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Presymmetric w-Distances on Metric Spaces

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Salvador Romaguera^*,

Pedro Tirado

Salvador Romaguera^*,

Pedro Tirado

This version is not peer-reviewed

Submitted:

19 December 2023

Posted:

20 December 2023

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Abstract

In an outstanding article published in 2008, Suzuki obtained a nice generalization of the Banach contraction principle from which derived a characterization of metric completeness. Although Suzuki’s theorem has been successfully generalized and extended in several directions and contexts, we here show by means of a simple example that the problem of achieving, in an obvious way, its full extension to the framework of w-distances does not have an emphatic response. Motivated by this fact we introduce the concept of presymmetric w-distance on metric spaces, we give some properties and examples of this new structure and show that it provides a reasonable setting to obtain a real and hardly forced w-distance generalization of Suzuki’s theorem. This is realized in our main result, which is a fixed point theorem that involves presymmetric w-distances and certain contractions of Suzuki-type. We also discuss the relationship between our main result and the well-known w-distance full generalization of the Banach contraction principle, due to Suzuki and Takahashi. Connected to this approach we prove another fixed point result that compare with our main result through some examples. Finally, we state a characterization of metric completeness by using our fixed point results.

Keywords:

Subject: Computer Science and Mathematics - Geometry and Topology

1. Introduction

It has been widely recognized for many years that the so-called w-distances, introduced and discussed by Kada et al. in [1], provide an impactful and very accurate kind of generalized metric. This structure allows to refine, enhance and extend classical and important results as Caristi’s fixed point theorem and its "equivalent" Ekeland’s Vartional Principle, Nadler’s fixed point theorem, and many others (see,

e . g .

, [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]), as well as to characterize complete metric spaces and complete fuzzy metric spaces by means of fixed point results [11,12]. The recent monograph by Rakočević [13] and the references therein provide a valuable and updated source to the study of w-distances and their application to the fixed point theory.

In his already classical article [14], Suzuki presented an elegant generalization of Banach’s contraction principle that he used to characterize complete metric spaces. Although Suzuki’s theorem has been successfully generalized and extended in several directions and contexts (see,

e . g .

, [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]) we here show by means of an easy example that its full extension to the framework of w-distances presents suggestive difficulties that we think deserve attention.

Motivated by this scenario, we introduce and analyze the concept of presymmetric w-distance on metric spaces. In particular, we give some properties and examples of this new structure and show that it provides a reasonable setting to obtain a real and hardly forced w-distance generalization of Suzuki’s theorem. This is realized in our main result, which is a fixed point theorem that involves presymmetric w-distances and certain contractions of Suzuki-type. We also discuss the relationship between our main result and the w-distance full generalization of the Banach contraction principle, obtained by Suzuki and Takahashi in [11] (Theorem 1), and that they used to characterize complete metric spaces (see [11] (Theorem 4)). In this context we introduce and examine an alternative notion of basic contraction of Suzuki-type, by attaining a new fixed point theorem which we compare with our main result through some examples. The last part of the paper is devoted to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a metric space to be complete which is made by combining our fixed point results with both Suzuki’s characterization and Suzuki-Takahashi’s characterization.

At this point we wish to remark the following: there are many publications, mainly about the fixed point theory, that deal (separately) with w-distances and contractions of Suzuki-type. For this reason, and in order not to saturate the amount of bibliographical references cited in this paper, we have stuck to those given in the first two paragraphs of this section because we think they provide a sufficient background to help the reader.

2. Preliminaries

As far as possible, our notation and terminology will be standard. In what follows we will design by ℕ the set of natural numbers.

Next we establish the following special case of Suzuki’s theorem [14] (Theorem 2), which will be sufficient for our targets here.

Theorem 1.([14]) Let

(X, d)

be a complete metric space and T be a self map of X. If there exists a constant

r \in (0, 1)

such that, for any

x, y \in X

, the next contraction condition holds:

d (x, T x) \leq 2 d (x, y) \Rightarrow d (T x, T y) \leq r d (x, y),

(1)

then, T has a unique fixed point in X.

In line with [28], a self map T of a metric space

(X, d)

satisfying the contraction condition (1) will be called a basic contraction of Suzuki-type (on

(X, d)

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

is a sequence in a metric space

(X, d)

that converges to an

x \in X

, we simply will write

x_{n} \to x

d (x, x_{n}) \to x

Remind ([1]) that a w-distance on a metric space

(X, d)

is a function

p : X \times X \to [0, + \infty)

that verifies the following conditions:

(w1)

p (x, y) \leq p (x, z) + p (z, y),

for all

x, y, z \in X

;

(w2) for each

x \in X,

the function

p (x, \cdot) : X \to [0, + \infty)

is lower semicontinuous;

(w3) for each

ε > 0

there exists

δ > 0

such that

p (x, y) \leq δ

and

p (x, z) \leq δ

imply

d (y, z) \leq ε .

