amonges, prep. amongst,

      II

      306,

      VII

      37, &c. [Prec. + adv. -es.]

      Amorwe, adv. on the next day,

      II

      181, 497. [OE. on morgene.]

      An, And, Ant, conj. and,

      I

      254,

      VIII

      a 205,

      XI

      a 1,

      XV

      b 11, d 2, e 6, g 25, 26, i 5, &c.; an te, and the,

      XV

      e 19; if,

      II

      43,

      VI

      200, 238,

      VIII

      a 250,

      XIII

      a 44, b 39,

      XIV

      c 14, 103,

      XVI

      208 (even if),

      XVII

      297, 502. On postponement of and in Gower see note to

      XII

      a 26. [OE. and.]

      Ancres, n. pl. anchorites, religious recluses,

      VIII

      a 139. [OE. ā̆ncra.]

      Andzuerede. See Ansuere.

      Ane, indef. art. a,

      X

      5, 16, 31, &c.; representing older inflected forms,

      III

      11 (first), 13, 49; adj. one, a single,

      IV

      a 58,

      X

      157; (predicatively) one, united,

      IV

      a 56; pron. one,

      IV

      b 1, 43; a certain person,

      IV

      a 69,

      X

      169. See A(n), On(e).

      Ane, prep. on; ane his lhordes haf, on his master's behalf,

      III

      11. [From OE. on, an, on anal. of in, inne.]

      Anely, adv. only,

      IV

      b 81. [OE. ānlic, adj.] See Onely.

      Anewe, adv. once more,

      XV

      a 22. [a- + OE. nēowe.]

      Angelis. See Aungel.

      Anger, n. grief,

      V

      276. [ON. angr, grief.]

      Angré, adj. angry,

      XVII

      187. [From prec.]

      Angwys, n. grief,

      IV

      b 28, [OFr. anguisse.]

      Ani, Any, adj. any,

      I

      2, 18,

      II

      528, &c. [OE. ǣnig.] See Eny, Ony.

      Animal, n. animal,

      II

      364. [OFr. animal.]

      Anodir. See Anoþire.

      Anoynt, v. to smear,

      XVII

      127. [Formed on OFr. enoint pp. of enoindre.]

      Anon(e), adv. at once, straightway, next,

      II

      385, 499,

      VI

      224,

      XVII

      490, 526, &c.; Onone,

      VII

      149,

      XVII

      275. [OE. on ān.]

      Anothire, Anoþer, adj. and pron. another,

      IV

      b 3, 34,

      IX

      37, &c.; Anoþur,

      XIV

      c 27; Anouþer,

      I

      140; Anodir,

      XVI

      87. [OE. ān + ōþer.]

      Anouȝ. See Ynoȝ.

      *Anowrned, pp. adorned,

      II

      363 (MS. anowed). [OFr. aourner; ? a- to an- on anal. of E. alternation a-, an-.]

      Ansuer(e), Answere, v. to answer,

      III

      5, 25,

      IX

      178,

      XII

      b 76; Andzuerede, pa. t.

      III

      33. [OE. an(d)swerian.]

      Answar, n. answer,

      VI

      158. [OE. an(d)swaru.]

      Ant. See An, conj.

      Antifeners, n. pl. antiphonaries,

      XI

      b 229 (note). [OFr. antiphonier.]

      Apayed, pp. pleased, satisfied,

      VIII

      a 102, 189. [OFr. apaier.] See Paie.

      Apassed, pp. as prep. past,

      VI

      180. [OFr. apasser.]

      Ap(p)ere, Appiere, v. to appear,

      VI

      45,

      XII

      a 132,

      XVI

      368,

      XVII

      173. [OFr. aper-; apareir.]

      Ap(p)eyre, v. to do harm to, injure, impair,

      VIII

      a 126, 164, 212,

      XIII

      b 14; Apeyryng, n. impairing,

      XIII

      b 15. [OFr. empeirer.] See Empeyre.

      Apert, adj. plain,

      V

      324; adv. openly, plainly,

      I

      200,

      VI

      229; for all to see,

      II

      586. [OFr. apert.]

      Apon. See Vpon.

      Aposede, pa. t. put a (hard) question to,

      VIII

      b 10. [OFr. oposer, aposer.]

      Apostel, n. apostle,

      XI

      a 12, b 15, 99, 273, &c. [OE. apostol.] See Posteles.

      Apparaille, v. to dress,

      VIII

      a 59. [OFr. aparailler.]

      Apparale, n. preparations, apparatus, gear,

      X

      3, 14, 44, 119. [OFr. aparail.]

      Apparence, n. appearance,

      XII

      a 127. [OFr. ap(p)arence.]

      Appetit (to), n. desire, appetite (for),

      VIII

      a 261,

      IX

      15,

      XII

      a 87. [OFr. apetit.]

      Appiereth. See Ap(p)ere.

      Approprid, pp. assigned as personal property,

      XI

      b 97. [OFr. aproprier.]

      Aquit, pp. requited,

      XII

      b 138, 197. [OFr. aquiter.]

