10.7 - Composite Slabs
10.7 - Composite Slabs
10.7 - Composite Slabs
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition
A composite slab consists of a cold-formed profiled steel sheet covered with a concrete slab containing reinforcement (Figure 1). Such slabs are generally used in frame structures, with steel floor beams, as discussed previously in Lecture 10.1. They can also be used in combination with other materials.
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In this type of construction the profiled sheet has several functions: it provides a working platform for construction. it acts as formwork for the concrete slab. it constitutes bottom reinforcement for the slab. The present lecture is mainly concerned with composite slabs when the steel-concrete bond has been formed, i.e. after hardening of the concrete. Design for the construction stage, when the profiled steel sheet supports the weight of wet concrete, is only considered briefly.
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The thickness of the sheets can vary from 0,75 mm to 1,5 mm but in normal practice it lies between 0,75 and 1,0 mm. The height of the profiled sheets can vary from 38 mm to 80 mm. Whatever the particular requirements for a steel framed building, it is probable that they can be met by using a profiled sheet from this range, as the typical criteria for sound insulation, fire protection, maximum span and maximum load can easily be met.
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2. DESIGN PRINCIPLES
2.1 Design Situations
When designing composite slabs two distinct structural states must be checked: firstly, the temporary state of execution, when only the sheeting resists the applied loads; secondly, the permanent state, after the concrete is bonded to the steel giving composite action. Relevant limit states and load cases are considered for both design situations. a) Profiled sheeting as shuttering Verifications at the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state are required, with respect to the safety and serviceability of the profiled sheeting acting as formwork for the wet concrete. The effects of any temporary props used during execution, must be taken into account in this design situation.
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b) Composite slabs Verifications at the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state are required, with respect to the safety and the serviceability of the composite slab after composite behaviour has commenced and any props have been removed.
2.2 Actions
The loads and other actions to be considered, for the ultimate and serviceability limit state, are given in the relevant Eurocodes. For the situation where the profiled sheeting acts as formwork, the following loads should be considered in the calculations, taking into account any propping effects: self-weight of the profiled sheeting. weight of the wet concrete. execution loads. temporary storage load, if applicable. The execution loads represent the weight of the operatives, any loads due to placing the concrete, and also take into account any impact or vibration likely to occur during execution. In accordance with Eurocode 4 [1], a representative value of execution loads (including any excess of concrete) can be taken to be 1,5kN/m2, distributed on an area 3m x 3m (or the span of the sheeting, if less) and 0,75kN/m2 on the remaining formwork surface. For the situation where the steel and the concrete act compositely, the loads acting on the slab should comply with Eurocode 1 [2]. self-weight of the slab (profiled sheeting and concrete) weight of floor finishes imposed loads For the serviceability limit state, long duration values of the loads are required for the calculation of deformations taking into account creep and shrinkage of the concrete.
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For example, Eurocode 4 [1], sets this limit at l/180 or 20 mm, where l is the span of the sheeting between supports. In the case of propped profiled sheeting, props are considered as supports. In situations where greater deflection can be tolerated, calculation for the ultimate limit state should take into account the weight of additional concrete due to the deflection (the "ponding" effect). b) Deflection in the composite state (permanent state) Deflections in the composite state must be limited, in order that the slab may fulfil its intended function and that any other elements in contact with it (false ceilings, pipework, screens, partitions) will not be damaged. Deflection limits should, therefore, be considered relative to the use of the slab, the execution procedure and architectural aspects (aesthetics). The values recommended by Eurocode 3 [5], for floors and roofs in buildings, are as follows: d max l/250 (l is the span of the composite slab) d 2 l/300 where d max is the total deflection of the floor or roof, including any pre-camber and any variation of the deflection due to the permanent loads immediately after loading, and including d 2. d 2 is the variation of the deflection due to variable loading acting on the slab plus any time-dependent deformations due to the permanent loads. If the composite slab supports brittle elements (cement floor finishes, non-flexible partitions, etc), d 2 must be limited to l/350.