Given a w-distance p on a metric space

(X, d)

, we shall denote by

p^{s}

the function defined on

X \times X

p^{s} (x, y) = max {p (x, y), p (y, x)}

for all

x, y \in X

. Notice that

p^{s}

clearly satisfies conditions (w1) and (w3) above, but not condition (w2) in general, as the following example shows.

Example 1.

Let

X = {0, 2} \cup {1 / n : n \in N},

and d be restriction of the usual metric to

X .

It is routine to check that the function

p : X \times X \to [0, + \infty)

defined as

p (0, 2) = 2

and

p (x, y) = 1

otherwise, is a w-distance on

(X, d) .

However, we get

p^{s} (2, 0) = 2

and

p^{s} (2, 1 / n) = 1

for all

n \in N,

p^{s} (2, \cdot) \to [0, + \infty)

is not lower semicontinuous. Therefore, condition (w2) does not hold, and, thus,

p^{s}

is not a w–distance on

(X, d) .

According to [29] (p. 3118), we say that a w-distance p on a metric space

(X, d)

is symmetric if

p (x, y) = p (y, x)

for all

x, y \in X

. Obviously,

p = p^{s}

whenever p is symmetric.

Several interesting examples of w-distances on metric spaces are given, among others, in [1,11,13]. In fact, every metric d on a set X is a symmetric w-distance on the metric space

(X, d)

. Another very interesting example of a symmetric w-distance can be found in [1](Example 7), and in [11] (Lemma 2).

We conclude this section by recalling a couple of representative instances of w-distances, which will be useful later on.

Example 2. (compare [1] (Example 4)) Let X be a (non-empty) subset of

[0, + \infty)

. Then, the function

p : X \times X \to [0, + \infty)

defined as

p (x, y) = y

for all

x, y \in X

, is a w-distance for the metric space

(X, d)

, where by d we denote the restriction of the usual metric to X.

Example 3. (compare [1] (Example 3)) Let X be a (non-empty) subset of

[0, + \infty)

and let

a, b,

be constants such that

a, b > 0

. Then, the function

p : X \times X \to [0, + \infty)

defined as

p (x, y) = a x + b y

for all

x, y \in X

, is a w-distance for the metric space

(X, d)

, where by d we denote the restriction of the usual metric to X. Clearly, w is symmetric whenever

a = b

3. Presymmetric w-distances and a generalization of Suzuki’s theorem

We begin by generalizing the notion of a basic contraction of Suzuki-type to the framework of w-distances.

Definition 1.

Let p be a w-distance on a metric space

(X, d)

. We say that a self map T of X is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type (on

(X, d)

) if there exists a constant

r \in (0, 1)

such that, for any

x, y \in X

, the next contraction condition holds:

p (x, T x) \leq 2 p (x, y) \Rightarrow p (T x, T y) \leq r p (x, y) .

(2)

In light of Theorem 1, the following question naturally arises:

Let p be a w-distance on a complete metric space

(X, d)

and T be a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type (on

(X, d)

). Under these conditions, has T a fixed point in X?

The next example shows that, unfortunately, this question has a negative answer, in general.

Example 4.

Let

X = [0, 1]

and let d be the restriction of the usual metric to

X .

Consider the self map T of X defined as

T 0 = 1

and

T x = x / 2

for all

x \in (0, 1] .

Obviously, T has no fixed points. We shall show that, nevertheless, it is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type, where

r = 1 / 2

and p is the w-distance on

(X, d)

given in Example 2, i.e.,

p (x, y) = y

for all

x, y \in X

Indeed,

If $x = y = 0,$ we get $p (x, T x) = p (0, 1) = 1 > 0 = 2 p (x, y) .$
If $x \in (0, 1]$ and $y = 0,$ we get $p (x, T x) = T x = x / 2 > 0 = 2 p (x, y) .$
If $y \in (0, 1]$ , we get $p (T x, T y) = T y = y / 2 = p (x, y) / 2 .$

With the aim of lessening the difficulties evidenced by Example 2, we propose the following notion.

Definition 2.

A w-distance p on a metric space

(X, d)

is called presymmetric provided that it fulfills the next property:

Whenever

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

is a sequence in X such that

x_{n} \to x

and

p (x_{n}, x) \to 0

for some

x \in X,

then there is a subsequence

{(x_{k (n)})}_{n \in N}

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

satisfying

p (x, x_{k (n) + 1}) \leq p (x_{k (n)}, x)

for all

n \in N .

Proposition 1.

Every symmetric w-distance is presymmetric.

Proof.

Let p be a symmetric w-distance on a metric space

(X, d) .

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

is a sequence in X such that

x_{n} \to x

and

p (x_{n}, x) \to 0

for some

x \in X

, there is a subsequence

{(x_{k (n)})}_{n \in N}

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

such that

p (x_{k (n) + 1}, x) \leq p (x_{k (n)}, x)

for all

n \in N .

By the symmetry of p, we conclude that

p (x, x_{k (n) + 1}) \leq p (x_{k (n)}, x)

for all

n \in N .

