Buildings

15 pages, 3635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Damage Characteristics of Blasting Surrounding Rock in Mountain Tunnel in Fault Fracture Zones Based on the Johnson–Holmquist-2 Model

by Lizhi Cheng, Zhiquan Yang, Ping Zhao and Fengting Li

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3682; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113682 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

Abstract

Blasting is a widely employed technique for tunnel construction in mountainous regions; however, it often causes damage to the surrounding rock mass, particularly in fault fracture zones, which can lead to hazards such as rockfalls and collapses. This study examines the characteristics of [...] Read more.

Blasting is a widely employed technique for tunnel construction in mountainous regions; however, it often causes damage to the surrounding rock mass, particularly in fault fracture zones, which can lead to hazards such as rockfalls and collapses. This study examines the characteristics of damage to surrounding rock due to tunnel blasting through fault fracture zones. Based on an actual tunnel blasting construction project, we conducted a finite element analysis using the JH-2 material model, taking into account the width of the fault fracture zone. Results indicate that as the width of the fault fracture zone increases, the disturbance effect of tunnel blasting on the surrounding rock becomes more pronounced. Compared to the arch bottom and arch waist of the tunnel, the tunnel vault primarily absorbs the slip deformation and compressive forces resulting from blasting disturbances in the fault fracture zone. The findings of this paper contribute a valuable methodology for analyzing the mechanical mechanisms in mountain tunnel blasting and provide essential theoretical parameters to inform the design and construction of tunnel blasting projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Safety and Stability of Buildings: Novel Methods, Materials and Measurements)

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22 pages, 7749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficiency-Oriented Spatial Configuration of VRV Outdoor Units in an Equipment Layer Under Background Wind Conditions

by Lin Liu, Haoran Huang and Xiaoyu Tian

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3681; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113681 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study provides a spatial configuration method to improve the cooling efficiency of multiple VRV outdoor units placed on equipment layers with high floors. Relevant factors include wind parameters, the placement of multiple outdoor units, and louver. A total of 96 cases were [...] Read more.

This study provides a spatial configuration method to improve the cooling efficiency of multiple VRV outdoor units placed on equipment layers with high floors. Relevant factors include wind parameters, the placement of multiple outdoor units, and louver. A total of 96 cases were designed. CFD simulations were used to obtain the inlet air temperature distributions of multiple outdoor units and then calculate their cooling efficiency. The results found that these factors have effects on the average cooling efficiency of outdoor units in a single row to a certain extent. The influencing degrees of these factors, from large to small, were the louver angle, wind parameters, and the placement of multiple outdoor units. When the cooling efficiency of outdoor units was maximum and the louver angle was 15°, the louvers could be oriented perpendicular to the dominant wind direction (90°) when wind speed was ≥6 m/s, and the unit spacing was 600 mm. Based on this, when the number of outdoor units was expanded in the limited space, staggered arrangements with different directions of heat exchange surfaces were a recommended optimization layout. This study provides technical support for improving the working efficiency of VRV outdoor units in an equipment layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Climatic Suitability Design and Risk Management)

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18 pages, 7142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Shear Strengthening of Simply Supported Deep Beams Incorporating Stainless Steel Plates

by Ahmed Hamoda, Saad A. Yehia, Mizan Ahmed, Khaled Sennah, Aref A. Abadel and Ramy I. Shahin

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3680; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113680 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

Abstract

In this study, the effectiveness was investigated of shear strengthening techniques in reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams incorporating stainless steel plates (SSPs). Four RC deep beams were tested under incremental static loading until failure to examine the proposed strengthening techniques. The key parameters [...] Read more.

In this study, the effectiveness was investigated of shear strengthening techniques in reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams incorporating stainless steel plates (SSPs). Four RC deep beams were tested under incremental static loading until failure to examine the proposed strengthening techniques. The key parameters considered in this study included the arrangement of the externally bonded SSPs. The experimental findings demonstrated that strengthening using SSPs led to substantial improvements in their performance compared to the unstrengthened control beam. The use of SSPs increased the ultimate shear capacity by 129 to 175% over the control specimen. Finite element models (FEMs) were developed to simulate the responses of the tested beams strengthened using SSPs. Parametric studies were then conducted using the validated FEM to investigate to identify the effects of the area of SSPs on the shear capacity of the beams. The parametric studies concluded that increasing the plate thickness resulted in the enhanced shear capacity of the deep beam specimens up to a critical point upon which the increases in the thickness have insignificant effects on the shear strength. The accuracy of the design equations given by European and American codes in predicting the shear strength of the deep beams is examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Sustainable Materials for Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Building Structures)

