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Sources of Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Wild Barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) Collected in Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya

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Abstract
Sources of resistance to powdery mildew in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) collected in Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya Jerzy H. Czembor 1, *, Elżbieta Czembor 1 1 Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute (IHAR-PIB), Radzikow, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; [email protected] (E.C.) *Correspondence: [email protected]) Abstract Barley powdery mildew (BPM) is caused by the pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh). It is an economically important disease and plant pathologists are looking for new sources of resistance to BPM. Barley genetic resources present in gene banks are often a rich source of disease resistance to be used by breeders. These new sources of resistance to BPM are often used in combination (pyramiding) with those that are already used in modern cultivars. Barley accessions, including the wild subspecies Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum (Hvs), are stored in many gene banks and often are a valuable source of economically important characteristics. This source of biodiversity should be more efficiently used to improve barley in the process of plant breeding. However, their proper characterization and availability are urgently needed. The resistance to BPM in 81 accessions of wild barley (Hvs) collected in Jordan (47), Lebanon (23), and Libya (11) was investigated. The seed samples of these accessions were obtained from the ICARDA gene bank and collected in 10 expeditions from 1981 to 1995. Twenty European differential isolates of BPM were used to select accessions with efficient resistance. Thirty-one resistant single plant lines were selected from 15 accessions from Jordan and Libya based on tests performed with the most avirulent isolate of Bgh available. These resistant single plant lines were tested for the presence of specific resistance genes using a differential set of Bgh isolates. After analysis of obtained results, it was concluded that all tested 31 single plant lines of wild barley have genes for resistance that are not represented in the Pallas isolines differential s. Twenty-six lines of Hvs selected from accessions originated in Jordan and Libya showed resistance reaction to all isolates used. Identified new sources of effective resistance to BPM in single plant lines of Hvs will be further tested and used in barley pre-breeding programs. Keywords: Blumeria graminis; resistance genes; resistance; germplasm; gene bank;
Keywords: 
Subject: Biology and Life Sciences  -   Agricultural Science and Agronomy

1. Introduction

Among cereals, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth most important in the world. However, the importance of the crop in many areas of the world lies in the fact that it is often the only crop possible to grow in semi-arid areas and at elevations higher than other cereals. In the Near East and North Africa, barley is a typical crop in hostile environments. The importance of this crop is growing because of climate change and more unpredictable weather conditions in many regions of the world [1,2,3]. Barley is considered as one of the oldest domesticated crops. It is used for feed, malt, and food. In many areas, especially with arid and semi-arid climates, barley straw yield is the most important for farmers. Recently, more and more popular is the use of barley as food due to its health properties [3,4,5,6].
Barley's primary gene pool includes two subspecies: domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare) and wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) (Hvs). Wild barley differs from cultivated barley in several traits including a brittle rachis and it is considered a progenitor of cultivated barley [3,6]. Hvs occurs in Southwest Asia and, most probably due to human activities, populations of Hvs are present in Morocco, Ethiopia, and Tibet [3,6,7].
In the last century because of increasing crop erosion, many gene banks were established. The main goal of gene banks is to preserve key plant genetic resources in order to meet current and future needs concerning food production. It is achieved by introducing them into breeding programs to achieve biological progress and for use in direct production. To do this effectively there is a need for phenotyping and genotyping data for major gene bank collections [8,9,10]. There are relatively large collections of the genus Hordeum stored in many gene banks worldwide. It is estimated that about 485,000 accessions of this genus are stored at more than 200 institutions worldwide. These collections include H. vulgare ssp. vulgare (299 165 accessions), wild barley Hvs (32 385 accessions), and wild species of Hordeum (4 681 accessions). [3,6,11].
In West Asia and North Africa (WANA) including Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya are present diverse agroecological zones and different types and intensity of agriculture [12,13]. Wild barley is a widespread species in this region and genetically diverse populations of Hvs are reported to be collected [12,13,14,15]. Many studies showed that landraces and Hvs are very diverse and represent great value for breeding barley as the source of resistance to both abiotic and biotic stresses [16,17,18]. Recently there is also increasing interest in the study of both landraces and Hvs as a potential source of economically important characteristics to breed cultivars well adapted to changing climate conditions and more frequent weather anomalies [16,18].
Blumeria graminis (DC.) Golovin ex Speer f.sp. hordei Em. Marchal (Bgh) is a fungus that causes barley powdery mildew (BPM). It is considered as one of the most economically important pathogens on barley which can cause significant yield losses. Many studies have shown that Bgh is relatively rapidly developing many new races and that its spores are dispersed by wind over long distances in Europe [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. It occurs in many barley growing regions of the world but it is especially important in Europe. This is due to the maritime climate in most of the Europe areas suitable for the development of BPM. In addition, barley is grown in Europe on relatively large areas and more than 60% of barley world production originates from this continent [21,25,26]. The average annual losses caused by this disease in barley production in Central Europe are estimated at about 10%. However, in many experiments, barley yield losses due to the occurrence of heavy infestation by BPM usually exceed 25%. The grain yield obtained from barley fields where BPM was present very often is characterized by lower quality characteristics important in malt production such as higher grain protein content and lack of proper grain size uniformity [27,30].
Chemical control and agronomic practices are used to reduce BPM incidence. However, these methods are often not effective, and in addition, there is a growing emergence of BPM resistance to fungicides [31,32]. A commonly used way to control BPM was the incorporation of new effective genes for powdery mildew resistance into barley cultivars [19,21,25]. It is the most effective and environmentally safe method to control this disease. Effective resistance not only protects the cultivated varieties but also reduces the production of inoculum and the spread of the pathogen to larger areas, leading to epiphytosis [24,25,33,34,35]. In most cases of growing cereals, including barley, in agricultural practice, the control against fungal pathogens is based on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles [36,37]. This approach to managing pests is based on combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical methods to minimize economic, health, and environmental risks. Recently the use of genetic resistance as a component of IPM become more important due to the implementation of more environmentally friendly agricultural policies in many countries of the world [37,38].
From the very beginning of genetics studies of the resistance of barley to BPM, the Hvs was used. The very first study was conducted by Biffen in 1907 who analyzed the mode of inheritance of BPM resistance in progenies from crossing H. vulgare with Hvs [39]. Since that time race-specific resistance genes have been identified mainly in cultivated barley landraces [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55] and wild barley [56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71] mostly originating from the WANA region [19,21,25]. Based on genetic studies many specific resistant genes were described in wild barley: Mla16-Mla21, Mla25-Mla29, Mla32, MlaLv, Mlf, Mlj, mlt, Ml(Ro), Ml(Ve) [25,58,59,65,66,68]. Barley breeders used many BPM resistance genes, especially in the Mla locus and Mlra, Mlk, MlLa, Mlg, Mlh [19,21,25]. However, many of these genes have lost their effectiveness as a result of pathogen adaptation and the emergence of virulent races to these genes [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. In the last 40 years, only barley cultivars with Mlo resistance have been characterized as those with durable resistance to BPM because no known virulence for mlo genes was identified. This type of resistance to BPM was identified in barley mutants and in landraces, but not in Hvs [19,21,25,72,73,74].
Many studies proved that studies on the genetics of resistance to BPM using a differential set of BPM isolates can be successfully used for investigations to determine the presence of specific resistance genes in barley genetic resources [19,21,25,26]. The new efficient sources of resistance to BPM for proper crosses in breeding programs are crucial to conducting resistance breeding [25,33,34,35]. The use of seedlings in studies conducted to postulate specific BPM resistance genes using a differential set of Bgh isolates was proven to be an effective and sufficient method. This method is commonly used for the characterization of barley germplasm concerning its BPM resistance [26,40,43,50,51,52,54,55].
The presented investigation goal was to detect new sources of BPM resistance in accessions of Hvs collected in Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya.