□

Example 5.

Let p be a w-distance on a metric space

(X, d)

for which there is a constant

c > 0

such that

p (x, y) \geq c

for all

x, y \in X

. Then, it is clear that p is a presymmetric w-distance on

(X, d)

Example 6.

Let X be a subset of

[0, + \infty)

be such that

[0, 1] \subseteq X

, let d be the restriction of the usual metric to X, and let p be the w-distance on

(X, d)

given by

p (x, y) = a x + b y

for all

x, y \in X

, where a and b are real constants such that

a \geq 0

and

b > 0

(compare Examples 2 and 3).

If $a < b$ , the w-distance p is not presymmetric: Indeed, take the sequence ${(1 / n)}_{n \in N} .$ Then, $1 / n \to 0$ and $p (1 / n, 0) = a / n$ for all $n \in N,$ so $p (1 / n, 0) \to 0 .$ Since $b / a > 1$ there exists an $n_{0} \in N$ such that $b / a > (n + 1) / n$ for all $n \geq n_{0} .$ Therefore, $p (0, 1 / (n + 1)) = b / (n + 1) > a / n = p (1 / n, 0)$ for all $n \geq n_{0} .$
If $a = b,$ the w-distance p is symmetric, and, hence, it is presymmetric by Proposition 1.
If $a > b$ , the w-distance p is presymmetric: Indeed, suppose that ${(x_{n})}_{n \in N}$ is a sequence in X fulfilling $x_{n} \to x$ and $p (x_{n}, x) \to 0$ for some $x \in X .$ Then, $x = 0$ and, hence, $p (x, x_{n}) = b x_{n} \leq a x_{n} = p (x_{n}, x)$ for all $n \in N .$

Note that, in this case, p is not symmetric.

Notice that in both Proposition 1 and Examples 5 and 6, the convergence of the sequence

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

to x is not essential. We now give an example, which may be compared with Examples 3 and 6, where such convergence plays a decisive role.

Example 7.

Let

c > 0

, Y be a non-empty subset of

[c, + \infty)

X = {0} \cup Y

and d be the discrete metric on

X .

Define

p : X \times X \to [0, + \infty)

p (x, y) = a x + b y

for all

x, y \in X,

with

a, b

constants such that

0 \leq a < b

. Then, p is a non-symmetric presymmetric w-distance on

(X, d) .

We first show that p satisfies conditions (w1), (w2) and (w3):

(w1) it is trivially satisfied.

(w2) let

x, y \in X

and

{(y_{n})}_{n \in N}

be a sequence in X such that

y_{n} \to y .

Since d is the discrete metric on

X,

y_{n} = y

, eventually. Therefore,

p (x, y) = p (x, y_{n})

, eventually.

(w3) given

ε > 0

put

δ = b c / 2 .

Let

p (x, y) \leq δ

and

p (x, z) \leq δ .

Then,

a x + b y \leq b c / 2

and

a x + b z \leq b c / 2

, so, in particular,

y \leq c / 2 < c

and

z \leq c / 2 < c

, which implies that

y = z = 0

We have shown that p is a w-distance on

(X, d)

. Clearly, it is not symmetric.

Now let

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

be a sequence in X such that

x_{n} \to x

and

p (x_{n}, x) \to 0

for some

x \in X

. Since d is the discrete metric on X we infer that

x_{n} = x

, eventually, which obviously implies that p is presymmetric.

Next we state and show the main result of this paper. In the first part of its proof we will adapt the methods customary applied when both contractions of Suzuki-type and w-distances are involved.

Theorem 2.

Let p be a presymmetric w-distance on a complete metric space

(X, d)

and let T be a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type. Then, T has a unique fixed point

ξ \in X

. Furthermore,

p (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

Proof.

By assumption, there exists a constant

r \in (0, 1)

for which the contraction condition (2) holds.

Fix

x_{0} \in X .

Put

x_{n} = T^{n} x_{0}

for all

n \in N \cup {0} .

By standard arguments we first show that

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

is a Cauchy sequence in

(X, d) .

p (x_{n - 1}, x_{n}) \leq 2 p (x_{n - 1}, x_{n})

, it follows from (2) that

p (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}) \leq r p (x_{n - 1}, x_{n}),

so,

p (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}) \leq r^{n} p (x_{0}, x_{1})

for all

n \in N .

Therefore, by the triangle inequality (w1),

p (x_{n}, x_{n + k}) \leq \frac{r^{n}}{1 - r} p (x_{0}, x_{1}),

(3)

for all

n \in N

and

k > n .

Given

ε > 0

let

δ : = δ (ε) > 0,

for which condition (w3) holds. Take an

n_{δ} \in N

such that

\frac{r^{n_{δ}}}{1 - r} p (x_{0}, x_{1}) < δ .