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18 pages, 6721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workability and Mechanical Properties of PVA Fiber-Limestone Fine Cementitious Composite

by Weiliang Xie, Jiajian Chen, Tianxiang Chen and Garfield Xianzhang Guan

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3679; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113679 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

Abstract

Cement-based materials are the most widely used building materials and have two main problems: low flexural/tensile strength and low sustainability. To solve these two problems at the same time, the strategy of the utilization of fillers as cement paste replacement and utilization of [...] Read more.

Cement-based materials are the most widely used building materials and have two main problems: low flexural/tensile strength and low sustainability. To solve these two problems at the same time, the strategy of the utilization of fillers as cement paste replacement and utilization of fiber was proposed. Mixes with varying PVA fiber and LF were produced for workability and mechanical properties measurement and analysis. The results showed that the addition of PVA fibers reduced the flowability and bonding, while the addition of LF similarly reduced the flowability but enhanced its bonding. Both effects on strength showed an increase and then a decrease. An analysis of microstructure and chemical composition demonstrated that the addition of PVA fiber and/or LF first decreased the porosity, and a further addition increased the porosity. The mixes with 0.2% fiber content showed fracture failure mode, while the mixes with 0.4–0.6% fiber content showed the pulling out of failure mode. A mix with 0.2% fiber content and 10% LF content exhibited concurrently good workability and mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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18 pages, 5884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bending Test of Rectangular High-Strength Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Beams with Stiffeners

by Shiming Liu, Zhaoyang Ji, Shangyu Li, Xiaoke Li, Yongjian Liu and Shunbo Zhao

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3678; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113678 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

Abstract

To better understand the bending performance of rectangular high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete (HSFRC)-filled steel tubular (HSFRCFST) beams with internal stiffeners, ten beams were subjected to a four-point bending test. The primary considerations were the strength grade of the HSFRC, the steel fiber content, [...] Read more.

To better understand the bending performance of rectangular high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete (HSFRC)-filled steel tubular (HSFRCFST) beams with internal stiffeners, ten beams were subjected to a four-point bending test. The primary considerations were the strength grade of the HSFRC, the steel fiber content, the internal stiffener type, and the circular hole spacing of the perfobond stiffener. The moment–curvature and flexural load–deflection curves were calculated. The mode of failure and the distribution of cracks of the infill HSFRC were observed. The presence of steel fibers greatly improved the bending stiffness and moment capacity of HSFRCFST beams, with the optimal effect happening at a steel fiber content of 1.2% by volume, according to the experimental findings. The type of stiffener influenced the failure modes of the exterior rectangular steel tube, which were unaffected by the compressive strength of the infill HSFRC. On the tension surface of HSFRCFST beams, the crack spacing of the infill HSFRC was virtually identical to the circular hole spacing of perfobond stiffeners. When the circular hole spacing was between two and three times the diameter, the perfobond stiffener worked best with the infill HSFRC. The test beams’ ductility index was greater than 1.16, indicating good ductility. The test beams’ rotational capacities ranged from 6.26 to 13.20, which were greater than 3.0 and met the requirements of the specification. The experimental results demonstrate that a reasonable design of the steel fiber content and the spacing between circular holes of perfobond stiffeners can significantly improve the bending resistance of rectangular HSFRCFST beams. This provides relevant parameter design suggestions for improving the ductility and bearing capacity of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams in practical construction. Finally, a design formula for the moment capacity of rectangular HSFRCFST beams with stiffeners is presented, which corresponds well with the experimental findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Steel and Concrete Structures)

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9 pages, 8456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Stability Evolution Mechanism of a Red Mud Dam During Construction and Safety Under Earthquake During Operation

by Sitong Long, Shaokun Ma and Pengtao An

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3677; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113677 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

Abstract

Instability in red mud dam bodies is not uncommon. In order to study the stability evolution mechanism during the process of red mud landfill and the deformation characteristics under earthquake action when the landfill site is closed, the deformation law and potential sliding [...] Read more.