1. Materials and method

1.1. Plant material

Eighty-one accessions of wild barley (H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) (Hvs) collected in Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya were obtained from the ICARDA gene bank. These accessions were collected in 10 expeditions (LBY81, LBY82, LBY90, LBN92-2, LBN93, LBN94-1, JOR81-2, JOR85, JOR88-1, JOR95) during period 1981-1995. (Table 1).

1.2. Pathogen

Twenty B. graminis f. sp. hordei Em Marschal (Bgh) isolates were used to determine the resistance genes present in the tested accessions. These isolates possessed virulence genes corresponding to the most known resistance genes used in barley resistance programs (Table 2). Isolates originated from the collections in Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Institute for Plant and Soil Science, Lyngby, Denmark; Edigenossische Technische Hochschule – ETH, Zurich, Switzerland and Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute (PBAI-NRI) IHAR-PIB Radzików, Poland. The isolates were chosen according to differences in virulence spectra that were observed on the Pallas isolines differential set [75] and on additional cultivars with resistance genes not present in Pallas isolines. Each of them represented a different pathotype, determined using the selected set of 20 Pallas isolines differential. Isolate Bgh 33 was the most avirulent isolate in the collection.
They were purified by single pustule isolation and were maintained and propagated on young seedlings of the powdery mildew susceptible cultivar Manchuria (CI 2330). Frequent virulence checks were made to ensure the purity of isolates throughout the experiment.

2.3. Populations and single plant lines resistance tests

In the preliminary study thirty plants per accession were evaluated with the Bgh33 isolate. Next, the selected single plant lines were tested with 20 differential isolates of Bgh.
All these tests were conducted under controlled conditions with a 16/8 h day/night photoperiod and a 22/16°C temperature regime. In all tests, the cultivar Manchuria CI 2330 was used as a susceptible control.
Seedlings with a fully expanded first leaf were inoculated with Bgh by shaking conidia from the susceptible cv. Manchuria CI 2330. After 8-10 days, the reaction type (RT) of plants to infection by Bgh was scored. A five-point RT scale was used: 0, no visible symptoms; 1, minute necrotic flecks, no mycelial growth, and no sporulation; 2, frequent chlorosis, reduced mycelial growth and no or very scarce sporulation; 3, moderate mycelial growth, moderate sporulation, and occasional chlorosis; 4, profuse sporulation of well-developed colonies, 0(4) sparse small colonies originating from the stomatal subsidiary cells [42,76]. Plants with RT of 0, 0(4), and 1 were classified as highly resistant (R), plants that scored 2 as moderately resistant (M), and ratings of 3 and 4 as susceptible and very susceptible.
The postulation of the presence of resistant genes was based on a comparison of reaction spectra observed on tested accessions and the barley differential set (Table 2). This was done based on the gene-for-gene hypothesis [77]. The RT observed on each accession was compared with the Bgh virulence spectrum on the set of barley differential set.

3. Results

In the preliminary study, among 81 tested accessions of H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum collected in Jordan (47), Lebanon (23), and Libya (11) 15 expressed resistance to isolate Bgh33 of B. graminis f. sp. hordei (Table 3). Eleven of them originated from Jordan and 4 from Libya. None of the plants of accessions from Lebanon showed powdery mildew resistance in preliminary testing with isolate Bgh33. Twelve of the tested accessions in which plants were resistant to isolate Bgh33 showed heterogenous RT to powdery mildew: 3 of them showed only one type of reaction, 11 showed two different types and 1 showed 3 types (0, 2, 4).
Among scored resistance RT in tested lines with 20 differential isolates the most common reaction was 0 (immunity) (Table 4). It was observed in all tested lines with 65.5%. The rest of RT occurred with frequencies: 1 – 0.96%, 2 – 31.1%, and 4 – 2.4%. Reactions type 3 and 0(4) were not observed. In total 97.6 observed reactions represented resistance RT (0, 1, and 2).
The spectrum of RT of 31 tested lines to infection by 20 differential isolates was compared with results observed on a differential set of barley. Based on this analysis it was concluded that all of the tested lines have unknown gene or genes for resistance which are not represented in the differential set. Twenty-six of these lines (83,9%) showed resistance RT to all isolates used. After analysis of the obtained results, it was concluded that all selected 31 single plant lines of wild barley have unknown genes for resistance which are not represented in the Pallas isolines differential set.