(4)

Then, it follows from (3) that

p (x_{n_{δ}}, x_{n}) < δ

and

p (x_{n_{δ}}, x_{m}) < δ

whenever

n, m > n_{δ},

which implies, by (w3), that

d (x_{n}, x_{m}) \leq ε

whenever

n, m > n_{δ}

. Since

ε

is arbitrary we get that

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

is a Cauchy sequence in the complete metric space

(X, d) .

Let

ξ \in X

be such that

x_{n} \to ξ .

For the given

ε,

δ

and

n_{δ}

above, choose any

j \in N

with

j > n_{δ} .

By (w2), we can find

m > j

such that

p (x_{j}, ξ) < p (x_{j}, x_{m}) + ε .

Combining the relations (3) and (4), we obtain

p (x_{j}, x_{m}) \leq \frac{r^{j}}{1 - r} p (x_{0}, x_{1}) < \frac{r^{n_{δ}}}{1 - r} p (x_{0}, x_{1}) < δ,

so,

p (x_{j}, ξ) < δ + ε

for all

j > n_{δ}

, which implies that

p (x_{n}, ξ) \to 0 .

Next we prove that

ξ

is a fixed point of

T .

To this end, suppose that there is an

n_{0} \in N

verifying that

p (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}) > 2 p (x_{n}, ξ)

for all

n > n_{0}

. Then, we get

2 p (x_{n}, ξ) < p (x_{n}, ξ) + p (ξ, x_{n + 1}),

for all

n > n_{0} .

Thus,

p (x_{n}, ξ) < p (ξ, x_{n + 1})

for all

n > n_{0} .

p (x_{n}, ξ) \to 0,

we have reached a contradiction because, by assumption, p is presymmetric.

Hence, there is a subsequence

{(x_{k (n)})}_{n \in N}

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

such that

p (x_{k (n)}, x_{k (n) + 1}) \leq 2 p (x_{k (n)}, ξ)

for all

n \in N .

By condition (2) we obtain

p (x_{k (n) + 1}, T ξ) \leq r p (x_{k (n)}, ξ),

for all

n \in N .

Since

p (x_{k (n)}, ξ) \to 0

we deduce that

p (x_{k (n) + 1}, T ξ) \to 0 .

Again, given

ε > 0

let

δ : = δ (ε) > 0,

for which condition (w3) holds. Since

p (x_{n}, ξ) \to 0,

there is

n_{0} \in N

such that

p (x_{n}, ξ) \leq δ

for all

n > n_{0} .

Choose

n \in N

be such that

k (n) + 1 > n_{0}

and

p (x_{k (n) + 1}, T ξ) \leq δ .

Therefore,

p (x_{k (n) + 1}, x) \leq δ,

and, by condition (w3), we get

d (ξ, T ξ) \leq ε

. Since

ε

is arbitrary we conclude that

ξ = T ξ .

Now we check that

p (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

Indeed, we have

p (ξ, T ξ) = p (ξ, ξ) \leq 2 p (ξ, ξ)

, so, by condition (2),

p (ξ, ξ) = p (T ξ, T ξ) \leq r p (ξ, ξ)

, which implies that

p (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

Finally, we see that

ξ

is the unique fixed point of

T .

Suppose that

ϑ \in X

satisfies

ϑ = T ϑ .

p (ξ, T ξ) = 0

, we get

p (ξ, T ξ) \leq 2 p (ξ, ϑ) .

From condition (2) it follows that

p (ξ, ϑ) \leq r p (ξ, ϑ) .

Hence,

p (ξ, ϑ) = 0 .

Thus,

ξ = ϑ

by condition (w3). □

Corollary 1.

Let p be a symmetric w-distance on a complete metric space

(X, d)

and let T be a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type. Then, T has a unique fixed point

ξ \in X

. Furthermore,

p (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

The following example shows that Corollary 1 and, hence, Theorem 2, is a real generalization of Theorem 1.

Example 8.

Let

X = [0, 1]

and let d be the restriction of the usual metric to

X .

Consider the self map T of X defined as

T 1 = 1 / 2

and

T x = 0

for all

x \in [0, 1) .

We first show that we cannot apply Theorem 1 to this case. Indeed, for

x = 1 / 2

and

y = 1

we get

d (x, T x) = 1 / 2 = d (x, y) < 2 d (x, y)

, but

d (T x, T y) = 1 / 2 = d (x, y)

Next we show that we can apply Corollary 1 and, thus, Theorem 2 for the symmetric w-distance on

(X, d)

given by

p (x, y) = x + y

for all

x, y \in X

(see Example 6). Indeed,

If $x = 1$ , we get $p (T x, T y) \leq p (x, y) / 2 .$
If $x, y \in [0, 1)$ , we get $p (T x, T y) = p (0, 0) = 0 .$
If $x \in [0, 1)$ and $y = 1$ , we get $p (T x, T 1) = p (0, 1 / 2) = 1 / 2 \leq (x + 1) / 2 = p (x, y) / 2 .$

4. On the relationship beetwen p-contractive self maps, basic p-contractions of Suzuki-type, and the corresponding fixed point theorems

In accordance with Suzuki and Takahashi [11], given a w-distance p on a metric space

(X, d),

a self map T of X is called p-contractive (or weakly contractive) if there is a constant

r \in (0, 1)

such that

p (T x, T y) \leq r p (x, y)

for all

x, y \in X .