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Concrete cracking restricted to a limited width (corrosion of reinforcement, appearance). Deflection, or variation of deflection, within the permissible limit (use of slab, damage of non-structural elements, appearance, etc). Vibrations not exceeding a limiting value (this limit state is not treated in this lecture).
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Mode 1 The characteristic of this mode is an initial linear curve, as in Figure 5, which corresponds to the behaviour of a homogeneous material held together by surface effects (chemical bond and friction) and mechanical effects (embossments and anchorages). No significant relative slip between the steel and the concrete takes place; as the load increases, the rigidity decreases because of the cracks which form in the concrete in tension. Shear stresses between the steel and concrete increase in the zone between the concentrated load and the support. At a certain point the relative slip is such that the bond is broken and the load suddenly decreases. All the shear force must therefore be taken up by friction and by any embossments; the amount of load decrease is therefore dependent on the quality of the mechanical bond. With further deformation of the slab the load increases again slightly without ever reaching the level of the initial phase. This means that the mechanical bond is incapable of achieving a composite effect superior to that of simple surface bond. It should be noted that the decrease in the load is not due to the sudden opening of tension cracks in the concrete, because this is prevented by the sheeting, but by relative slip between the concrete and the sheeting.
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Mode 2 This mode is characterised by an initial phase similar to that of mode 1. However, the second phase is different: after a decrease in load, corresponding to failure of the steel-concrete bond in the sheared zone, the load increases again up to a higher level. This increase shows that the mechanical connection is capable of transferring the shear force until failure occurs by bending, corresponding to full shear connection, or by longitudinal shear, corresponding to partial shear connection. The two modes described above represent brittle (or non-ductile) behaviour (mode1), and ductile behaviour (mode 2), see Figure 5.
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It is possible to take concrete cracking into account in several ways: Arbitrarily reduce the moment at the supports (maximum reduction 30%) and consequently increase the span moments (Figure 6, line (2)). Totally neglect reinforcement over the supports and consider the slab as a series of simply supported beams (Figure 6, line (3)). Minimum reinforcement must always be placed over intermediate supports for serviceability reasons. Consider that the slab is a beam with variable inertia, depending on the reinforcement. The assumed inertia is that of the cracked section. The analysis will use one of the above statical models in conjunction with the design loads determined, as discussed earlier in Section 2.2. Worked Example 10.4 illustrates how the actual stresses and strains are determined and how the internal forces and moments (M, N, V) are calculated for the structural system chosen. b) Analysis for the serviceability limit states An analysis of the composite slab, for calculating deflection, may be made with the following assumptions: The slab is comparable to a continuous beam of constant inertia, equal in value to the average inertia of the cracked and uncracked section. Long-term loading effects on the concrete are taken into account using a variation in the modular ratio Ea/Ec. For simplification, Eurocode 4 recommends an average value of Ea/Ec for both long and short term effects. Possible slip between the profiled sheeting and concrete slab must be taken into account at the serviceability limit states. Slip may occur in the span and greatly influence deflection. It is necessary, therefore, to fully understand the behaviour of composite slabs through approved testing. To eliminate excessive slip it is possible to place anchorages, for example welded studs or shot-fired connectors, at the ends of the spans (see Figure 3d and e).
4. RESISTANCES OF SECTIONS
According to Section 3, the critical sections which should be verified, are as follows (Figure 7):
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Section I : ultimate moment of resistance failure for positive bending. Section II : ultimate moment of resistance failure for negative bending. Section III-IV : ultimate resistance to vertical shear failure. Section V : ultimate resistance to longitudinal shear failure.