4. Discussion

In Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya are many mountainous regions and different climate zones from relatively humid, with moderate temperature maritime to very dry and hot desert climates. Such conditions are favorable for the evolution of very diverse genotypes of plants including wild barley [12,13,14,15]. Powdery mildew occurs commonly in this area on barley and wild barley. Because the area of the Fertile Crescent is considered the center of origin and diversification of barley it is also the center of the presence of very diverse resistance genes to BPM [3,6,21,22]. This was confirmed in the present study in which were identified new sources of resistance to BPM in selections from accessions of Hvs from Jordan and Libya.
The Fertile Crescent area is considered the center of origin and diversification of barley Taking this fact into account, due to host-pathogen coevolution it is also the area of the very diverse Bgh population. Many studies have shown that this particular area is a very rich source od resistance to BPM [3,6,21,22]. This was confirmed in the present study in which were identified new sources of resistance to BPM in selections from accessions of Hvs from Jordan and Libya.
In the preliminary study, among 81 tested accessions of Hvs collected in Jordan (47), Lebanon (23), and Libya (11) in 15 was observed BPM resistance to isolate Bgh33. Eleven of them originated from Jordan, 4 from Libya, and none from Lebanon. Twelve tested accessions showed heterogenous resistance reactions to powdery mildew: 3 of them showed only one type of reaction, 11 showed two types and 1 showed 3 types (0,2,4). Heterogenous reactions of Hvs accessions to powdery mildew were also reported in other studies [70,71]. In populations of Hvs, BPM is not developing to levels that significantly damage plants. This is the result of both the stabilizing effect of the genetic heterogeneity within the populations of Hvs and the presence of resistance sufficient to control the limited disease development [69,70,71,76].
In tested lines with 20 differential BPM isolates the most common RT was 0 (immunity). This kind of RT was observed in all tested lines and with 65.5 % of all observed RT. The rest of RT occurred with frequencies: 1 – 0.96 %, 2 – 31.1%, and 4 – 2.4%. Reactions type 3 and 0(4) were not observed. In total 97.6 observed reactions represented resistance RT (0, 1, and 2). Such a relatively high percentage of resistance RT showed that Hvs collected in Jordan and Libya are valuable sources of resistance for European barley breeding which is in agreement with other studies [56,57,63,64,69,70].
Fungus Bgh is characterized by a high level of genetic variability. It can develop during a relatively short time a new races that can spread to long distances [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. This resulted in a rapidly reduced number of resistance genes effectively controlling the occurrence and spread of Bgh to be available for barley breeders [25,26]. At the same time, modern barley cultivars which were grown in large areas across Europe often had no partial type of host resistance due to breeding for a race-specific type of BPM resistance in most modern breeding programs [21,25,33,34,85]. This fact was recognized a long time ago by plant pathologists and plant breeders and several ways to increase the durability of resistance genes were proposed. Major strategies were proposed and implemented: the use of multiline cultivars, the combining (‘pyramiding’) different resistance genes into one variety, and the deployment of many cultivars with different resistance genes in space (e.g. cultivar mixtures) or time (winter versus spring barley) [19,25,33,34,35]. However, for such BPM strategies of genetic control very useful is to introduce into breeding materials new effective sources of resistance. Such newly identified sources of BPM resistance are still being found in barley landraces and wild relatives [25,50,51,52,53,54,55,69,70,71]. There are many examples of successful use by barley breeders the new sources of resistance to BPM originating from Hvs populations to develop new resistant cultivars. In most cases, these new resistance genes were deployed in new cultivars under different strategies to prolong the time of their effectiveness against BPM [19,25,33,34,35].
The additional advantage of using germplasm from Hvs by barley breeders is the possibility to introduce other desirable agronomic traits e.g. tolerance to drought conditions and other biotic and abiotic stresses [16,18]. However, for many barley breeders, a heterogeneity of Hvs accessions is a problem because it complicates and prolongs the breeding process. Often pre-breeding activities resulting in well-characterized single plant lines of Hvs with many important economically traits including resistance to BPM are needed. Pre-breeding activities presented here provide breeders with new BPM sources of resistance. To be used in different breeding strategies [19,21,33,34,35]. The big advantage of the use of Hvs genetic resources in barley breeding is a lack of problems with sterility. Such problems are often present if H. bulbosum or mutants are used [19,21,25].
Two major strategies for BPM control are available. The first is to grow resistant cultivars and the second one is the application of fungicides [36,37,38]. However, in many countries, Bgh races resistant to commonly used fungicides have been described [31,32]. In addition, the cost of fungicides and concerns about the environment led many countries to restrict their use in disease control [36,38]. Taking this into account, the BPM control using effective resistance genes is increasingly important in IPM strategies. The understanding of BPM genetic control and how to properly use resistance genes resulted from many genetic studies of barley resistance to BPM and the relatively good characterization of the genetics of powdery mildew/barley interactions [19,21,25]. This is one of the best-described host-pathogen genetic interactions and more than 100 mildew resistance genes have been identified [21,25]. This kind of knowledge about well-characterized sources of BPM resistance resulted in many successful BPM resistance breeding programs using new sources of resistance to BPM [19,21,25,33,34,35]. Breeding for resistance as a strategy to control BPM is increasingly understood and acceptable by societies as ecologically safe.
In the presented study to identify new sources of resistance in wild barley accessions the test with a set of differential BPM isolates was used and the selection of single plant lines was conducted. This method was described in many studies to identify specific resistance genes in barley accessions and breeding lines [19,21,25,26]. In addition, it was successfully used in many studies to screen both landraces and wild barleys for new effective resistance genes [26,40,43,50,51,52,54,55,69,70,71]. However, for the description of the partial type of resistance to BPM, this kind of test is not sufficient. For the detection of this kind of resistance, there is a need to get, in addition to the RT, the measurements of resistance parameters in different stages of plant development (e.g. at the adult plant stage) [79,80,81,82,83]. Adult plant resistance of tested accessions should be investigated in additional specific tests because almost all wild barleys contain major specific resistance genes which very often mask minor resistance genes determining the partial resistance or the presence of adult resistance [19,21,25,79,80,81,82,83,84,85].
A very interesting genetic resource for the breeding of resistant barley is 31 single plant lines of wild barley which have genes for resistance not represented in the BPM differential set. These identified new sources of highly effective resistance to BPM in single plant lines of Hvs from Jordan and Libya will be used in the barley pre-breeding program.
Further studies are needed to determine the mode of action of resistance genes in identified new sources of BPM resistance described in the presented study based on results of testing of hybrids resulting from crosses among appropriate genotypes [40,45,52]. In the future, some other available methods for the characterization of resistant lines have to be used, especially those for the study of partial and adult resistance [79,80,81,82,83,84,85].
In addition, modern molecular methods have to be used for further characterization of identified resistance genes to be efficiently used in barley breeding [86,87,88].