Then, they proved the following w-distance generalization of Banach’s contraction principle.

Theorem 3.([11]) Let p be a w-distance on a complete metric space

(X, d) .

Then, each p-contractive self map T of X has a unique fixed point

ξ \in X .

Furthermore,

p (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

It is clear that the Banach contraction principle is a direct consequence of both Theorem 1 and Theorem 3. In contrast to this fact we have that Theorem 3 is not a direct consequence of Theorem 2 as the following easy example shows.

Example 9.

Let

X = [0, 1]

, d be the restriction of the usual metric to

X

, p be the w-distance on

(X, d)

given in Example 2, and T be the self map of X defined as

T x = x / 2

for all

x \in X .

Since for each

x, y \in X,

p (T x, T y) = y / 2 = p (x, y) / 2,

we deduce that T is p-contractive. Hence, all conditions of Theorem 3 are satisfied. However, we cannot apply Theorem 2 because p is not presymmetric.

Remark 1.

Evidently, every p-contractive self map is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type. Example 4 furnishes an instance of a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type T (on a complete metric space

(X, d)

) without fixed point, so, by Theorem 3, it is not p-contractive. In fact, we have

p (T x, T 0) = 1 > 0 = p (x, 0)

for all

x \in X

. In addition, and as an immediate consequence of Theorem 2, we get that the involved w-distance p is not presymmetric.

Remark 2.

In [14](Example 1), Suzuki presented an instance of a complete metric space

(X, d)

and a self map T of X that is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type but not p-contractive, for

p = d

Despite Example 9, in Remark 3 below we shall see that it is still possible to deduce Theorem 3 from Theorem 2, by applying the following consequence of a result from Shioji et al. [29](Theorem 1).

Theorem 4.([29]) Let p be a w-distance on a metric space

(X, d)

and let T be a p-contractive self map of

X .

Then, there exists a symmetric w-distance q on

(X, d)

such that T is q-contractive.

Remark 3.

Let p be a w-distance on a complete metric space

(X, d)

and T be a p-contractive self map of X (with contraction constant

r \in (0, 1)

). By Theorem 4, there exists a symmetric w-distance q on

(X, d)

such that T is q-contractive. Therefore, T is a basic q-contraction of Suzuki-type, so, by Corollary 1, it has a unique fixed point

ξ \in X

and

q (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

We also have

p (ξ, ξ) = 0

because

p (ξ, ξ) = p (T ξ, T ξ) \leq r p (ξ, ξ)

Shioji et al. also explored in [29] a class of contractions which we here define as follows: Given a w-distance p on a metric space

(X, d)

, a self map T of X is

p^{-}

-contractive provided that there is a constant

r \in (0, 1)

such that

p (T x, T y) \leq r p (y, x)

for all

x, y \in X .

Then, they proved the following.

Theorem 5.([29]) Let p be a w-distance on a metric space

(X, d)

and let T be a p-contractive self map of

X .

Then, there exists a w-distance q on

(X, d)

such that T is

q^{-}

-contractive.

From Theorem 5 it follows that the relevant Theorem 3 is a consequence of the next result. We emphasize that, for our surprise, we have not found that result in the literature. In any case, we formulate and prove it for the sake of completeness.

Theorem 6.

Let p be a w-distance on a complete metric space

(X, d) .

Then, each

p^{-}

-contractive self map T of X has a unique fixed point

ξ \in X .

Furthermore,

p (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

Proof.

Let T be a

p^{-}

-contractive self map of

X .

Then, there exists a constant

r \in (0, 1)

such that

p (T x, T y) \leq r p (x, y),

(5)

for all

x, y \in X .

Now, fix

x_{0} \in X

and put

x_{n} = T^{n} x_{0}

for all

n \in N \cup {0} .

By the contraction condition (5) we get

p (x_{1}, x_{2}) \leq r p (x_{1}, x_{0}) and p (x_{2}, x_{1}) \leq r p (x_{0}, x_{1}) .

Similarly,

p (x_{2}, x_{3}) \leq r p (x_{2}, x_{1}) and p (x_{3}, x_{2}) \leq r p (x_{1}, x_{2}),

so,

p (x_{2}, x_{3}) \leq r^{2} p (x_{0}, x_{1}) .

Continuing this process we obtain

p (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}) \leq r^{n} p (x_{1}, x_{0}) if n is odd, and p (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}) \leq r^{n} p (x_{0}, x_{1}) if n is even .

Hence,

p (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}) \leq r^{n} p^{s} (x_{0}, x_{1}),

for all

n \in N .

So, exactly as in the proof of Theorem 2, we deduce the existence of a point

ξ \in X

such that

x_{n} \to ξ

and

p (x_{n}, ξ) \to 0 .

