Search Results (45)

The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP), a cornerstone of quantum mechanics and whole science, states that in a system, two fermions can not simultaneously occupy the same quantum state. Several experimental tests have been performed to place increasingly stringent bounds on the validity of PEP. Among these, the series of VIP experiments, performed at the Gran Sasso Underground National Laboratory of INFN, is searching for PEP-violating atomic X-ray transitions in copper. In this paper, the upgraded VIP-3 setup is described, designed to extend these investigations to higher-Z elements such as zirconium, silver, palladium, and tin. We detail the enhanced design of this setup, including the implementation of cutting-edge, 1 mm thick, silicon drift detectors, which significantly improve the measurement sensitivity at higher energies. Additionally, we present calculations of expected PEP-violating energy shifts in the characteristic lines of these elements, performed using the multi-configurational Dirac–Fock method from first principles. The VIP-3 realization will contribute to ongoing research into PEP violation for different elements, offering new insights and directions for future studies. Full article

In this work, we report on tests performed with an experimental apparatus prototype based on a broad-energy germanium detector aimed at investigating topical, foundational issues in quantum mechanics: i.e., possible violations of the spin-statistics connection and models of dynamical wave function collapse. Our recent phenomenological analyses demonstrated the importance of pushing the research of new physics signal, predicted in these fields, to an energy range below 10 keV. We describe the development of the dedicated data acquisition system and of the pulse shape discrimination algorithm, which have already allowed us to get a factor two improvement in the lower energy threshold. Future plans are discussed to further improve the lower energy threshold to the level of a few keV. Full article

Both bosons and fermions satisfy a strong version of Leibniz’s Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII), and so are ontologically on a par with respect to the PII. This holds for non-entangled, non-product states and for physically entangled states—as it has been established in previous work. In this paper, the Leibniz strategy is completed by including the (bosonic) symmetric product states. A new understanding of Pauli’s Exclusion Principle is provided, which distinguishes bosons from fermions in a peculiar ontological way. Finally, the program as a whole is defended against substantial objections. Full article

Feature extraction plays a pivotal role in processing remote sensing datasets, especially in the realm of fully polarimetric data. This review investigates a variety of polarimetric decomposition techniques aimed at extracting comprehensive information from polarimetric imagery. These techniques are categorized as coherent and non-coherent methods, depending on their assumptions about the distribution of information among polarimetric cells. The review explores well-established and innovative approaches in polarimetric decomposition within both categories. It begins with a thorough examination of the foundational Pauli decomposition, a key algorithm in this field. Within the coherent category, the Cameron target decomposition is extensively explored, shedding light on its underlying principles. Transitioning to the non-coherent domain, the review investigates the Freeman–Durden decomposition and its extension, the Yamaguchi’s approach. Additionally, the widely recognized eigenvector–eigenvalue decomposition introduced by Cloude and Pottier is scrutinized. Furthermore, each method undergoes experimental testing on the benchmark dataset of the broader Vancouver area, offering a robust analysis of their efficacy. The primary objective of this review is to systematically present well-established polarimetric decomposition algorithms, elucidating the underlying mathematical foundations of each. The aim is to facilitate a profound understanding of these approaches, coupled with insights into potential combinations for diverse applications. Full article

Motivated by a ternary generalization of the Pauli exclusion principle proposed by R. Kerner, we propose a notion of a ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$-skew-symmetric covariant $\mathrm{SO}\left(3\right)$-tensor of the third order, consider it as a 3-dimensional matrix, and study the geometry of the 10-dimensional complex space of these tensors. We split this 10-dimensional space into a direct sum of two 5-dimensional subspaces by means of a primitive third-order root of unity q, and in each subspace, there is an irreducible representation of the rotation group $\mathrm{SO}\left(3\right)\hookrightarrow \mathrm{SU}\left(5\right)$. We find two $\mathrm{SO}\left(3\right)$-invariants of ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$-skew-symmetric tensors: one is the canonical Hermitian metric in five-dimensional complex vector space and the other is a quadratic form denoted by $K(z,z)$. We study the invariant properties of $K(z,z)$ and find its stabilizer. Making use of these invariant properties, we define an $\mathrm{SO}\left(3\right)$-irreducible geometric structure on a five-dimensional complex Hermitian manifold. We study a connection on a five-dimensional complex Hermitian manifold with an $\mathrm{SO}\left(3\right)$-irreducible geometric structure and find its curvature and torsion. Full article