Instability in red mud dam bodies is not uncommon. In order to study the stability evolution mechanism during the process of red mud landfill and the deformation characteristics under earthquake action when the landfill site is closed, the deformation law and potential sliding surface motion characteristics of the landfill site were explored based on the finite difference method, revealing the influence of peak ground acceleration (PGA) on red mud deformation. The results showed that: (1) As the height of the red mud landfill increases, the shear force of the red mud landfill gradually increases. Meanwhile, the maximum shear force always occurs near the initial dam, indicating that under the action of gravity, the possibility of shear slip occurring near the initial dam is the highest. (2) The distribution pattern of the plastic zone in the red mud pile during the filling process is relatively complex, and continuous monitoring of the filling process should be carried out to ensure the safety of the filling project. (3) With the increase in earthquake acceleration, the shear force of red mud piles gradually increases. Meanwhile, as the acceleration increases, the maximum shear stress always occurs at the bottom of the initial dam body. Under the action of power, special attention should be paid to the stability of the pile near the initial dam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modeling in Mechanical Behavior and Structural Analysis)

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19 pages, 6264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Vibration Comfort of a High-Rise Industrial Building

by Xinxin Zhang, Ruoyang Zhou, Xiaoxiong Zha and Yong Liao

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3676; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113676 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study assesses the vibration comfort of a steel–concrete composite floor system in a high-rise industrial building under construction in Shenzhen. The assessment focuses on human-induced vibrations. Acceleration time histories were recorded, and spectral analysis was conducted to identify the fundamental frequencies and [...] Read more.

This study assesses the vibration comfort of a steel–concrete composite floor system in a high-rise industrial building under construction in Shenzhen. The assessment focuses on human-induced vibrations. Acceleration time histories were recorded, and spectral analysis was conducted to identify the fundamental frequencies and damping ratios. A finite element model of the industrial building was developed to simulate the vibrational response under identical conditions. Additionally, vibration response calculations were carried out using standard methodologies. The performance of a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) system was analyzed by comparing experimental, theoretical, and simulated results with standard thresholds. Prior to TMD installation, certain locations did not meet vibration comfort standards, but, following installation, all points were within acceptable limits. These findings demonstrate the TMD’s effectiveness in enhancing vibration comfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Performance of Traditional, New and Potential Building Materials: 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 5545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Long Short-Term Memory Seq2Seq Model with Chaos-Based Optimization and Attention Mechanism for Enhanced Dam Deformation Prediction

by Lei Wang, Jiajun Wang, Dawei Tong and Xiaoling Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3675; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113675 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

Abstract

The accurate prediction of dam deformation is essential for ensuring safe and efficient dam operation and risk management. However, the nonlinear relationships between deformation and time-varying environmental factors pose significant challenges, often limiting the accuracy of conventional and deep learning models. To address [...] Read more.

The accurate prediction of dam deformation is essential for ensuring safe and efficient dam operation and risk management. However, the nonlinear relationships between deformation and time-varying environmental factors pose significant challenges, often limiting the accuracy of conventional and deep learning models. To address these issues, this study aimed to improve the predictive accuracy and interpretability in dam deformation modeling by proposing a novel LSTM seq2seq model that integrates a chaos-based arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) and an attention mechanism. The AOA optimizes the model’s learnable parameters by utilizing the distribution patterns of four mathematical operators, further enhanced by logistic and cubic mappings, to avoid local optima. The attention mechanism, placed between the encoder and decoder networks, dynamically quantifies the impact of influencing factors on deformation, enabling the model to focus on the most relevant information. This approach was applied to an earth-rock dam, achieving superior predictive performance with RMSE, MAE, and MAPE values of 0.695 mm, 0.301 mm, and 0.156%, respectively, outperforming conventional machine learning and deep learning models. The attention weights provide insights into the contributions of each factor, enhancing interpretability. This model holds potential for real-time deformation monitoring and predictive maintenance, contributing to the safety and resilience of dam infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Structural Health Monitoring)

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17 pages, 1909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Sports Venue Colors and Consumers’ Satisfaction Based on Multilevel Data: The Mediating Effect of Athletes’ Perceived Emotional Value

by Yuyang Hou, Boze Gou, Jiaping Liao, Yujie Zhang, Qian Huang and Bei Sun

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3674; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113674 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

Currently, sports venues are endowed with the important functions of providing sports venues and facilities to the urban public, watching sports events, publicizing the mass sports culture, etc. An in-depth study of how to enhance the attractiveness of sports venue buildings and the [...] Read more.