We shall prove that

ξ

is the unique fixed point of

T,

and also that

p (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

From condition (5) we deduce that

p (T ξ, x_{n + 1}) \to 0,

and, thus,

p (T ξ, ξ) = 0

by the triangle inequality (w1).

Since

p (T ξ, T^{2} ξ) \leq r p (T ξ, ξ),

we get

p (T ξ, T^{2} ξ) = 0 .

So, by condition (w3),

d (ξ, T^{2} ξ) \leq ε

for all

ε > 0,

i.e.,

ξ = T^{2} ξ .

Consequently,

p (ξ, T ξ) = p (T^{2} ξ, T ξ) \leq r p (ξ, T ξ),

which implies that

p (ξ, T ξ) = 0 .

Therefore, by the triangle inequality (w1),

p (ξ, ξ) = 0

and

p (T ξ, T ξ) = 0

, so,

ξ = T ξ

, by condition (w3).

Finally, suppose that

ϑ \in X

satisfies

ϑ = T ϑ .

Then,

p ((ξ, ϑ) = p (T ξ, T ϑ) \leq r p (ϑ, ξ) \leq r^{2} p (ξ, ϑ) .

So,

p (ξ, ϑ) = 0 .

Since

p (ξ, ξ) = 0,

we get

ξ = ϑ

by condition (w3). □

In [29] (Proposition 1) it was presented an example of a w-distance p on a complete metric space

(X, d)

and a

p^{-}

-contractive self map of X that has a unique fixed point, but that is not a q-contractive self map for any w-distance q on

(X, d)

. Hence, this example shows that Theorem 6 is a real generalization of Theorem 3.

Since Theorem 2 can be interpreted as an extension of Theorem 3, it seems natural to ask whether it is possible to obtain an analogous extension of Theorem 6. We shall prove that this question has an affirmative answer.

Definition 3.

Let p be a w-distance on a metric space

(X, d)

. We say that a self map T of X is a basic

p^{-}

-contraction of Suzuki-type (on

(X, d)

) if there exists a constant

r \in (0, 1)

such that, for any

x, y \in X

, the next contraction condition holds:

p (x, T x) \leq 2 p (x, y) \Rightarrow p (T x, T y) \leq r p (y, x) .

(6)

Theorem 7.

Let p be a presymmetric w-distance on a complete metric space

(X, d)

and let T be a basic

p^{-}

-contraction of Suzuki-type. Then, T has a unique fixed point

ξ \in X .

Furthermore,

p (ξ, ξ) = 0 .

Proof.

By assumption there exists a constant

r \in (0, 1)

for which the contraction condition (6) holds.

Fix

x_{0} \in X

and put

x_{n} = T^{n} x_{0}

for all

n \in N \cup {0} .

Since

p (x_{0}, x_{1}) \leq 2 p (x_{0}, x_{1}),

we have

p (x_{1}, x_{2}) \leq r p (x_{1}, x_{0}) .

Hence,

p (x_{1}, x_{2}) \leq 2 p (x_{1}, x_{0}),

so, by condition (6),

p (x_{2}, x_{1}) \leq r p (x_{0}, x_{1}) .

Again, condition (6), implies that

p (x_{2}, x_{3}) \leq r p (x_{2}, x_{1}) .

Therefore

p (x_{2}, x_{3}) \leq r^{2} p (x_{0}, x_{1}) .

Following this process we deduce that

p (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}) \leq r^{n} p^{s} (x_{0}, x_{1})

for all

n \in N .

Then, and as in the proof of Theorem 2, there exists

ξ \in X

such that

x_{n} \to ξ

and

p (x_{n}, ξ) \to 0 .

By the presymmetry of p, there exists a subsequence

{(x_{k (n)})}_{n \in N}

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

such that

p (ξ, x_{k (n) + 1}) \leq p (x_{k (n)}, ξ)

for all

n \in N .

This implies that

p (ξ, x_{k (n) + 1}) \to 0 .

Since

p (x_{k (n) + 1}, ξ) \to 0

we can repeat the argument given in the proof of Theorem 2, to deduce the existence of a subsequence

{(x_{k (j (n))})}_{n \in N}

{(x_{k (n) + 1})}_{n \in N}

satisfying

p (x_{k (j (n))}, x_{k (j (n)) + 1}) \leq 2 p (x_{k (j (n))}, ξ)

for all

n \in N

. Hence, condition (6) implies that

p (x_{k (j (n)) + 1}, T ξ) \leq r p (ξ, x_{k (j (n))}),

for all

n \in N .

Since

p (ξ, x_{k (j (n))}) \to 0

we deduce that

p (x_{k (j (n)) + 1}, T ξ) \to 0 .

Taking into account that

p (x_{k (j (n)) + 1}, ξ) \to 0,

we get

ξ = T ξ

by condition (w3). Moreover,

p (ξ, ξ) = 0

by condition (6).