5. Conclusions

The Hvs populations from Jordan and Libya are valuable sources of BPM resistance.
Selected single plant lines of Hvs may be used in pre-breeding programs to provide barley breeders with new well-characterised sources of BPM resistance.
Future studies will concentrate on determining the genetic basis of resistance occurring in 31 Hvs selections. They will include the crosses of investigated selections with well-chosen parents and the development of molecular markers.
To successfully introduce described new sources of BPM resistance into barley elite cultivars, pre-breeding work is needed in the creation of initial well-characterized plant materials. This a needed step to use barley germplasm from gene banks: first, to use it in breeding programs, and second, in agricultural practice as elite cultivars.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.H.C; methodology, J.H.C.; formal analysis, J.H.C, E.C.; investigation, J.H.C.; resources, J.H.C.; writing—original draft preparation, J.H.C, E.C; visualization, E.C.; project administration, J.H.C.; funding acquisition, J.H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Table 1. Collection data of 81 accessions of wild barley (H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) collected in Jordan, Lebanon, and Lybia.
Table 1. Collection data of 81 accessions of wild barley (H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) collected in Jordan, Lebanon, and Lybia.
ICARDA OTHERNUMB (IHAR project No.) COL_NO COL CODE SITE NO COL_DATE LON LAT ALT PROVINCE SITE
IG CROP CROP NO ORI ID
38616 ICWB 180007 JOR 1075 SY 27041 JOR81-2 7561 18.05.1981 E 35 55 N32 27 500 Irbid 27km before Jarash came from Ramtha
38617 ICWB 180008 JOR 1076 SY 27042 JOR81-2 7564 20.05.1981 E 36 17 N32 15 700 Mafraq Road Zarqa-Mafraq; 22 km before junction Marfaq-Jarash
38618 ICWB 180009 JOR 1077 SY 27043 JOR81-2 7565 20.05.1981 E36 15 N32 17 700 Mafraq Road Zarqa-Mafraq; 3km before junction Mafraq-Jarash
38619 ICWB 180010 JOR 1078 SY 27044 JOR81-2 7566 20.05.1981 E 36 10 N32 18 700 Mafraq 13 km after Mafraq (before Rihab) on the Mafraq-Jarash road
38620 ICWB 180011 JOR 1079 SY 27045 JOR81-2 7568 21.05.1981 E 35 52 N32 07 700 Balqa 26km S Jarash
38621 ICWB 180012 JOR 1080 SY 27046 JOR81-2 7569 21.05.1981 E 35 52 N32 10 500 Irbid 19km S Jarash
38622 ICWB 180013 JOR 1081 SY 27047 JOR81-2 7570 21.05.1981 E 35 52 N32 14 480 Irbid 3km Sjarash on the road to Amman
38623 ICWB 180014 JOR 1082 SY 27048 JOR81-2 7571 21.05.1981 E35 55 N32 20 1060 Irbid 11 km N Jarash on road to Irbid; top of hill
38624 ICWB 180015 JOR 1083 SY 27049 JOR81-2 7572 21.05.1981 E35 57 N32 23 900 Irbid 11 km S Jarash on the road to Amman
38625 ICWB 180016 JOR 1084 SY 27050 JOR81-2 7575 21.05.1981 E 36 00 N32 35 600 Irbid 3 km NW Ramtha
38626 ICWB 180017 JOR 1085 SY 27051 JOR81-2 7577 22.05.1981 E 35 45 N32 41 500 Irbid Kufr Sum; 3 km S of Samar
38627 ICWB 180018 JOR 1086 SY 27053 JOR81-2 7580 22.05.1981 E 35 37 N32 40 -70 Irbid Jordan Valley; 1.6 km S of left turn to Adesia (hot springs)
38628 ICWB 180019 JOR 1087 SY 27054 JOR81-2 7581 23.05.1981 E 35 42 N32 35 300 Irbid Irbid-Esh Shuna road; 16 km W junction Irbid-Deir Abu Said
38629 ICWB 180020 JOR 1088 SY 27056 JOR81-2 7584 23.05.1981 E 35 45 N32 26 500 Irbid 8 km S of Deir Abu Said at Kufr Awan
38630 ICWB 180021 JOR 1089 SY 27057 JOR81-2 7586 23.05.1981 E 35 42 N32 22 600 Irbid 11 km S of Kufr Awn
38631 ICWB 180022 JOR 1090 SY 27058 JOR81-2 7588 23.05.1981 E35 49 N32 20 1100 Irbid 24 km S of Kufr Awn
38632 ICWB 180023 JOR 1091 SY 27059 JOR81-2 7594 25.05.1981 E35 47 N32 03 1000 Balqa As Sarrouk; road Suweileh-Salt 8 km after junction
38633 ICWB 180024 JOR 1092 SY 27066 JOR81-2 7606 26.05.1981 E35 45 N31 32 800 Amman 29 km S Madaba; the southern slope of Wadi Wala valley
39398 ICWB 180789 JOR 1093 No.34 - - - - - - Tafila King's Highway, 25 km south from mosque in Tafila; woodland
39821 ICWB 181212 JOR 1094 J-2-2 JOR85 2 18.05.1985 E35 57 N31 42 710 Amman Madaba; Jiza 44 km S of Amman
39822 ICWB 181213 JOR 1095 J-5-4 JOR85 5 19.05.1985 E35 30 N30 30 1450 Ma'an Shoubak; 10 km N Petra
39823 ICWB 181214 JOR 1096 J-7-3 JOR85 7 19.05.1985 E35 40 N30 47 1300 Tafila Rashadiae 26 km N Shoubak towards Tafila
39824 ICWB 181215 JOR 1097 J-10-6 JOR85 10 20.05.1985 E35 54 N32 29 690 Irbid Assarieh; Wadi Al. Gazira; 5 km E of Irbid-Amman highway
39825 ICWB 181216 JOR 1098 J-12 JOR85 12 21.05.1985 E36 04 N32 32 500 Irbid Ramtha; perminout site of Y. university; 20 km E Irbid