One of the most puzzling questions in neuroscience is the nature of emotions and their role in consciousness. The brain’s significant energy investment in maintaining the resting state indicates its essential role as the ground state of consciousness, the source of the sense of self. Emotions, the brain’s homeostatic master regulators, continuously measure and motivate the recovery of the psychological equilibrium. Moreover, perception’s information-energy exchange with the environment gives rise to a closed thermodynamic cycle, the reversible Carnot engine. The Carnot cycle forms an exothermic process; low entropy and reversible resting state turn the focus to the past, causing regret and remorse. The endothermic reversed Carnot cycle creates a high entropy resting state with irreversible activations generating novelty and intellect. We propose that the cycle’s direction represents psychological spin, where the endothermic cycle’s energy accumulation forms up-spin, and the energy-wasting exothermic cycle represents down-spin. Psychological spin corresponds to attitude, the determining factor in cognitive function and social life. By applying the Pauli exclusion principle for consciousness, we can explain the need for personal space and the formation of hierarchical social structures and animals’ territorial needs. Improving intuition about the brain’s intelligent computations may allow new treatments for mental diseases and novel applications in robotics and artificial intelligence. Full article

We present a short summary of a phenomenological analysis of all available electron scattering data on ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ (about 6600 differential cross-section measurements) and on ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ (about 250 measurements) within the framework of the quasielastic (QE) superscaling model (including Pauli blocking). All QE and inelastic cross-section measurements are included down to the lowest momentum transfer 3-vector $\mathbf{q}$ (including photo-production data). We find that there is enhancement of the transverse QE response function ($R_T^{QE}$) and quenching of the QE longitudinal response function ($R_L^{QE}$) at low $\mathbf{q}$ (in addition to Pauli blocking). We extract parameterizations of a $multiplicative$ low $\mathbf{q}$ “longitudinal quenching factor” and an $additive$ “transverse enhancement” contribution. The fit can be used as a proxy to validate the modeling of cross sections in Monte Carlo event generators for electron and neutrino (${\nu }_{e,\mu }$) scattering. Additionally, we find that the excitation of nuclear states contributes significantly (up to 30%) to the Coulomb sum rule $SL\left(\mathbf{q}\right)$. We extract the most accurate determination of $SL\left(\mathbf{q}\right)$ to date and find it to be in disagreement with random phase approximation (RPA) based calculations but in reasonable agreement with recent theoretical calculations, such as “first-principle Green’s function Monte Carlo”. Full article

This study is aimed to set severe constraints on a whole class of non-commutative space-times scenarios as a class of universality for several quantum gravity models. To this end, slight violations of the Pauli exclusion principle—predicted by these models—are investigated by searching for Pauli forbidden K${}_{\alpha }$ and K${}_{\beta }$ transitions in lead. The selection of a high atomic number target material allows to test the energy scale of the space-time non-commutativity emergence at high atomic transition energies. As a consequence, the measurement is very sensitive to high orders in the power series expansion of the Pauli violation probability, which allows to set the first constraint to the “triply special relativity” model proposed by Kowalski-Glikman and Smolin. The characteristic energy scale of the model is bound to $\Lambda >5.6·{10}^{-9}$ Planck scales. Full article

A review of several classical, algebraic models in nuclear structure physics, which use symmetries as an important tool, are presented. After a conceptual introduction to group theory, a selection of models is chosen to illustrate the methods and the power of the usage of symmetries. This enables us to describe very involved systems in a greatly simplified manner. Some problems are also discussed, when ignoring basic principles of nature, such as the Pauli exclusion principle. We also show that occasionally one can rescue these omissions. In a couple of representative models, applications of symmetries are explicitly applied in order to illustrate how extremely complicated systems can be treated. This contribution is meant as a review of the use of algebraic models in nuclear physics, leading to a better understanding of the articles in the same special volume. Full article

In this review, the modern achievements in studies of the Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) and the properties of the identical particle systems when PEP is not fulfilled are discussed. The validity of conception of the spin in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) approaches is analyzed. The modern state of the recently discovered Fe-based superconductors is discussed in detail. These materials belong to the paramagnetic semimetal family and become superconductors upon doping. Recently, in 2020, room-temperature superconductivity was realized. However, from the following discussion in the SC community, it was not evident that the results of room-temperature superconductivity have been repeated by other laboratories. Thus, the question “is room temperature really achieved?” is still open. In the concluding remarks, we present the explanation of why the PEP limitations on the symmetry of identical particles system exist in nature, and following from it, some important consequences. Full article