Finally, suppose that

ϑ \in X

satisfies

ϑ = T ϑ .

Once again, condition (6) implies that

p (ξ, ϑ) \leq r p (ϑ, ξ) \leq r^{2} p (ξ, ϑ),

so,

p (ξ, ϑ) = 0 .

By condition (w3) we conclude that

ξ = ϑ .

□

We finish this section by exemplifying that Theorems 2 and 7 are of a different value from each other.

Example 10.

Let

X = {0} \cup (1, + \infty)

, d be the discrete metric on

X,

and

p : X \times X \to [0, + \infty)

be defined as

p (x, y) = x + 2 y

for all

x, y \in X .

Then, p is a presymmetric w-distance on

(X, d)

as Example 7 shows.

Now let T be the self map of X defined as

T x = 0

x \in {0} \cup (1, 2),

and

T x = (x + 1) / 2

x \in [2, + \infty) .

We prove that T is p-contractive with contraction constant

r = 3 / 4,

and, hence, it is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type.

If $x, y \in {0} \cup (1, 2),$ we get $p (T x, T y) = 0 .$
If $x \in {0} \cup (1, 2)$ and $y \geq 2,$ we get $p (T x, T y) = y + 1 \leq 3 y / 2 \leq 3 p (x, y) / 4 .$
If $x \geq 2$ and $y \in {0} \cup (1, 2)$ , we get $p (T x, T y) = (x + 1) / 2 \leq 3 x / 4 \leq 3 p (x, y) / 4 .$
If $x, y \geq 2,$ we get $p (T x, T y) = (x + 1) / 2 + y + 1 \leq 3 x / 4 + 3 y / 2 = 3 p (x, y) / 4 .$

Therefore, all conditions of Theorem 2 (and of Theorem 3) are satisfied.

However, we have

p (0, T 0) = 0 < 2 p (0, 2),

but

p (T 0, T 2) = p (0, 3 / 2) = 3 > 2 = p (2, 0) .

Thus, T is not a basic

p^{-}

-contraction of Suzuki-type, so, we cannot apply Theorem 7 to these p and T.

Example 11.

Let

X = [0, 1] \cup {2},

let d be the discrete metric on

X,

c > 0

be a constant such that

c (c + 2) < 1,

and

p : X \times X \to [0, + \infty)

be defined as

p (0, 0) = 0,

p (0, x) = 1

and

p (x, 0) = 1 + c

for all

x \in (0, 1],

p (x, y) = 1

for all

x, y \in (0, 1],

p (x, 2) = 1 + c

for all

x \in X,

p (2, 0) = c (c + 2),

and

p (2, x) = 1 + c (c + 2)

for all

x \in (0, 1] .

It is routine to check that p is a presymmetric w-distance on the complete metric space

(X, d)

(for instance, (w2) follows immediately from the fact that d is the discrete metric, and to verify (w3) choose

δ = c (c + 2) / 2)

for any

ε > 0) .

Now let T be self map of X defined as

T x = 0

for all

x \in [0, 1]

and

T 2 = 1 .

We first show that T is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type (with contraction constant

r = 1 / (1 + c))

and, unlike Example 10, it is not p-contractive.

Indeed,

If $x, y \in [0, 1],$ we get $p (T x, T y) = p (0, 0) = 0 .$
If $x \in [0, 1]$ and $y = 2,$ we get $p (T x, T y) = p (0, 1) = 1 = r p (x, y) .$
If $x = y = 2,$ we get $p (T x, T y) = p (1, 1) = 1 = r p (x, y) .$
If $x = 2$ and $y \in (0, 1],$ we get $p (T x, T y) = p (1, 0) = 1 + c = r {(1 + c)}^{2} = r p (x, y) .$
If $x = 2$ and $y = 0,$ we get $p (x, T x) = p (2, 1) = 1 + 2 c + c^{2} > 2 c (2 + c) = 2 p (x, y)$ (recall that $c (2 + c) < 1) .$

We conclude that T is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type and, hence, all conditions of Theorem 2 are satisfied.

However, T is not p-contractive because

p (T 2, T 0) = p (1, 0) = 1 + c > c (2 + c) = p (2, 0) .

Finally, note that

p (0, T 0) = 0 < 2 p (0, 2),

but

p (T 0, T 2) = p (0, 1) = 1 > c (2 + c) = p (2, 0),

which implies that T is not a basic

p^{-}

-contraction of Suzuki-type, so we cannot apply Theorem 6 to these p and

T .

Example 12.

Denote by

N^{F}

the set of all finite sequences whose terms are natural numbers. Thus, if

x \in N^{F}

we put

x : = x_{1} . . . x_{k},

where

x_{n} \in N,

for all

n \in {1, . . ., k} .

The number

k \geq 1

is called the length of x as is denoted by

ℓ (x) .

Let

X = {ω} \cup N^{F},

where by ω we denote the infinite sequence

{(n)}_{n \in N},

that we represent as follows:

ω : = 123 . . .