39826 ICWB 181217 JOR 1099 J-15-1 JOR85 15 21.05.1985 E36 12 N32 21 710 Mafraq Mafraq 45 km E Irbid
39827 ICWB 181218 JOR 1100 J-16 JOR85 16 21.05.1985 E36 05 N32 20 850 Mafraq Rahab; 3 km E Rahab; 10 km W Mafraq
39828 ICWB 181219 JOR 1101 J-18-2 JOR85 18 22.05.1985 E35 54 N31 47 800 Amman Um el Amad; Madaba
39829 ICWB 181220 JOR 1102 J-19 JOR85 19 22.05.1985 E35 44 N32 06 900 Balqa Um Jauza; 11 km N Salt
39850 ICWB 181241 JOR 1103 MSAJ 88026b JOR88-1 16 24.05.1988 E36 01 N32 19 750 Mafraq Hamama; on road Mafraq-Jarash
39851 ICWB 181242 JOR 1104 MSAJ 88032b JOR88-1 21 25.05.1988 E35 42 N32 38 340 Irbid Between El Mansoura and Kufr Asad
39877 ICWB 181268 JOR 1105 AE 1 - - 09.05.1989 E35 55 N32 18 750 Irbid Jarash
39933 ICWB 181324 LBY 1107 MSAZ 90028 LBY90 1 26.05.1990 E20 54 N32 33 320 Al Marj Al. Marj station
39934 ICWB 181325 LBY 1108 MSAZ 90031 LBY90 4 26.05.1990 E21 08 N32 42 370 Al Marj Sidi Ismel
39935 ICWB 181326 LBY 1109 MSAZ 90038 LBY90 7 26.05.1990 E21 38 N32 47 580 Al Bayda 2 km E Massah to El Beyda
39936 ICWB 181327 LBY 1110 MSAZ 90040 LBY90 8 26.05.1990 E21 52 N32 05 580 Al Bayda 20 km E El Beyda
39937 ICWB 181328 LBY 1111 MSAZ 90041 LBY90 9 27.05.1990 E22 03 N32 48 580 Al Qubbah Saf Saf; just E El Bayda
39938 ICWB 181329 LBY 1112 MSAZ 90052 LBY90 14 27.05.1990 E22 50 N32 36 180 Darnah Omer Zin; 23 km E Derna
39939 ICWB 181330 LBY 1113 MSAZ 90054 LBY90 16 28.05.1990 E21 55 N32 42 640 Shahhat Arigha; 2 km S El Beyda
40156 ICWB 181547 LBN 1114 MSNSSH-92089 LBN92-2 4 28.07.1992 E35 19 N33 27 170 Zahle 15 km S Saida to Nabatiye; near Saksaniye
40168 ICWB 181559 LBN 1115 - - - 12.09.1992 E35 55 N33 50 1000 Zahle
40177 ICWB 181568 LBN 1116 MSJVSK-93048 LBN93 1 21.06.1993 E35 52 N33 28 1150 Biqaa El Biader El-Adas; below Sultan Ya'akoub village on the hill
40178 ICWB 181569 LBN 1117 MSJVSK-93049 LBN93 2 21.06.1993 E35 49 N33 37 1025 Biqaa El Jeb-Janine; Izzi to Kend El-loz; 1 km W Izzi
40179 ICWB 181570 LBN 1118 MSJVSK-93057 LBN93 3 21.06.1993 E35 46 N33 37 1045 Biqaa El 2 km S Jeb-Janine; road to Lala
40180 ICWB 181571 LBN 1119 MSJVSK-93061 LBN93 4 21.06.1993 E35 43 N33 31 980 Biqaa El Rashaya; 2 km from Sohmbr; E of Kafar Mechki
40181 ICWB 181572 LBN 1120 MSJVSK-93069 LBN93 5 21.06.1993 E35 46 N33 31 1050 Biqaa El Rashaya; 1 km before Kantaba; on the road from Sahmor
40182 ICWB 181573 LBN 1121 MSJVSK-93070 LBN93 6 21.06.1996 E35 49 N33 27 1020 Biqaa El Rashaya; 1 km before Ain Hircha; the road from Rashaya
40183 ICWB 181574 LBN 1122 MSJVSK-93075 LBN93 7 21.06.1993 E35 45 N33 26 1250 Biqaa El Rashaya; 2 km from Ain Ata; on the road to Tefeir
40184 ICWB 181575 LBN 1124 MSJVSK-93082 LBN93 9 22.06.1993 E36 06 N33 56 1050 Biqaa El Ba'labakk; 1 km before Talia; on the road from Zahle
40185 ICWB 181576 LBN 1125 MSJVSK-93091 LBN93 10 22.06.1993 E36 10 N34 02 1050 Biqaa El Ba'labakk; 4 km W Ba'labakk; road to Bcharre; Iaat village
40186 ICWB 181577 LBN 1126 MSJVSK-93100 LBN93 13 22.06.1993 E36 05 N34 12 1810 Biqaa El Ba'lbakk; 3 km from Ain Ata; rad to Bcharre
40187 ICWB 181578 LBN 1127 MSJVSK-93104 LBN93 14 22.06.1993 E36 02 N34 08 1470 Biqaa El Ba'lbakk; 2 km Yamouni coming from Ain Ata
40188 ICWB 181579 LBN 1128 MSJVSK-93109 LBN93 16 23.06.1993 E36 05 N34 01 1080 Biqaa El 500 m before the end of village Sa'ide; rad to Zahle
40189 ICWB 181580 LBN 1129 MSJVSK-93112 LBN93 17 23.06.1993 E35 49 N33 30 1100 Biqaa El Rashaya; Dahr Al. Ahmar; 2 km NW Rashaya
40190 ICWB 181581 LBN 1130 MSJVSK-93120 LBN93 18 23.06.1993 E35 53 N33 31 1200 Biqaa El Rashaya; Aiha; 3 km N road to Kfar Qoug
40191 ICWB 181582 LBN 1131 MSJVSK-93126 LBN93 19 23.06.1993 E35 54 N33 34 1470 Biqaa El Rashaya; 6 km from Kfar Qoug towards Bakaa
40193 ICWB 181584 LBN 1132 MSJVSK-93135 LBN93 22 23.06.1993 E35 54 N33 38 1350 Biqaa El Rashaya; 1 km E of Aita Al Foukhar
40181 ICWB 181572 LBN 1120 MSJVSK-93069 LBN93 5 21.06.1993 E35 46 N33 31 1050 Biqaa El Rashaya; 1 km before Kantaba; on the road from Sahmor
40182 ICWB 181573 LBN 1121 MSJVSK-93070 LBN93 6 21.06.1996 E35 49 N33 27 1020 Biqaa El Rashaya; 1 km before Ain Hircha; the road from Rashaya
40183 ICWB 181574 LBN 1122 MSJVSK-93075 LBN93 7 21.06.1993 E35 45 N33 26 1250 Biqaa El Rashaya; 2 km from Ain Ata; on the road to Tefeir
40184 ICWB 181575 LBN 1124 MSJVSK-93082 LBN93 9 22.06.1993 E36 06 N33 56 1050 Biqaa El Ba'labakk; 1 km before Talia; on the road from Zahle
40185 ICWB 181576 LBN 1125 MSJVSK-93091 LBN93 10 22.06.1993 E36 10 N34 02 1050 Biqaa El Ba'labakk; 4 km W Ba'labakk; road to Bcharre; Iaat village