This article presents a classical potential used to describe nucleon–nucleon interactions at intermediate energies. The potential depends on the relative momentum of the colliding nucleons and can be used to describe interactions at low momentum transfer mimicking the Pauli exclusion principle. We use the potential with molecular dynamics to study finite nuclei, their binding energy, radii, symmetry energy, and a case study of collisions. Full article

Can we accurately model the spin state of a quantum particle? If so, we should be able to make identical copies of such a state and also obtain its mirror image. In quantum mechanics, many subatomic particles can form entangled pairs that are mirror images of each other, although the state of an individual particle cannot be duplicated or cloned as experimentally demonstrated by Aspect, Clauser and Zeilinger, the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2022. We show that there is a higher-order symmetry associated with the SL(2,C) group that underlies the singlet state, which means that the singlet pairing preserves Lorentz transformations independently of the metric used. The Pauli exclusion principle can be derived from this symmetry. Full article

Modern physics lays its foundations on the pillars of Quantum Mechanics (QM), which has been proven successful to describe the microscopic world of atoms and particles, leading to the construction of the Standard Model. Despite the big success, the old open questions at its very heart, such as the measurement problem and the wave function collapse, are still open. Various theories consider scenarios which could encompass a departure from the predictions of the standard QM, such as extra-dimensions or deformations of the Lorentz/Poincaré symmetries. At the Italian National Gran Sasso underground Laboratory LNGS, we search for evidence of new physics proceeding from models beyond standard QM, using radiation detectors. Collapse models addressing the foundations of QM, such as the gravity-related Diósi–Penrose (DP) and Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) models, predict the emission of spontaneous radiation, which allows experimental tests. Using a high-purity Germanium detector, we could exclude the natural parameterless version of the DP model and put strict bounds on the CSL one. In addition, forbidden atomic transitions could prove a possible violation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) in open and closed systems. The VIP-2 experiment is currently in operation, aiming at detecting PEP-violating signals in Copper with electrons; the VIP-3 experiment upgrade is foreseen to become operative in the next few years. We discuss the VIP-Lead experiment on closed systems, and the strong bounds it sets on classes of non-commutative quantum gravity theories, such as the $\theta$–Poincaré theory. Full article

The aim of the present paper is to provide a preliminary investigation of the thermodynamics of particles obeying monotone statistics. To render the potential physical applications realistic, we propose a modified scheme called block-monotone, based on a partial order arising from the natural one on the spectrum of a positive Hamiltonian with compact resolvent. The block-monotone scheme is never comparable with the weak monotone one and is reduced to the usual monotone scheme whenever all the eigenvalues of the involved Hamiltonian are non-degenerate. Through a detailed analysis of a model based on the quantum harmonic oscillator, we can see that: (a) the computation of the grand-partition function does not require the Gibbs correction factor $n!$ (connected with the indistinguishability of particles) in the various terms of its expansion with respect to the activity; and (b) the decimation of terms contributing to the grand-partition function leads to a kind of “exclusion principle” analogous to the Pauli exclusion principle enjoined by Fermi particles, which is more relevant in the high-density regime and becomes negligible in the low-density regime, as expected. Full article

We introduce and prove the “root theorem”, which establishes a condition for families of operators to annihilate all root states associated with zero modes of a given positive semi-definite k-body Hamiltonian chosen from a large class. This class is motivated by fractional quantum Hall and related problems, and features generally long-ranged, one-dimensional, dipole-conserving terms. Our theorem streamlines analysis of zero-modes in contexts where “generalized” or “entangled” Pauli principles apply. One major application of the theorem is to parent Hamiltonians for mixed Landau-level wave functions, such as unprojected composite fermion or parton-like states that were recently discussed in the literature, where it is difficult to rigorously establish a complete set of zero modes with traditional polynomial techniques. As a simple application, we show that a modified $V_1$ pseudo-potential, obtained via retention of only half the terms, stabilizes the $\nu =1/2$ Tao–Thouless state as the unique densest ground state. Full article