Currently, sports venues are endowed with the important functions of providing sports venues and facilities to the urban public, watching sports events, publicizing the mass sports culture, etc. An in-depth study of how to enhance the attractiveness of sports venue buildings and the competitiveness of the industry to stimulate the public’s potential for sports consumption is necessary. Based on the perspective of color psychology, this study constructs a three-level structural equation model based on the nested data obtained from the questionnaire survey to explore the relationship between managers’ innovative sports venue colors, athletes’ perceived emotional value, and consumers’ sports venue satisfaction. The results show that innovative sports venue colors have a significant positive effect on consumers’ satisfaction with sports venues, and the perceived emotional value has a positive mediating role in the effect of innovative sports venue colors on consumers’ satisfaction with sports venues. This study aims to provide a basis for sports venue managers or event organizers to improve athlete satisfaction, optimize consumer experience, stimulate residents’ motivation to attend games, and strengthen the profitability of the venues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Indoor Environment Quality on Human Comfort)

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19 pages, 2483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Assessment of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement: A Monte Carlo Simulation in an Industrial Symbiosis Framework

by Meltem Tanguler-Bayramtan, Can B. Aktas and Ismail Ozgur Yaman

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3673; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113673 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement is recognized as an environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement (PC) due to its lower carbon footprint and energy requirements. However, traditional CSA cement production faces significant obstacles, including the high cost and regionally constrained availability of bauxite, a [...] Read more.

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement is recognized as an environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement (PC) due to its lower carbon footprint and energy requirements. However, traditional CSA cement production faces significant obstacles, including the high cost and regionally constrained availability of bauxite, a key raw material. Utilizing alternative materials in the production process offers a viable approach to address these limitations. This study evaluated the environmental performance of three laboratory-synthesized CSA cements using alternative raw materials sourced through an industrial symbiosis framework. A comparative assessment with PC was conducted, focusing on energy consumption and CO₂ emissions as key environmental performance indicators. The environmental impact of the CSA cements was analyzed using Monte Carlo simulations, a robust statistical approach based on data for the constituent raw materials. This method provides a practical alternative to a full life cycle assessment (LCA) when comprehensive data are not available. The results demonstrate that the CSA cements have significantly lower environmental impacts compared to PC, achieving energy savings of 13–16% and CO₂ emission reductions of 35–48%. These results emphasize the potential of industrial symbiosis to enable more sustainable CSA cement production while addressing raw material constraints. In addition, this approach highlights the wider applicability of industrial symbiosis frameworks in the construction industry, contributing to a zero-waste future and supporting global climate goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transformation in the Building Design and Construction Industry: Smart Technologies, Sustainable Practices, and Artificial Intelligence Applications)

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13 pages, 5326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Methods for Topological Optimization of Wooden Structural Elements

by Daniela Țăpuși, Andrei-Dan Sabău, Adrian-Alexandru Savu, Ruxandra-Irina Erbașu and Ioana Teodorescu

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3672; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113672 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

Timber represents a building material that aligns with the environmental demands on the impact of the construction sector on climate change. The most common engineering solution for modern timber buildings with large spans is glued laminate timber (glulam). This project proposes a tool [...] Read more.

Timber represents a building material that aligns with the environmental demands on the impact of the construction sector on climate change. The most common engineering solution for modern timber buildings with large spans is glued laminate timber (glulam). This project proposes a tool for a topological optimized geometry generator of structural elements made of glulam that can be used for building a database of topologically optimized glulam beams. In turn, this can be further used to train machine learning models that can embed the topologically optimized geometry and structural behavior information. Topological optimization tasks usually require a large number of iterations in order to reach the design goals. Therefore, embedding this information into machine learning models for structural elements belonging to the same topological groups will result in a faster design process since certain aspects regarding structural behavior such as strength and stiffness can be quickly estimated using Artificial Intelligence techniques. Topologically optimized geometry propositions could be obtained by employing generative machine learning model techniques which can propose geometries that are closer to the topologically optimized results using FEM and as such present a starting point for the design analysis in a reduced amount of time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural and Mechanical Performances of Structures and Materials)

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23 pages, 70804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Architectural Design Studio Works Exploring Archetype Based on Ecological Sensibilities from Experiencing Najdi Architecture of At-Turaif Town and Modern Riyadh

by Suk Hee Yun and Tae Yeual Yi

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3671; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113671 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

The numbness to human loss becomes ordinary. Indifference to human affairs seems normal after experiencing the global lockdown. Bringing up empathy becomes the most challenging task in architectural design studios after the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining otherness solidified after a global pandemic would be [...] Read more.