40186 ICWB 181577 LBN 1126 MSJVSK-93100 LBN93 13 22.06.1993 E36 05 N34 12 1810 Biqaa El Ba'lbakk; 3 km from Ain Ata; rad to Bcharre
40187 ICWB 181578 LBN 1127 MSJVSK-93104 LBN93 14 22.06.1993 E36 02 N34 08 1470 Biqaa El Ba'lbakk; 2 km Yamouni coming from Ain Ata
40188 ICWB 181579 LBN 1128 MSJVSK-93109 LBN93 16 23.06.1993 E36 05 N34 01 1080 Biqaa El 500 m before the end of village Sa'ide; rad to Zahle
40189 ICWB 181580 LBN 1129 MSJVSK-93112 LBN93 17 23.06.1993 E35 49 N33 30 1100 Biqaa El Rashaya; Dahr Al. Ahmar; 2 km NW Rashaya
40190 ICWB 181581 LBN 1130 MSJVSK-93120 LBN93 18 23.06.1993 E35 53 N33 31 1200 Biqaa El Rashaya; Aiha; 3 km N road to Kfar Qoug
40191 ICWB 181582 LBN 1131 MSJVSK-93126 LBN93 19 23.06.1993 E35 54 N33 34 1470 Biqaa El Rashaya; 6 km from Kfar Qoug towards Bakaa
40193 ICWB 181584 LBN 1132 MSJVSK-93135 LBN93 22 23.06.1993 E35 54 N33 38 1350 Biqaa El Rashaya; 1 km E of Aita Al Foukhar
40194 ICWB 181585 LBN 1133 MSJVSK-93139 LBN93 23 23.06.1993 E36 01 N33 48 1180 Biqaa El Zahle; 2 km N Kosaya road to Deir El Ghazal
112846 ICWB 181657 LBY 1134 Z 16 LBY82 18 23.05.1982 E20 54 N32 30 - Al Marj Al. Marj, occasionally in the city area
112847 ICWB 181658 LBY 1135 Z 17 LBY82 19 24.05.1982 E24 14 N31 50 - Tubruq Safsaf, Al. Qarah district, roadsides
110816 ICWB 181628 LBN 1136 2 LBN94-1 1 04.07.1994 E35 43 N33 34 1010 Biqaa El Karaoun, 1 km from the main road to the lake
110819 ICWB 181629 LBN 1137 5 LBN94-1 3 04.07.1994 - - 980 Biqaa El Between Kafar Mishki and Jeb Farah; 20 km from site 1
110823 ICWB 181630 LBN 1138 9 LBN94-1 5 04.07.1994 E35 53 N33 31 1200 Biqaa El 1 km before Kafar Qouk; from Rashaya site road to east (site 18 in 1993)
110831 ICWB 181631 LBN 1139 17 LBN94-1 7 05.07.1994 E35 57 N33 38 1410 Biqaa El 2 km before Yanta; road from Aita Al Foukhar
110833 ICWB 181632 LBN 1140 19 LBN94-1 8 05.07.1994 E35 51 N33 35 1310 Biqaa El 2 km before Ain Arab; the road from Yanta
116004 ICWB 181639 LBY 1141 IDG 7373 LBY81 - 08.06.1981 E21 10 N32 22 450 Al Marj 4 km N main road Taknis-Marawah
116005 ICWB 181640 LBY 1142 IDG 7404 LBY81 - 12.06.1981 E21 43 N32 46 590 Al Bayda Al Bayda, within the city on a road border
115780 ICWB 181660 JOR 1143 1 JOR95 1 31.05.1995 E36 01 N32 01 665 Zarqa 700 m before junction Mafraq-Zarqa and Khatlla road
115781 ICWB 181661 JOR 1144 10 JOR95 3 31.05.1995 E36 43 N32 18 960 Mafraq Al Mniusa
115782 ICWB 181662 JOR 1145 14 JOR95 4 31.05.1995 E36 45 N32 15 1000 Mafraq Al Thallag
115784 ICWB 181664 JOR 1146 19 JOR95 6 01.06.1995 E35 55 N32 25 760 Irbid 3 km W of En Nueima
115785 ICWB 181665 JOR 1147 21 JOR95 7 01.06.1995 E35 52 N32 26 810 Irbid 1 km after Shatana on road to Irbid
115786 ICWB 181666 JOR 1148 24 JOR95 8 01.06.1995 E35 50 N32 22 1030 Irbid Samta Cross road with Ajlun
115787 ICWB 181667 JOR 1149 26 JOR95 9 01.06.1995 E35 49 N32 21 1020 Irbid Ibben 1 km E
115788 ICWB 181668 JOR 1150 27 JOR95 10 02.06.1995 E35 52 N32 41 350 Irbid 1 km W Bereshda road to Habras bottom of the wadi
115789 ICWB 181669 JOR 1151 28 JOR95 11 02.06.1995 E35 43 N32 38 240 Irbid Monsoura 2 km road to Kafr Asad
115790 ICWB 181670 JOR 1152 29 JOR95 12 02.06.1995 E35 42 N32 37 60 Irbid Bottom of the valley; road Mansoura to Kafr Asad
115791 ICWB 181671 JOR 1153 32 JOR95 13 02.06.1995 E35 40 N32 35 30 Irbid The road from Kafr Asad to N Shuneh wadi Al.-Arab
115792 ICWB 181672 JOR 1154 33 JOR95 14 02.06.1995 E35 40 N32 21 1020 Irbid road Sakhra-Abben; 2 km from Sakhra
115793 ICWB 181673 JOR 1155 39 JOR95 17 03.06.1995 E35 41 N32 02 680 Balqa
115795 ICWB 181674 JOR 1156 5 JOR95 2 31.05.1995 E36 32 N32 20 830 Mafraq Manchiet Al.-Kabalan
115796 ICWB 181675 JOR 1157 50 JOR95 21 05.06.1995 E35 40 N30 24 1540 Ma'an Al. Hisha 20 km NW Petra
Table 2. B. graminis f. sp. hordei isolates used for artificial inoculation and their virulence spectra against resistance genes on the differential set of Pallas near-isogenic lines.
Table 2. B. graminis f. sp. hordei isolates used for artificial inoculation and their virulence spectra against resistance genes on the differential set of Pallas near-isogenic lines.
No. Near isogenic lines / cultivars Resistance genes Isolates
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Bgh 1 Bgh 2 Bgh 3 Bgh 4 Bgh 8 Bgh 9 Bgh 11 Bgh 13 Bgh 14 Bgh 24 Bgh 28 Bgh 29 Bgh 31 Bgh 33 Bgh 36 Bgh 40 Bgh 48 Bgh 51 Bgh 57 Bgh 63
1 Pallas Mla8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 P1 Mla1 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 P2 Mla3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0