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If the neutral axis is situated above the profiles of the sheeting (x hc) the design positive bending resistance has the value: M+p,Rd = Aap .fyap [dc - x/2]/gap (2) All commonly used profiled sheeting (ha 60 mm), in conjunction with a concrete slab of minimum thickness hc = 50 mm, have a plastic neutral axis situated above the profiles. For deeper sheets, the neutral axis may be situated within the height of the profiled sheeting. In this case, the positive bending resistance of a section may be calculated as follows, by neglecting the concrete in the troughs (Figure 9): M+p,Rd = Mcz+ + Mpa,r z+ = ht - dc/2 - ep + (ep - e)Nc/[Aap .fyap /gap ] Nc = hc.0,85fck/gc Mpa,r = 1,25Mpa [1 - Nc/(Aap .fyap /gap )] Mpa where e is the distance from the centroid of the effective area of the sheeting to its underside. ep is the distance from the plastic neutral axis of the effective area of sheeting to its underside. Mpa is the plastic moment resistance of the effective cross-section of the sheeting. (3) (4) (5) (6)
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The design negative bending resistance is given by yielding of the reinforcement at the support (under-reinforced slab): M+p,Rd = As .fys z-/gs where As is the area of reinforcement fys is the yield strength of the reinforcement gs is the partial safety factor for the reinforcement z- is the lever-arm of the internal forces Nc and Nt. (7)
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The condition of equilibrium between these forces allows the determination of z-: Nc- = bcx0,85fck/gc= As .fys /gs = Ntx = [As .fys /gs ][bc0,85fck/gc] = ds - x/2 (10) where bc is the width of the concrete in compression, taken as the width of the troughs over 1m for simplicity (bc = ebo ). ds is the effective depth (8) (9)
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hc is the thickness of the concrete slab (above the ribs). tc is the limiting shear stress given above.
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The longitudinal shear resistance of a composite slab, consisting of the same type of profiled sheet as that tested, is then given by the following maximum design vertical shear: Vl,Rd = bds [(mAsp /bls ) + k]/gvs where ls is the shear span. gvs is the appropriate partial safety factor for longitudinal shear only. For a uniformly loaded slab, ls = l/4; for simply supported beams, l is the span, whereas for continuous beams l is the equivalent simple span between points of contraflexure; for end spans, the full exterior span length is used in design (see Figure 13 which has been taken from Fig. 7.10 of Eurocode 4 [1]). (13)
If the connection provided by friction (due to the rib shape) or by embossments is not sufficient, it is possible to place anchorages (generally steel-concrete connectors) at the ends of the span. The ultimate resistance of such anchorages is generally governed by the pull-out resistance of the sheet. For a stud, this resistance is given by the following expression: Nt,ap = k3 dw t fyap /gap (14) k3 = 1 + a/dw 4,0 where dw is the diameter of weld around the stud. a is the distance between the axis of the stud and the extremity of the profiled sheet (a 2dw). b) Partial shear connection method The fact that composite slabs fail by longitudinal shear in most cases, allows this structural system to be compared to a composite steel beam and concrete slab with partial shear connection. It is also possible to represent the resistance of such slabs by a diagram giving MSd /MRd as a function of Nc/Ncf. This diagram is different to that given for composite beams due to the fact that the degree of partial shear connection Nc/Ncf is not a function of the number of connectors, but of the shear length ls and of the distribution of longitudinal shear stresses t over this length. The relative slip s between the profiled sheeting and the concrete also plays a more important role. The determination of such diagrams for design is therefore complicated since one of the following is necessary:
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a) non-linear analysis of the resistance and behaviour of slabs combined with shear tests on specimens representative of the connection. b) many tests of composite slabs, with measurements taken of the normal force Nc, transferred over the shear length. Studies are being undertaken at present to try to establish a simplified method based on scientific research. Eurocode 4 [1] gives such an alternative method in Appendix E, based on research conducted recently in Germany. This alternative method will not be described further in this lecture.
Ibu = (22) where bc is the total average rib width over a slab width of 1 m. xu is the position of the elastic neutral axis:
xu =
(23)
5. VERIFICATIONS
This lecture has given a brief introduction to composite slabs constructed with profiled steel sheeting. The basic design principles have been given, which allow a schematic structural arrangement and statical system to be determined. The procedure for analysing the slab under the external loads to find the internal stresses and strains has then been considered. Now, various verifications are necessary to show that structural safety (resistance, stability) and serviceability (deflection, vibration) requirements are met.