      Ar, conj. before (usually with subj.),

      VIII

      a 93, 196, 258, 261, 269,

      XV

      g 33, &c. [OE. ǣr, and with weak stress æ̆r(?).] See Are; Er(e), adv.; Or.

      Ar(e), pres. ind. pl. are,

      IV

      b 18,

      V

      9, 27, &c.; Aren,

      VIII

      a 268, 270, &c.; Arn(e),

      II

      13,

      VI

      24, 42, &c. [OE. (Nth.) aron.] See Art, Er(e), Ben, &c.

      Aray, n. array,

      X

      68; rank, estate,

      VI

      131; of aray, stately,

      XVII

      539 (or grete of aray, great in magnificence). [OFr. arei.]

      Arayed, pp. arranged,

      XIII

      a 1. [OFr. areyer.]

      Aratede, pa. t. rebuked,

      VIII

      b 11. [Unknown.]

      Archidekenes, n. pl. archdeacons,

      VIII

      b 75. [OE. ærce-diacon, OFr. archedekne.] See Dyacne.

      Are, adv. before,

      I

      93,

      XVI

      38, 98, 345. [ON. ár (? late Nth. ar); but see Ar, conj.]

      Arered, pp. raised, set up,

      XIII

      a 11, 13, &c. [OE. ā-rǣran.]

      Arȝe (wyth), v. to be terrified, quail (at),

      V

      203, 209, 233. [OE. eargian.]

      Aryȝt, adv. rightly, right well,

      XIII

      b 46; Ariht,

      XII

      a 67,

      XIV

      c 61. [OE. on-riht, ariht.]

      Arise, Aryse, v. to arise, rise, get up, come to pass,

      II

      311,

      VIII

      a 112, 261, 319, b 15; Aros, pa. t. sg.

      II

      318,

      XV

      g 1 (note). [OE. ā-rīsan.]

      Arm(e), n. arm,

      I

      112,

      VII

      162, &c.; embrace,

      XII

      a 161. [OE. earm.]

      Armes, n. pl. arms, weapons, (knightly) warfare,

      II

      182,

      IX

      109, &c. [OFr. armes.]

      Armyt, Armed, pp. armed,

      II

      395,

      X

      7, 37, &c.; Y-armed,

      II

      136, 184, 292. [OFr. armer.]

      Arn(e). See Ar(e), v.

      Arryuen, Aryue, v. to come to land,

      IX

      184; to come (to a destination),

      VI

      87. [OFr. arriver.]

      Art, 2 sg. pres. ind. art,

      I

      202, 204,

      II

      422, &c.; Artow, art thou,

      II

      421 (see Þou); Ert,

      VIII

      b 34. [OE. eart.]

      Artetykes, adj. pl. arthritic, accompanied with inflammation of the joints,

      IX

      314. See Gowtes. [OFr. artetique, corruptly from L. arthrīticus.]

      Arwes, n. pl. arrows,

      IX

      258. [OE. earh.]

      As(e), conj. as,

      I

      24,

      II

      290,

      III

      48, &c.; as ... as (foll. by accus.),

      XVII

      19; as that, as,

      XVII

      182; as hys desserte, according to his deserts,

      VI

      235; even as, seeing that,

      XVII

      427, 552; as euer, as sure as ever,

      XVII

      237, 395; so (in oaths, &c.),

      V

      55, &c.; as if (usually with subj.)

      I

      31, 121, 195,

      II

      108, 402,

      V

      106, 133, 134, 189, 194, 221, 326,

      VII

      45; as relative particle,

      I

      introd.,

      XVII

      325; as swyþe, tyte, straightway,

      I

      111,

      XVII

      219. [Further reduced from Als, q.v.]

      Asalis. See Assaylle.

      Askes, n. pl. ashes,

      XIII

      a 4. [OE. axe.]

      Aske(n), Aski (

      II

      ), v. to ask for, demand,

      I

      131,

      II

      450, 467,

      VI

      220, &c.; require,

      VIII

      b 71; inquire,

      I

      132,

      IX

      176. [OE. ā̆xian.] See Axe(n).

      Aspien, Asspye, v. to detect, observe,

      VIII

      a 123, 217,

      XI

      a 60; Aspide, pa. t.

      III

      42. [OFr. espier.] See Spie.

      Assai, Assay, n. test, trial; at assai, when put to the test,

      XIV

      c 5; set in, till, hard(e) assay, place in sore straits,

      X

      62, 170, 188. [OFr. essai, assai.]

      Assaie, Assay(e), Asay, v. to test, prove, make trial,

      II

      452, 568,

      V

      294,

      IX

      61, 102, 121,

      XIV

      c 66,

      XVII

      219, 249, 433; to endeavour,

      VIII

      a 24,

      XII

      b 81. [OFr. essayer.] See Saye.

      Assaylle, As(s)ale, Assa(i)lȝe (

      X

      ), v. to assail, attack,

      IX

      88,

      X

      4, 12, 43, 114, 132, 144,

      XVII

      295, &c.; Assaling, n. assault,

      X

      41, 60. [OFr. as(s)aillir.]

      Asse, n. ass,

      XV

      f

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