4 P3 Mla6, Mla14 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 P4A Mla7, Mlk, +? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 0 2 2 2 4 4 2
6 P4B Mla7, +? 4 4 4 1 0 2 2 4 4 0 2 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 4
7 P6 Mla7, MlLG2 4 4 0 0 2 1 2 4 0 2 2 4 0 4 2 0 4 4 4
8 P7 Mla9, Mlk 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
9 P8A Mla9, Mlk 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
10 P8B Mla9 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
11 P9 Mla10, MlDu2 4 4 4 0 1 4 0 4 0 2 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 4 4 4
12 P10 Mla12 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 0 4
13 P11 Mla13, MlRu3 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
14 P12 Mla22 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 4 4 4 0 0
15 P13 Mla23 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16 P14 Mlra 4 4 4 0 4 4 4 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
17 P15 Ml(Ru2) 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 4 4 2 0 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
18 P17 Mlk 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 0 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4
19 P18 Mlnn 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2
20 P19 Mlp 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
21 P20 Mlat 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2
22 P21 Mlg, Ml(CP) 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 4 0 4
23 P22 mlo5 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 3 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4) 0(4)
24 P23 Ml(La) 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
25 P24 Mlh 4 4 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 4 4 4 4 4
26 Benedicte Mla9,Ml(IM9) 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 0 4
27 Lenka Mla13,Ml(Ab) 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
28 Gunnar Mla3, Ml(Tu2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
29 Steffi Ml(St1), Ml(St2) 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 3 0 4 2 0 2 0 4
30 Kredit Ml(Kr) 4 2 4 0 2 0 0 2 4 4 4 2 4 0 4 2 2 4 4 4
31 Jarek Ml(Kr), +? 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
32 Trumph Mla7, Ml(Ab) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
33 Borwina Ml(Bw) 4 3 3 0 4 0 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 2 2
34 Manchurian - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Table 3. Resistance of lines selected from accessions H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum to B. graminis f. sp. hordei to isolate Bgh33 after inoculation at the seedling stage.
Table 3. Resistance of lines selected from accessions H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum to B. graminis f. sp. hordei to isolate Bgh33 after inoculation at the seedling stage.
No. ICARDA OTHERNUMB (IHAR No.) Bgh 33 No. ICARDA OTHERNUMB (IHAR No.) Bgh 33
IG CROP NO ORI ID IG Crop Nr ORI ID
1 38616 180007 JOR 1075 4 41 40177 181568 LBN 1116 4
2 38617 180008 JOR 1076 4 42 40178 181569 LBN 1117 4
3 38618 180009 JOR 1077 4 43 40179 181570 LBN 1118 4
4 38619 180010 JOR 1078 4 44 40180 181571 LBN 1119 4
5 38620 180011 JOR 1079 4 45 40181 181572 LBN 1120 4
6 38621 180012 JOR 1080 4 46 40182 181573 LBN 1121 4
7 38622 180013 JOR 1081 4 47 40183 181574 LBN 1122 4
8 38623 180014 JOR 1082 4 48 40184 181575 LBN 1124 4
9 38624 180015 JOR 1083 0, 4 49 40185 181576 LBN 1125 4
10 38625 180016 JOR 1084 0, 4 50 40186 181577 LBN 1126 4
11 38626 180017 JOR 1085 4 51 40187 181578 LBN 1127 4
12 38627 180018 JOR 1086 0 52 40188 181579 LBN 1128 4
13 38628 180019 JOR 1087 4 53 40189 181580 LBN 1129 4
14 38629 180020 JOR 1088 4 54 40190 181581 LBN 1130 4
15 38630 180021 JOR 1089 0, 4 55 40191 181582 LBN 1131 4
16 38631 180022 JOR 1090 4 56 40193 181584 LBN 1132 4
17 38632 180023 JOR 1091 4 57 40194 181585 LBN 1133 4
18 38633 180024 JOR 1092 4 58 112846 181657 LBY 1134 0, 2, 4
19 39398 180789 JOR 1093 4 59 112847 181658 LBY 1135 4
20 39821 181212 JOR 1094 2, 4 60 110816 181628 LBN 1136 4
21 39822 181213 JOR 1095 4 61 110819 181629 LBN 1137 4
22 39823 181214 JOR 1096 4 62 110823 181630 LBN 1138 4
23 39824 181215 JOR 1097 4 63 110831 181631 LBN 1139 4
24 39825 181216 JOR 1098 4 64 110833 181632 LBN 1140 4
25 39826 181217 JOR 1099 4 65 116004 181639 LBY 1141 4
26 39827 181218 JOR 1100 4 66 116005 181640 LBY 1142 0, 4