Set

Y = {ω} \cup {x \in N^{F} : ℓ (x)

is even

}

Now, let d be the discrete metric on X and

p : X \times X \to [0, + \infty)

be the function defined as

p (x, ω) = 0

x \in Y

p (x, y) = 1

x \in Y

and

y \in X ∖ {ω},

and

p (x, y) = 2

otherwise.

It is straightforward to check that p is a presymmetric w-distance on the complete metric space

(X, d) .

Define a self map T of X as

T x = ω

x \in Y,

and

T x = z_{x}

x \in X ∖ Y,

where

z_{x}

is the unique element of

N^{F}

obtained by repeating once the terms of

x,

i.e., if

x = x_{1} . . . x_{k},

then

z_{x} = x_{1} . . . x_{k} x_{1} . . . x_{k}

. Thus,

ℓ (z_{x}) = 2 ℓ (x) .

It is routine to check that

p (T x, T y) \leq p (y, x) / 2

for all

x, y \in X

(in particular, if

x \in Y

and

y \in X ∖ Y

we get

p (T x, T y) = p (0, z_{y}) = 1 = p (y, x) / 2)) .

Hence, T is

p^{-}

-contractive, so it is a basic

p^{-}

-contraction of Suzuki-type. Thus, all conditions of Theorem 7 (and of Theorem 6) are fulfilled.

However, for

x \in Y ∖ {ω}

and

y \in X ∖ Y,

we get

p (x, T x) = p (x, ω) = 0 < p (x, y),

but

p (T x, T y) = p (ω, z_{y}) = 1 = p (x, y) .

This shows that T is not a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type, so, we cannot apply Theorem 2 to these p and T.

5. Characterizing complete metric spaces

Suzuki and Takahashi showed in [11] (Theorem 4) that Theorem 3 characterizes complete metric spaces. More precisely, they proved the following result.

Theorem 8. ([11]) For a metric space

(X, d)

the following statements are equivalent:

(1)

(X, d)

is complete.

(2) For any w-distance p on

(X, d)

, every p-contractive self map of X has a (unique) fixed point.

Observe that the combining Theorems 5, 6 and 8 we obtain the following variant of Theorem 8.

Theorem 9.

For a metric space

(X, d)

the following statements are equivalent:

(1)

(X, d)

is complete.

(2) For any w-distance p on

(X, d)

, every

p^{-}

-contractive self map of X has a (unique) fixed point.

On the other hand, Theorem 1 also characterizes metric completeness (compare [14] (Corollary 1)). More precisely, we have the following result.

Theorem 10. ([14]) For a metric space

(X, d)

the following statements are equivalent:

(1)

(X, d)

is complete.

(2) Every basic contraction of Suzuki-type has a (unique) fixed point.

By using Theorem 2, Corollary 1 and the preceding characterization, we deduce the next result.

Theorem 11.

For a metric space

(X, d)

the following statements are equivalent:

(1)

(X, d)

is complete.

(2) For any presymmetric w-distance p on

(X, d)

, every basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type has a (unique) fixed point.

(3) For any presymmetric w-distance p on

(X, d)

, every basic

p^{-}

-contraction of Suzuki-type has a (unique) fixed point.

(4) For any symmetric w-distance p on

(X, d)

, every basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type has a (unique) fixed point.

Proof.

(1) \Rightarrow (2)

Apply Theorem 2.

(2) \Rightarrow (4)

and

(3) \Rightarrow (4)

are obvious.

(4) \Rightarrow (1)

Let T be a basic contraction of Suzuki-type on

(X, d) .

Then, it is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type for

p = d .

So, by assumption, T has a unique fixed point. Therefore,

(X, d)

is complete by Theorem 10. □

Remark 4.

(4) \Rightarrow (1)

, in Theorem 11, can be also deduced from Theorem 8. Indeed, suppose that

(X, d)

is not complete. Thus, there exists a Cauchy sequence

{(x_{n})}_{n \in N}

(X, d)

that does not converge. Then, following the proof of [11] (Theorem 4), we can construct a symmetric w-distance p on

(X, d)

and a p-contractive self map T of X that has no fixed point. Since T is a basic p-contraction of Suzuki-type, we have reached a contradiction.

6. Conclusions

We have discussed the question of extending the classical Suzuki fixed point theorem to the framework of w-distances on metric spaces. We have presented a simple example showing that a possible natural extension does not hold. Then, we introduced the notion of a presymmetric w-distance, gave some examples and proved a real generalization of Suzuki’s theorem for this class of of w-distances. We have examined the relationship between the so-called p-contractive self maps of Suzuki and Takahashi, our basic p-contractions of Suzuki-type and the corresponding fixed point results derived from them. We continued this study by introducing the notion of a basic

p^{-}

-contraction of Suzuki-type which allows us to obtain a new fixed point theorem which we compared with the obtained via basic p-contractions of Suzuki-type through some examples. Finally, a characterization of the metric completeness in terms of our fixed point results was given.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally in writing this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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