The numbness to human loss becomes ordinary. Indifference to human affairs seems normal after experiencing the global lockdown. Bringing up empathy becomes the most challenging task in architectural design studios after the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining otherness solidified after a global pandemic would be a way to revive empathy and to engage more in architectural design studios. The physiological disparity between the modern and the vernacular environments narrows down with the revival of Najdi architecture, the Salmani architecture style, and the Diriyah Gate Project in Riyadh, KSA. The disparity is caused by intangible factors such as speed, density, and tension but the revival focuses heavily on the tangible, formal expression. The architectural elements in the vernacular Najdi architecture have different meanings and roles beyond being a decorative motif. The feeble values of the vernacular undermined by touristic images are challenged by a series of radical design projects not to be generalized again by picturesque replicas of the past. Seeing the lost, the ecological sensibility of a community or collective that embraced the harshest land with full respect, might not be visual but is instead radically experiential, like a serendipitous breeze in Riyadh. This paper introduces a series of studio works that challenge how to bring back the living structure, in the harshest environment, to daily life through experimental and speculative design processes. It proposes how a community is called on to guard the environmental landscape, again defying the visual interpretation of Najdi architecture in a political landscape dominated by high fence walls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Creativity in Architecture)

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17 pages, 4110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Design of Cotton-Straw-Fiber-Modified Asphalt Mixture Performance Based on Response Surface Methodology

by Guihua Hu, Xiaowei Chen, Zhonglu Cao and Lvzhen Yang

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3670; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113670 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

This research explored the application of cotton straw fiber in asphalt mixtures, aiming to optimize the asphalt mixtures’ performance. Firstly, 17 experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Subsequently, the Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was used to examine how the asphalt content, fiber [...] Read more.

This research explored the application of cotton straw fiber in asphalt mixtures, aiming to optimize the asphalt mixtures’ performance. Firstly, 17 experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Subsequently, the Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was used to examine how the asphalt content, fiber length, and cotton straw fiber content interacted to affect the modified asphalt mixes’ pavement performance. Based on the experimental findings, performance prediction models were created to direct optimization. The optimized design was then validated through pavement performance tests and bending fatigue tests. The findings revealed that cotton straw fiber content, length, and asphalt content significantly influence the performance of modified asphalt mixtures. The inclusion of cotton straw fibers enhanced various properties of the mixtures. When the fiber content was set at 0.3%, fiber length at 6 mm, and asphalt content at 5.3%, the response indicators, including Marshall stability, dynamic stability, flexural strength, and freeze–thaw strength ratio, were measured at 12.246 kN, 2452.396 times/mm, 12.30 MPa, and 92.76%, respectively. These results indicate that the cotton-straw-fiber-modified asphalt mixture achieved optimal performance while meeting regulatory requirements. Additionally, fatigue tests showed that the cotton-straw-fiber-modified asphalt mixture exhibited superior fatigue resistance compared with the SBS-modified asphalt mixture. The maximum error between the RSM predictions and the experimental measurements was within 10%, demonstrating the accuracy of the predictive models in estimating the impact of different factors on asphalt mixture performance. The application of RSM in designing and optimizing cotton-straw-fiber-modified asphalt mixtures proved to be highly effective, offering valuable insights for utilizing cotton straw fibers in road construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Techniques in Smart Road Construction and Maintenance: Multi-Scale Characterization and Real-Time Performance Evaluation)

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19 pages, 9988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Approach to Determine the Resistance of Threaded Anchors in Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite

by Antonina Hochuli and Eugen Brühwiler

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3669; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113669 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

Due to their relatively high tensile strength and dense matrix, UHPFRCs have proven to be a highly effective building material for both strengthening existing reinforced concrete structures and constructing new ones. In both cases, the use of fasteners is prevailing, with threaded anchors [...] Read more.