27 39828 181219 JOR 1101 2, 4 67 115780 181660 JOR 1143 4
28 39829 181220 JOR 1102 4 68 115781 181661 JOR 1144 0, 4
29 39850 181241 JOR 1103 4 69 115782 181662 JOR 1145 4
30 39851 181242 JOR 1104 4 70 115784 181664 JOR 1146 0
31 39877 181268 JOR 1105 4 71 115785 181665 JOR 1147 4
32 39933 181324 LBY 1107 4 72 115786 181666 JOR 1148 2, 4
33 39934 181325 LBY 1108 3 73 115787 181667 JOR 1149 4
34 39935 181326 LBY 1109 0, 2 74 115788 181668 JOR 1150 4
35 39936 181327 LBY 1110 4 75 115789 181669 JOR 1151 4
36 39937 181328 LBY 1111 0, 4 76 115790 181670 JOR 1152 0
No. ICARDA OTHERNUMB (IHAR No.) Bgh 33* No. ICARDA OTHERNUMB (IHAR No.) Bgh 33
IG CROP NO ORI ID IG Crop Nr ORI ID
37 39938 181329 LBY 1112 4 77 115791 181671 JOR 1153 4
38 39939 181330 LBY 1113 4 78 115792 181672 JOR 1154 4
39 40156 181547 LBN 1114 4 79 115793 181673 JOR 1155 0, 2
40 40168 181559 LBN 1115 4 80 115795 181674 JOR 1156 4
81 115796 181675 JOR 1157 4
Table 4. Resistance of lines selected from accessions H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum to B. graminis f. sp. hordei isolates after inoculation at the seedling stage.
Table 4. Resistance of lines selected from accessions H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum to B. graminis f. sp. hordei isolates after inoculation at the seedling stage.
No. ICARDA OTHERNUMB (IHAR project No. -Line) Isolates Postulated resistance alleles
ICARDA - IG IG line No. CROP NO ORI ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Bgh 1 Bgh 2 Bgh 3 Bgh 4 Bgh 8 Bgh 9 Bgh 11 Bgh 13 Bgh14 Bgh 24 Bgh 28 Bgh 29 Bgh 31 Bgh 33 Bgh 36 Bgh 40 Bgh 48 Bgh 51 Bgh 57 Bgh 63
1 38624 1 180015 JOR 1083-1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 un*
2 38625 1 180016 JOR 1084-1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 un
3 38625 2 180016 JOR 1084-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 un
4 38625 3 180016 JOR 1084-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 un
5 38627 1 180018 JOR 1086-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 un
6 38630 1 180021 JOR 1089-1 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 un
7 39821 1 181212 JOR 1094-1 4 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 un
8 39821 2 181212 JOR 1094-2 2 0 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 un
9 39828 1 181219 JOR 1101-1 2 0 2 -** 0 - 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 - 0 0 0 - - - un
10 39828 2 181219 JOR 1101-2 0 0 0 - 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 - 0 0 0 - - 0 un
11 39828 3 181219 JOR 1101-3 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 un
12 39935 1 181326 LBY 1109-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 un
13 39935 2 181326 LBY 1109-2 0 0 0 - 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 - - 0 un
14 39935 3 181326 LBY 1109-3 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 un
15 39935 4 181326 LBY 1109-4 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 un
16 39937 1 181328 LBY 1111-1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 un
17 39937 2 181328 LBY 1111-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 un
18 112846 1 181657 LBY 1134-1 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 un
19 112846 2 181657 LBY 1134-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 un
20 116005 1 181640 LBY 1142-1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 un
21 115781 1 181661 JOR 1144-1 4 2 4 - 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 - 2 4 0 - - 2 un
22 115781 2 181661 JOR 1144-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 un
23 115781 3 181661 JOR 1144-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 un
24 115784 1 181664 JOR 1146-1 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - un
25 115786 1 181666 JOR 1148-2 0 0 0 2 0 - 2 2 0 2 - 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 - un
26 115790 1 181670 JOR 1152-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 un
27 115790 2 181670 JOR 1152-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 un
28 115793 1 181673 JOR 1155-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 un
29 115793 2 181673 JOR 1155-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 un
30 115793 3 181673 JOR 1155-3 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 un
31 115793 2 181673 JOR 1155-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 un
* unknown resistance gene. ** no data.
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