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is the design value of the bending moment. is the design value of the positive bending resistance. b) Negative bending (Section 4.2 and Section II of Figure 7) The negative moment, at the supports, is checked (see Section 3). The condition can be expressed as: (25) where is the design value of the negative bending moment. is the design value of the negative bending resistance. c) Vertical shear (Section 4.3 and Sections III or IV of Figure 7) This check is rarely critical; however, it may be critical in the case of deep slabs with loads of relatively large magnitude. This condition may occur at end supports where the bending moment is zero, or at intermediate supports; in the latter case, no interaction between M and V is assumed. The condition is expressed as: VSd Vv,Rd (26) where VSd is the design value of the vertical shear. Vv,Rd is the design value of the vertical shear resistance. d) Longitudinal shear (Section 4.4 and Section V of Figure 7) This check is often the determining factor for composite slabs with profiled sheeting but no anchorage. It implies that overall failure of the slab occurs by failure of the shear bond. The bending resistance at section I cannot then be attained. If the empirical "m-k" method is used, the condition can be expressed as: VSd Vl,Rd (27) where VSd is the design value of the vertical shear (equivalent span, see Figure 13). VlRd Is the design value of the shear resistance.
(28) b) Crack width Given that there is a profiled sheet on the lower surface of the concrete slab, only concrete cracking at the supports must be verified. Such verifications should be made according to the established rules for reinforced concrete, given in Eurocode 2 [4].
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In normal circumstances when, for example, the slab is designed as a series of simply supported beams, minimum reinforcement placed at the supports is sufficient. Normal circumstances are: no exposure to aggressive physical or chemical environments; no damage other than cracking; no requirements regarding water proofing of the slab; and no special requirements regarding appearance. The amount of minimum reinforcement is given by the following: for slabs propped at the time of concreting:
rmin =
(29)
6. CONCLUDING SUMMARY
The design of a composite slab must consider the performance of the profiled steel sheeting, when it acts as shuttering for the wet concrete during execution, as well as the composite performance of the steel and hardened concrete under the imposed floor loading. At the execution stage, the profiled steel sheeting acts as a thin-walled member. Its design must take into account the possibility of local buckling. The design of the composite slab must consider the resistance to positive and negative moments and also to vertical and longitudinal shear. The resistance to longitudinal shear at the steel/concrete interface is largely derived from embossments in the steel sheet or from connectors placed at the ends of the spans. Empirical methods are used to ensure adequate shear resistance.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Eurocode 4: "Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures": ENV 1994-1-1: Part 1.1: General rules and rules form buildings, CEN (in press). [2] Eurocode 1: "Basis of Design and Actions on Structures", CEN (in preparation). [3] prEN 10147, "Continuous Hot Dip Zinc Coated Carbon Steel Sheet of Structural Quality", European Standard, 1979. [4] Eurocode 2: "Design of Concrete Structures": ENV 1992-1-1: Part 1.1: General rules and rules form buildings, CEN, 1992. [5] Eurocode 3: "Design of Steel Structures": ENV 1993-1-1: Part 1.1: General rules and rules form buildings, CEN, 1992. [6] Porter, M L and Eckberg, C E Jr, "Design Recommendations for Steel Deck Floor Slabs", ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, New York, Vol. 102, no 11, 1976, pp2121-2136.
8. ADDITIONAL READING
1. Patrick, M, "A New Partial Shear Connection Strength Model for Composite Slabs", The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited, Melbourne Research Laboratories, Report MRL/PS64/90/016, Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia, March 1990. 2. Daniels, B, "Behaviour and Load Carrying Capacity of Composite Slabs: Mathematical Modelling and Experimental Studies", Doctoral thesis No 895, Ecole polytechnique fdrale de Lausanne, ICOM-Construction mtallique, Lausanne, 1990. Concrete grade fck [N/mm2] fctm [N/mm2] tRd [N/mm2] Ecm [kN/mm2] C20/25 20 2,2 0,26 29 C25/30 25 2,6 0,30 30,5 C30/37 30 2,9 0,34 32 C35/45 35 3,2 0,37 33,5
Table 1: Concrete grades and associated properties used for composite slabs Steel grade S 500 (ribbed bars) S 550 (welded mesh)
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Table 2 Reinforcing steel grades and associated properties Previous | Next | Contents
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