Due to their relatively high tensile strength and dense matrix, UHPFRCs have proven to be a highly effective building material for both strengthening existing reinforced concrete structures and constructing new ones. In both cases, the use of fasteners is prevailing, with threaded anchors being frequently employed. The thicknesses of structural components made of UHPFRCs are relatively thin, i.e., at least 30 mm, typically 50 to 100 mm, and exceptionally 100 to 200 mm. Therefore, the aim is to use fasteners with short anchorage lengths. In this study, the structural behavior of a short threaded anchor with a 20 mm diameter and an embedment length of 50 mm (2.5 Ø) in a UHPFRC is investigated using non-linear finite element models. The UHPFRC is assumed to exhibit tensile strain-hardening behavior, with tensile strengths of 7 MPa and 11 MPa, respectively. The modeled anchor was subjected to a continuously increasing uniaxial pull-out force. The results indicate that the fracture mechanism of threaded anchors in UHPFRCs is primarily characterized by the formation of a tensile membrane within the UHPFRC, which acts as the main resisting element against the pull-out force. Additionally, the influence of the UHPFRC’s tensile properties on the pull-out behavior and ultimate resistance of the threaded anchors was determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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25 pages, 3993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Forecast Model for Project Cost in Guangdong Province Based on GA-BP Neural Network

by Changqing Li, Yang Xiao, Xiaofu Xu, Zhuoyu Chen, Haofeng Zheng and Huiling Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3668; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113668 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

Project cost forecasting is a complex and critical process, and it is of paramount importance for the successful implementation of engineering projects. Accurately forecasting project costs can help project managers and relevant decision-makers make informed decisions, thereby avoiding unnecessary cost overruns and time [...] Read more.

Project cost forecasting is a complex and critical process, and it is of paramount importance for the successful implementation of engineering projects. Accurately forecasting project costs can help project managers and relevant decision-makers make informed decisions, thereby avoiding unnecessary cost overruns and time delays. Furthermore, accurately forecasting project costs can make important contributions to better controlling engineering costs, optimizing resource allocation, and reducing project risks. To establish a high-precision cost forecasting model for construction projects in Guangdong Province, based on case data of construction projects in Guangdong Province, this paper first uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to obtain the characteristic parameters that affect project costs. Then, a neural network training and testing dataset is constructed, and a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the initial weights and biases of the neural network. The GA-BP neural network is used to establish a cost forecasting model for construction projects in Guangdong Province. Finally, by using parameter sensitivity analysis theory, the importance of the characteristic values that affect the project cost is ranked, and the optimal direction for controlling the project cost is obtained. The results showed: (1) The determination coefficient between the forecasting and actual values of the project cost forecasting model based on the BP neural network testing set is 0.87. After GA optimization, the determination coefficient between the forecasting and actual values of the GA-BP neural network testing set is 0.94. The accuracy of the intelligent forecast model for construction project cost in Guangdong Province has been significantly improved after optimization through GA. (2) Based on sensitivity analysis of neural network parameters, the most significant factor affecting the cost of construction projects in Guangdong Province is the number of above-ground floors, followed by the main structure type, foundation structure, above-ground building area, total building area, underground building area, fortification intensity, and building height. The results of parameter sensitivity analysis indicate the direction for cost control in construction projects. The research results of this paper provide theoretical guidance for cost control in construction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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17 pages, 2195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Assessing the Seismic Resilience of Building Sites Based on the TOPSIS Model and the Entropy Method

by Yuting Wang, Da Peng, Tao Bo, Xinlong Zhao and Jingshan Bo

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3667; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113667 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

The seismic design philosophy based on resilience represents the latest development in structural seismic design theory and is currently the most advanced concept in the field of seismic design research. A building site serves as the foundation and environment for structures, and evaluating [...] Read more.

The seismic design philosophy based on resilience represents the latest development in structural seismic design theory and is currently the most advanced concept in the field of seismic design research. A building site serves as the foundation and environment for structures, and evaluating its seismic resilience is a crucial aspect of designing and assessing buildings’ seismic resilience. To meet the needs of evaluating building seismic resilience, the concept of seismic resilience for building sites is introduced in this paper. This evaluation is approached from three dimensions: seismic action, site seismic capacity, and site recovery capability. An indicator system for evaluating the seismic resilience of building sites is constructed using 23 key indicators that reflect the site’s seismic resilience. A seismic resilience evaluation model for building sites is established based on the TOPSIS model and the entropy method. The feasibility and rationality of the proposed evaluation method are demonstrated through application examples. The research findings in this paper provide a valuable reference for advancing the evaluation of both building seismic resilience and site seismic resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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18 pages, 6578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance Evaluation of a Frame System Strengthened with External Self-Centering Components

by Yulin Fan, Jiaye Song, Xuelu Zhou and Hang Liu

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3666; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113666 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the context of China’s promotion of green buildings and resilient urban development, new reinforcement technologies offer significant development prospects, while traditional methods have limited effectiveness in enhancing structural resilience. To address this latter issue, this study proposes a novel reinforcement method that [...] Read more.

In the context of China’s promotion of green buildings and resilient urban development, new reinforcement technologies offer significant development prospects, while traditional methods have limited effectiveness in enhancing structural resilience. To address this latter issue, this study proposes a novel reinforcement method that involves enlarging the structural cross-section and adding external self-resetting components to improve seismic performance. While this method has been validated through quasi-static tests, limitations in terms of sample size and experimental conditions necessitate further research into the seismic performance and dynamic behavior of the reinforced framework. Consequently, this study uses finite element analysis to explore the influencing factors and dynamic characteristics of the reinforcement method. The results show that finite element modeling effectively simulates the stress characteristics of reinforced frameworks. Installing prefabricated beams significantly enhances the load-bearing capacity by 18% and reduces the residual deformation rates after earthquakes by 26%. Increased pre-tensioning of the steel strands further improves seismic resilience. This reinforcement method enables older structures lacking self-resetting capabilities to achieve some degree of self-resetting ability, and it performs well under various earthquake conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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21 pages, 6611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Identification of a Soil Constitutive Model Based on a Hybrid Genetic Differential Evolution Algorithm

by Lin Long, Yunyu Li, Peiling Yang and Bo Tang

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3665; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113665 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

Aiming to address the problem of selecting the parameters of a soil constitutive model in the calculation of foundation pit stability, this paper proposes a hybrid genetic differential evolution algorithm (GADE) which performs by “jumping out of local optima” with “fast convergence” based [...] Read more.

Aiming to address the problem of selecting the parameters of a soil constitutive model in the calculation of foundation pit stability, this paper proposes a hybrid genetic differential evolution algorithm (GADE) which performs by “jumping out of local optima” with “fast convergence” based on the hybrid optimization algorithm strategy and compares the advantages and disadvantages of genetic algorithms (GAs) and differential evolution algorithms (DEs). Three typical test functions were used to evaluate the search efficiency and convergence speed of GAs, DEs, and GADE, respectively. It was found that GADE has the fastest convergence speed and can search for the global optimal solution to the problem, which highlights its excellent optimization performance. At the same time, taking the Shimao Binjiang deep foundation pit as an example, GADE was used to invert the soil modulus parameters of a CX1 measuring point and construct a finite-element model for calculation. The results showed that the simulated calculation curve and the measured displacement curve were in good agreement and the curve fitting reached 95.05%, indicating the applicability and feasibility of applying GADE to identify soil parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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21 pages, 3785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paraphrase the Obstacles to the Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste: A Perspective of the Evolutionary Game of Three Stakeholders

by Zhangli Chen, Keying Li, Haowen Tan, Jiawen Liu, Xizhen Wu and Peng Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3664; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113664 (registering DOI) - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

With China’s urbanization, the construction industry has generated massive construction and demolition waste (C&DW), leading to severe environmental pollution and social problems. However, the currently proposed policies have not promoted the sustainable development of the C&DW recycling market. This paper constructs a tripartite [...] Read more.

With China’s urbanization, the construction industry has generated massive construction and demolition waste (C&DW), leading to severe environmental pollution and social problems. However, the currently proposed policies have not promoted the sustainable development of the C&DW recycling market. This paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model of construction production enterprises, construction enterprises, and the government. The decision-making evolution laws of relevant stakeholders at different stages of the development of the C&DW recycling market are identified through equilibrium stability analysis. The results show that in the initial stage, the government can help encourage enterprises to participate in C&DW recycling through appropriate subsidy and penalty measures. As the recycling market matures, enterprises achieve profits through market mechanisms and the proportion of enterprises participating in recycling increases. At this time, the government no longer plays a leading role, and the strategy evolves into non-supervision. In addition, the government should design carbon emission reduction policies for carbon quota and trading according to the market status to exert positive effects. Hence, this study provides a theoretical basis for the governments of developing countries to effectively manage C&DW market development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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